...The Middle Anglo Saxons had a harsh and violent society, and it was to an extent characterised by war. To gain power and wealth, military force was often the only way. But even though this society was in a constant war-like state, it also provided with culture and community. Unfortunately this period is known as the Dark Ages, and not many records were written. But through archaeology and the few sources we have, we can tell some interesting things about the life in this period. Who had power in the society was based on who had the strongest military force. Power was taken and lost through battles and wars. If a king was killed in battle, his killer, not his son, took his place as king. A kingdom was only as strong as their warrior-leader, and they gained their respects through their success at the battlefield. This meant that power could easily be gained but was very hard to keep. Also, the ties of loyalty were to a lord, not to his station. The king’s best advisors, his thanes, should not survive the king, and the worst fate for them was to be exiled by the new leader or king. Also, to outlast their fellow warriors was not something they wanted to experience, as their sense of identity often came from the warrior community. If a lord fell, his men fell with him. This made the Anglo-Saxon society fluid and unstable. Wars and battles also erupted between the different kingdoms. Power was always something leaders strived for during this period. In Anglo-Saxon times, the...
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...A Day in the Life of an Anglo-Saxon I woke up shivering, it was a cold morning and the air was crisp. Frost covered the ground around my village; I got up to start a fire. My wife will be cooking on it soon as she is getting things around. My son is also waking up and will need food for what is to come today. He has been here for 16 winters and has just become a warrior like I was before; he shall also take my position of warlord of my people when the time comes. But today he joins my men in battle on a nearby village that is becoming a threat and it is my job to protect and provide for my people. Outside my village my people were awake and starting their daily routines. A select few, the bravest and the strongest people spent more time with family. This is because today they will join me in an attack on a Viking village. It is still morning and I have gathered my men to talk about what is going to happen in this day. My son was here and as I said before this is his first time going to battle. He looked strong and ready, I could see it in his face and it made me proud to see the man he has become. It also makes me proud that I will be fighting side by side with my son. After we met that morning the men went back to their families, my son and I did the same. By noon everyone was getting ready for battle, I explained how much a warrior values bravery, and honor. I also told him if I may die in battle he is expected to stay and fight to show loyalty to his king and father. We...
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...Written and compiled by one hand, the Exeter Book is an incredible source of Anglo-Saxon poetry. Dated to have been written in the latter half of the 10th century, the unknown scribe wrote down the gathered these Christian stories into the codex in the order to which he found most befitting. The first poem in the story about a creature, following poems on Christ himself or saints, is The Phoenix poem. This poem is the 7th text in the Exeter book, positioned between Azarias and Juliana, and its purpose in the Exeter book is to serve as an allegory to Christ in his death, resurrection, and return, as well as an allegory to the Christian soul and the promise of eternal life. The phoenix as a creature is not originally an Anglo-Saxon beast. The first recorded mention of a phoenix-like creature is from ancient Egypt mythology, a creature called Benu or bennu (Hill, 61). The Benu was a sacred bird that symbolized rebirth and renewal, and most commonly thought to be the inspiration for the more commonly known phoenix in Greek mythology first seen in Herrodotus’ Persian wars...
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...from Scandinavia. After the victory of William at Hastings in 1066, he acted swiftly to solidify his victory, where he began to build motte and bailey castles, which was newly introduced as before the conquest there was only one apparent castle in Hereford. Although William was a powerful man, he was unpopular in the English kingdom, where he was faced with rebellions from 1067, with the first rebellion in Dover. William managed to respond by re-asserting his authority as he captured villages, towns and road crossings in places where rebellions took place and building a castle. This was then a visible sign of the Norman’s power over the English. The castles provided his troops with strong defensive structures to guard against any upstart Saxons bold enough to try to prevent William's rule. Castles were built in Exeter, Warwick, Nottingham, Lincoln, Huntingdon, Cambridge and York. As a result of the castle building, the English were unable to mount a successful challenge to Williams I rule. Despite this, the series of castle building did not make the problem disappear. Those who rebelled against William’s power gathered together in...
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...English' for the first time ? 2. What is the name of Bede's history book ? 3. What is the meaning of the Anglo-Saxon word 'scop" ? 4. What is the meaning of Anglo-Saxon word 'Wyrd' ? 5. What is the name of the only Anglo-Saxon historian ? 6. Name the Germanic tribes which formed the Anglo-Saxon race ? 7. Name the manuscripts in which Old English poems are found ? 8. Who is the author of Sermo Lupi ad Anglos ? 9. Who is the author of Lives of the Saints ? 10. Name two Anglo Saxon Christian poets ? 11. Name the 'earliest extant' Anglo-Saxon poem ? 12. When was Beowulf written ? 13. Mention one Christian element in Beowulf ? 14. Refer to one Pagan element in Beowulf ? 15. What is the name of the pleasure hall in Beowulf ? 16. What is the name of Hrothgar's wife ?(the queen) 17. Name the sword of Beowulf with which he killed Grendel ? 18. Which Anglo-Saxon poem records the fight between the English and Danes ? 19. When did the Battle of Maldon take place ? 20. Who is the author of Death Song ? 21. Who is the author of the poem Brut ? how many lines are there in this poem ? 22. Name two battles referred to in the Anglo-Saxon poems ? 23. What is the name of the monster Beowulf killed ? 24. What is the name of Beowulf's father ? 25. What is the name of the king Beowulf helped ? 26. Name two Anglo-Saxon Elegies ? 27. Name the Anglo-Saxon poem written in dream vision ? 28. Who is the author of Beowulf ? 29. When was Thomas Becket murdered ? 30...
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... 1070-71: Hereward the Wake The Northern Rebellion, 1069 The Northern Rebellion, 1069 The Midlands (2) 1068-69 The Midlands (2) 1068-69 The Midlands (1) 1068 The Midlands (1) 1068 The south east: First Major Rising, Kent, 1067 The south east: First Major Rising, Kent, 1067 The south western rebellions: The Exeter Rising, 1067-8; Cornwall & Devon, 1068-9 The south western rebellions: The Exeter Rising, 1067-8; Cornwall & Devon, 1068-9 Fenland’s boggy isle of Ely Fenland’s boggy isle of Ely Date Geography Date Geography Pure Saxon revolt. Earl Morcar expected help from the Danes. Pure Saxon revolt. Earl Morcar expected help from the Danes. Edgar Atheling of Wessex. King Malcolm. King Swegn Viking army Supported by native Anglo Scandinavians Northumbrian aristocracy. Welsh Edgar Atheling of Wessex. King Malcolm. King Swegn Viking army Supported by native Anglo Scandinavians Northumbrian aristocracy. Welsh (1)Edwin + Morcar allied with Welsh princes (2)Thegn - Eadric the ‘wild’ the Welsh princes rising put down fitzOsbern. (1)Edwin + Morcar allied with Welsh princes (2)Thegn - Eadric the ‘wild’ the Welsh princes rising put down fitzOsbern. 3 of Harold’s sons came of over from Ireland. 3 of Harold’s sons came of over from Ireland. Foreign – Eustace of Boulogne. Foreign – Eustace of Boulogne...
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...Professor Moore Précis #3 The Anglo-Saxon World In The Anglo-Saxon World and Anthology, by Kevin Crossley-Holland, there are two main topics that are discussed: heroic poems, and laws. Crossley-Holland begins with a small introduction that aids in emphasizing the historical significance. By showing how each poem is constructed and can be interpreted, Crossley-Holland demonstrates how these poems form a link between the Anglo-Saxons to their continental neighbors. Within the introductions, Crossley-Holland identifies the basic information for each poem through connecting the details within the poem to historical occurrences, and then continues to analyze the poem from this knowledge. Crossley-Holland draws out the aspects of how each poem can be classified as heroic. For instance, in the poem, ‘The Finnesburh Fragment’, the “physical combat and the heroic code” is exemplified through how the main character’s, Hengest, triumph over an advancing enemy. Crossley-Holland also focuses on the literary importance within each of the heroic poems. For example, in the poems, ‘Waldere’ and ‘The Battle of Maldon’, Crossley-Holland points out the quality of rhetoric and, technical and practical skill. He appears to want his audience to have a very firm grasp on the literature at hand before reading the heroic poems in order to emphasize the skill within each of the works. Crossley-Holland briefly mentions how Christianity had an impact on Anglo-Saxon literature, and rarely mentions Christianity’s...
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...from modern English ? Old English was the language spoken in what is now England from around the 5th – 11th centuries and is the origin of modern English. Back then it was called Englisc and the people who spoke were the Anglo-Saxons; Old English is also known as Anglo-Saxon. Old English is essentially the first recorded version of English and it is the forebear of the language we speak today. Although a modern English speaker would likely have great difficulty in understanding written or spoken Old English, about half the words we use today are derived from Old English. Who Spoke Old English? At the beginning of the 5th Century, in what is now England, the local people were speaking Celtic while the government and officialdom spoke Latin, the language of the occupying Roman force. Britain, however, was coming under increasing attack from raiding parties out of Northern Europe.It was at this point that the Romans left (to defend other parts of the Roman Empire) and the country was essentially undefended. The raiding parties became more frequent and as they pushed further inland and then began to settle in the country, they pushed the Celtic speakers into the wilds of what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. These raiders and then occupiers were known as Anglo-Saxons. The Angles came from Englalandand spoke Englisc. The language they used came from back home and it took over completely from Celtic and Latin in much the same way that English settlers several hundred years later settled...
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...literally. Some texts were lost and now we only have fragments. These texts are writing in manuscripts, there weren’t books in that period. In particular there are four manuscripts that contain most of English literature: Cotton Vitelius, Exeter Book, Junius Manuscript and Vercelli Manuscript; they are from 10th century. However the poetry and the texts contain the literature from 9th century, but they originated in 7th century orally (all of them originated orally before they appear written). That manuscripts tell some things about the society of this period of time, so we know details of this century. This period is the Anglo-Saxon period, before them there were the Britons who were invaded by some different people. They spoke different dialects of old English, the stronger kingdom was Wessex, which dialect was the most important and it called “west saxon”. Beowulf was writing in this dialect. In 597 appeared the Christianization. This means that the English became Christian, it became familiar with the church language: Latin. Latin is the culture language. The entry of Christianity is the entry of the culture in Britain. 2- WRITTEN RECORDS OF THE ANGLOSAXON PERIOD English began to be written when the Christianity arrived. Before that they had a writing system, they used the German alphabet: runic alphabet, to the 6th century. In Europe this system is known with the name futhark, but in England is known as futhork. The runes of this alphabet are similar to Chinese letters...
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...Throughout the history of the Earth, heroes have been characterized by great achievements. Heroes have saved lives or opposed their oppressors. Some victories incorporated are standing up for what they believe or fighting prejudice. These heroes have been around since the Anglo- Saxon period. During Anglo- Saxon time, heroes were revered for exhibiting loyalty and bravery whether it is through fighting monsters or wielding godly weapons. In modern times, how heroes exhibit these traits may be less extravagant; however it is no less heroic. The heroic qualities of loyalty and bravery are shown through Beowulf’s actions and compared to the famous Rosa Parks. In the epic poem “Beowulf,” loyalty and bravery is displayed when Beowulf travels to Denmark to fight Grendel for the Danes. These traits are also visible in Rosa Parks who is...
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...2/25/2012 ENG 260 W. Bell Anglo Saxon Evolution Anglo Saxon people came from Germania and went to Britain after Martian became the Emperor of the Roman Empire and ruled for seven years. Prior to that occurring Britain was composed of the Celtics, Scots and Picts. German mercenaries came and lived on the northern areas of Europe. The Anglo Saxon people thought highly of themselves and felt confident that they conquered Britain. The conversion to Christianity, which occurred in the late seven and eighth century allowed them to have new authors who were considered important because of their work. Their work together touch basis on topics such as commentaries of biblical teachings and the most important topic in Christianity is sexual withholding, abstinence, and virginity. What made their work unique was that they wrote in Latin. They managed to accomplish this during a time where there weren’t as many other writings being written in other languages in Western Europe. The Germans had a different dialect which was mostly spoken in the North. There were similarities in the language spoken by the Britains and the Germans. Eventually this changed with the Anglo Saxon because their language was different from the people that they had left behind. Today this language is what is known as Old English. Our Modern English comes from this Old English. When you start comparing Old English, Latin, Greek you will find that most of the words have similar vocabulary meanings...
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...called Beowulf. He is a Norsemen which were scary, brutal killing men. The tale begins as an oral story, told around campfires and not being written down until several years later. These men live by a code called the Anglo-Saxon code. The code set guidelines on how the Norsemen are supposed to act and behave. This code gave an understanding of the power of a role model, which the men would look to, or in other words, the leader. Beowulf faces three monsters in the poem, and tries to defeat them all. In the epic poem, Beowulf, Beowulf has three motivations for killing the three monsters. In the story, Beowulf, Beowulf’s motivation to kill the first monster, Grendel, was because of duty. Beowulf travels from his country to Harot in order to fight Grendel because his people knew of his ability to fight, therefore, making it his duty to kill the monster. When Beowulf meets Hrothgar, the aging lord of the Dunes, and gives him information about where he comes from and his background. Obligation is another word associated with duty, which made Beowulf...
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...English is a West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic invaders and/or settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the Netherlands. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Britain. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, eventually became predominant. The English language underwent extensive change in the Middle Ages. Written Old English of AD 1000 is similar in vocabulary and grammar to other old Germanic languages such as Old High German and Old Norse, and completely unintelligible to modern speakers, while the modern language is already largely recognisable in written Middle English of AD 1400. The transformation was caused by two further waves of invasion: the first by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic language family, who conquered and colonized parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries; the second by the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman. A large proportion of the modern English vocabulary comes directly from Anglo-Norman. Close contact with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English. However, these changes had not reached South West England by the 9th century AD, where Old English was developed into a full-fledged literary...
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...unbroken one, but within it it’s possible to single out 3 main periods: 1.Old English (OE) 2.Middle English (ME) 3.New English (NE) Old English The historical background. It began in the 5th century, when the German tribes (Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians) settled in the British Isles. Originally the social and economical system was tribal and slave owning, which gradually developed into a feudal one. Accordingly tribal dialects developed into local ones. Geographically it covers the territory of the so-called English Proper. The main historical events are: -the introduction of Christianity; -the Scandinavian invasion. Word-stock (WS) Originally OE was a purely G language. So the WS comprised 3 layers of native words: 1st – IE words (mother, father) 2nd – CG words (to rise, to sink) 3d - OE proper (hlaford - lord) There were some borrowings from the Celtic language, denoting mostly place-names (London, York) and names of rivers (the Thames). After their settlement in Britain the G. tribes came into contact with the Celtic tribes who lived there, but the Celtic borrowings are very few (Loch Ness). Latin borrowings are: 1.Latin words borrowed by Ancient G. tribes when they lived on the continent of Europe. 2.Latin words borrowed by the Anglo-Saxon tribes from Romanized Celts on the British Isles. 3.Latin words which penetrated into OE after the introduction of...
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...Anthology of English Literature and may be found online at: http://www.wwnorton.com/college/english/nael/middleages/topic_4/welcome.htm | From our point of view, it is appropriate to think of the language and literature of Anglo-Saxon England as "Old English," because the language is the remote ancestor of the English spoken today. Yet for the inhabitants of Anglo-Saxon England, the language was, of course, not old, and did not come to be referred to generally as "English" until fairly late in the period. The earliest reference given in the Oxford English Dictionary is 890. Bede's Latin Ecclesiastical History of the English People refers collectively to the people as gens Anglorum, which in the vernacular translation becomes angel-cynne (English-race). However, in Bede's time the England of today was divided into a number of petty kingdoms. Language, the Roman Church, and monastic institutions lent these kingdoms a certain cultural identity, but a political identity began to emerge only during the ninth century in response to the Danish invasions, and through King Alfred's efforts to revive learning and to make Latin religious and historical works, such as Bede's History, available in vernacular translations.Most of the surviving vernacular poetry of Anglo-Saxon England consists of free translations or adaptations of Latin saints' lives and books of the Bible, such as Genesis, Exodus, and Daniel. But with the exception of The Battle of Maldon about the defeat of Earl Byrhtnoth and...
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