...a hobby. To be able to learn the thought process of a human being is very fascinating. Throughout this past summer quarter, I learned a great deal on psychoanalysis from lectures, videos and from the textbook. Of all the topics and interesting facts, I was most intrigued by the evolution of Psychoanalysis stemming from Sigmund Freud. Although, admittedly he is not my favorite psychologist, I do agree that he changed our perception of the human mind and personality. Sigmund Freud is labeled the founder/father of psychoanalysis. He believed that the human mind is composed of three elements: the id, the ego, and the superego. He also produced theories of psychosexual stages, the unconscious, and dream symbolism. These theories have become popular in today’s psychology field. Erik Erikson, another theorist associated with psychoanalysis, expanded on Freud’s theories thus stressing the importance of their growth. However, Freud’s critics believed his theories overemphasized the unconscious mind, sex, aggression and childhood experiences. They also believed that many of the concepts proposed by psychoanalytic theorists are difficult to measure and quantify. Also, most of Freud’s ideas were based on case studies and clinical observations rather than empirical, scientific research. Despite the criticism, there are the psychoanalysis field has strengths. While most of the psychodynamic theories did not relay on experimental research, the methods and theories of psychoanalytic thinking...
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...Abstract This paper will examine how Fraud and Jung’s theories in regards to Anna O who was a patient of Dr. Breuer's. Anna was twenty one and very intelligent, yet she suffered for two years with physical and mental distress. She suffered from stiffness and loss of feeling on her right side of her body and from time to time she had the same sensations on her left side. She also had trouble with her vision. This paper will take a look at how Fraud and Jung would have attempted to heal Anna O through the use of their different theories. I will also address how their different views would cause conflict between Fraud and Jung which eventual caused the psychologist to part ways. Fraud believed that the unconscious was a place that...
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...Psychoanalytic Paper Donald Jenkins PSY/310 October Saturday, 2014 Professor Sarah James-Felton Psychoanalytic Paper “Thought is action in rehearsal” – Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis is the observations of individuals are unaware of factors that determine their behaviors and emotions. This paper will discuss the foundation and components of psychoanalysis. Also this paper will cover the contributions as well as criticism of the psychoanalytic models of explaining human behavior. Psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious, which during the beginning was a subject ignored by other systems of thought. The foundation of psychoanalysis has many contributors and goes back as far as the eighteenth century. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646-1716) was a German philosopher and mathematician that developed the idea called monadology. Leibnitz’s idea was the psychics are elements of reality and not made up of physical matter, which are mental in nature. Leibnitz believed that mental events which are composed if monads had a different degree of consciousness and were called petites perceptions (Schultz, 2011). Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841) also a German philosopher had refined Leibnitz’s theory of the unconscious to the concept of the threshold of consciousness. Arguing that ideas in the mind rise to the conscious level of awareness. So in order for these ideas to rise to a conscious level of awareness it must be already relevant in the minds consciousness (Schultz, 2011)...
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...significant figures in the subject of Human Development and Psychology, but the most significant would have to be Sigmund Freud. Freud was most famous for his ideas on dreams (interpretations), childhood sexuality (Theory of Sexuality), and the role of the unconscious (The Psychic Apparatus). He saw himself as a scientist who had understood the mysteries of the mind, which he would later call Psychoanalysis or his “New Science”. While Freud was working in psychiatric hospitals and clinics, he became interested in a mental illness called Hysteria. Hysteria is a nervous disorder where patients experience physical symptoms but have no underlying physical disease. Which lead him to use hypnosis, and create the term psychoanalysis. I learned that Freud did not come up with the treatment of Psychoanalysis on his own. His colleague Yoseif Breuer made Freud begin to think about Psychoanalysis after his tries with hypnosis on his Hysteria patients. Although Freud may have gone deeper into the foundation of Psychoanalysis, the first person who should be recognized with the term Psychoanalysis should be, Yosief Breuer. Freud used a metaphor describing the antiquities he had in his office: “These are characteristics of what I do, I am too am an Archaeologist, and I like to dig, and what I dig at or dig into is the human mind.” Which I think this is a perfect reference to his interest in dreams. Freud believed that dreams provided us a deeper understanding of our behavior. He said “the...
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...theorist, pioneers and counselors. Among some of these women there is a name that stands out the most, her name is Anna Freud. This paper will discuss Anna Freud’s background, her theoretical perspective and the contributions she was able to provide to the field of psychology. Anna Freud was born on Vienna, Austria on December 3, 1895, the youngest of six children of Sigmund Freud and Martha Freud. Anna Freud had a special bond with her father, more than with her mother or any siblings; she started reading her father’s work at the age of 15. Her relationship with her siblings wasn’t quite the best; in fact Anna refers to her 2 years older sister Sophie as her rival. Anna felt relieved when Sophie went out and got marry, as the relationship wouldn’t be as competitive as it had been most of their lives. Anna gained a special interest in the field of psychology such as her father and in a time were men had made significant contributions to the field of psychology, then comes a little a girl who since a very early age learned to speak 5 different languages; German, Italian, Hebrew, English and French. At the age of 19 Anna graduated from he Cottage Lyceum in Vienna in 1912 and worked as an elementary school teacher. Her interest in children’s psychology made her get involved more in the field. But it wasn’t until 1910 that Anna became more involved in psychoanalysis thanks to her father, who began to psychoanalyze...
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...the purely organic or physical explanations of his predecessors. Instead he believed that unconscious motives and drives controlled most behavior. During a career that spanned 58 years, beginning with an earned medical degree in 1881 and continuing to his death in 1939, he developed and repeatedly revised his theory of psychoanalysis. Most of Freud’s theory was developed from contact he had with patients seen in his private practice in Vienna. This type of “clinical” work was a radical departure from the laboratory research that was practiced by most leading psychologists of the day. When Freud first presented his ideas in the 1890s, many of his contemporaries reacted with hostility. In fact, throughout his career, Freud faced enormous opposition to many of his ideas. Those especially controversial included notions about the role of the unconscious in behavior, childhood sexuality, and how the mind was governed (id, ego, and superego). But despite the opposition, Freud eventually attracted a group of followers that included well-known theorists 1856–1939 AUSTRIAN PHYSICIAN, PSYCHIATRIST VIENNA UNIVERSITY, M.D., 1881 1 4 5 S i g m u n d S c h l o m o F r e u d social relationships are patterned after his or her early family relationships. BIOGRAPHY Early years Sigmund Schlomo Freud was born on May 6, 1856, in a small town in Freiberg, Moravia, located in what is now the Czech Republic. Freud’s father Jacob was 40 when...
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...Psychoanalytic Model Paper The interpretation of dreams is the royal road to knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind (Freud, 2013). Psychoanalysis is a funny yet crazy type of word, putting Psycho and analysis together sounds like there is a psychotic person that needs to be analyzed. Psychoanalysis is a therapy that is based on what individuals may not know about themselves, mainly their behaviors and their emotions. What may happen with this is that the unconscious behaviors may cause unhappiness in those individuals. There was a method to Freud’s madness, if we should call it that, but the reason behind his psychoanalytic approach to therapy is to identify ones unconscious thoughts and bring them to the fore front, so those individuals that are seeking the therapy are made aware. The downside to this unhappiness is that one’s personality appears to change for the time being. Those behaviors tend to be things like self esteem issues, disturbing personality traits, and they may even have trouble relating to their peers and family members. Psychoanalysis is a technique that is used to treat and evaluate a patient’s behavior; this is performed by a psychotherapist. To which, Freud is one of the first names that many people think of when they think of psychology, and when discussions of psychoanalysis come up in a discussion, in many instances Freud will be the first name that will slip off the lips of various individuals and those in the field of psychology...
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...In this assignment I will be summarising the theoretical thrust of the four forces in psychology which are natural sciences, psychoanalysis, transpersonal psychology and existentialism, phenomenology and humanistic psychology. I then chose to do the historical development and key principles of natural science otherwise known as behaviourism. Theoretical Thrust Natural sciences Natural science was about observing and experiencing. The way to understand experience was through colours, tastes, degrees of brightness, and contours but this was later on said to be wrong by Gestalt psychologists. Behaviourism was influenced by an article written by John. B. Watson. He stated that psychology must reject all reference to consciousness. Behaviourism...
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...Psychodynamic Approach • Freud’s psychoanalysis was the original psychodynamic theory, but the psychodynamic approach as a whole includes all theories that were based on his ideas. • The words psychodynamic and psychoanalytic are often confused. Remember that Freud’s theories were psychoanalytic, whereas the term ‘psychodynamic’ refers to both his theories and those of his followers. Freud’s psychoanalysis is both a theory and a therapy. • Sigmund Freud (writing between the 1890s and the 1930s) developed a collection of theories which have formed the basis of the psychodynamic approach to psychology. His theories are clinically derived - i.e. based on what his patients told him during therapy. The psychodynamic therapist would usually be treating the patient for depression or anxiety related disorders. Psychodynamic Approach Assumptions * Our behavior and feelings are powerfully affected by unconscious motives. * Our behavior and feelings as adults are rooted in our childhood experiences. * All behavior has cause even slips of the tongue. Therefore all behavior is determined. * Personality is made up of three parts: the id, ego and super-ego. * Behavior is motivated by two instinctual drives: Eros (the sex drive & life instinct) and Thanatos (the aggressive drive & death instinct). * Parts of the unconscious mind are in constant conflict with the conscious part of the mind. This conflict creates anxiety, which could be dealt with by the ego’s...
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...but art, literature and even the way people bring up their children. Freud’s lexicon has become embedded within the vocabulary of western society. Words he introduced through his theories are now used by everyday people, such as anal (personality), libido, denial, repression, cathartic, Freudian slip, and neurotic. Freud was the founding father of psychoanalysis, a method for treating a mental illness and also a theory which explains human behavior. Psychoanalysis is often known as the talking cure. Typically Freud would encourage his patient to talk freely (on his famous couch) regarding their symptoms and to describe exactly what was in their mind. The Case of Anna O The case of Anna O (real name Bertha Pappenheim) marked a turning point in the career of a young Viennese neuropathologist by the name of Sigmund Freud. It even went on to influence the future direction of psychology as a whole. Anna suffered from hysteria, a condition in which the patient exhibits physical symptoms (e.g. paralysis, convulsions, hallucinations, loss of speech) without apparent physical cause. Her doctor Josef Breuer succeeded in treating Anna by helping her to recall forgotten memories of traumatic events. Breuer discussed the case with his friend Freud. Out of these discussions came the germ of an idea that Freud was to pursue for the rest of his life. In “Studies in Hysteria” (1895) Freud proposed that physical symptoms are often the surface manifestations of deeply repressed conflicts...
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...this time various social trends were in operation. These were the creation of the German School, anti-semitism and the role of woman is society. All of these things impacted Frteud for instance the German school provided the basis for his treatment situation and anti-sematic polices forced him into the medical profession. Freud was also influenced by several individuals, Josef Breuer, Jean-Martin Charcot and Rudolf Chrobak. All three of these individuals had radical views about the role of sex in neurotic disorders. For example Breurer once said that "neurotic disorders were always concered with secrets of the marital bed". These views were influenced Freud as did Breuers former patient Anna O. Through his sessions with her he developed free association, one of the main factors of psychoanalysis. Freud comparedthe human personality to an iceberg. The small part that shows above the waterrepresents conscious experience and the larger mass below water represents the unconscious, a storehouse of impulses, passions and inaccessible memories that affect our thoughts and behavior. This is the...
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...Sigmund Freud explored the human mind more thoroughly than any other who became before him. Words he introduced through his theories are now used by everyday people, such as anal (personality), libido, denial, repression, cathartic, Freudian slip, and neurotic. Freud was the founding father of psychoanalysis, a method for treating mental illness and also a theory which explains human behavior. Psychoanalysis is often known as the talking cure. Freud would encourage his patients to talk freely regarding their symptoms and to describe exactly what was on their mind. The case of Anna O marked a turning point in the career of Sigmund Freud. It even went on to influence the future direction of psychology as a whole. Anna suffered from hysteria, a condition in which the patient exhibits physical symptoms (e.g. paralysis, convulsions, hallucinations, loss of speech) without an apparent physical cause. Her doctor Josef Breuer succeeded in treating Anna by helping her to recall forgotten memories of traumatic events. Breuer discussed the case with his friend Freud. Out of these discussions came the germ of an idea that Freud was to pursue for the rest of his life. In Studies in Hysteria (1895) Freud proposed that physical symptoms are often the surface manifestations of deeply repressed conflicts. However Freud was not just advancing an explanation of a particular illness. He was proposing a revolutionary new theory of the human psyche itself. This theory emerged slowly as...
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...and though Jakob himself had moved away from the tradition, he came to be known for his Torah study. He and Freud's mother, Amalia (née Nathansohn), 20 years her husband's junior and his third wife, were married by Rabbi Isaac Noah Mannheimer on 29 July 1855. They were struggling financially and living in a rented room, in a locksmith's house at Schlossergasse 117 when their son Sigmund was born.[11] He was born with a caul, which his mother saw as a positive omen for the boy's future.[12] In 1859 the Freud family left Freiberg. Freud’s half brothers immigrated to Manchester, England, parting him from the “inseparable” playmate of his early childhood, Emanuel’s son, John.[13] Jacob Freud took his wife and two children (Freud's sister, Anna, was born in 1858; a brother, Julius, had died in infancy) firstly to Leipzig and then in 1860 to Vienna where four sisters (Rosa, Marie, Adolfine and Paula) and a brother (Alexander) were born. In 1865, the nine-year-old Freud entered the Leopoldstädter Kommunal-Realgymnasium, a prominent high school. He proved an outstanding pupil and graduated from the Matura in 1873 with honors. He loved literature and was proficient in German, French, Italian, Spanish, English, Hebrew, Latin and Greek.[14] Freud read William Shakespeare in English throughout his life, and it has been suggested that his understanding of human psychology was derived from Shakespeare's plays.[15] Freud entered the University of Vienna at age 17. He had planned to study...
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...encompasses the symbolism in the mind during the dreaming stage of the sleep cycle. Sigmund Freud was born in Austria in 1856 and studied as a neurologist and psychiatrist at the University of Vienna. While at the university he presented his studies on psychodynamics in Ernest Wilhelm von Brucke’s Lectures of Physiology. Later in 1879, Freud completed his studies and obtained his Dr. Med with his thesis on the spinal cord of lower fish species. Freud opened his own practice in 1886 focusing on Neurology. At his practice, Freud started initially used hypnosis to help his neurotic patients, but then stopped in favor of the psychotherapeutic approach. Patients would relay their feelings through speech, also coined as the “talking cure” by Anna O, one of Freud’s patients. As Freud continued his studies, he believed that sexual interaction hindered ones accomplishments in life and so he ceased sexual relations with his wife. According to Freud’s biographer, Ernest Jones, Freud was absolutely celibate “in order to sublimate the libido for creative purposes.” During the year of 1896, there were rumors that Freud was having an affair with his sister-in-law, brought about by Carl Jung, one of Freud’s critics. Now into his 40’s, Freud was noted as having “numerous psychosomatic disorders as well as exaggerated fears of dying and other phobias” (Corey 2001, p. 67). Freud published his first books in 1900 and 1901 and his theories began to gain...
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...“Evaluate the extent to which Freud’s theory of psychosexual development can help us to understand a client’s presenting issue” In this essay I am asked to evaluate one aspect of Freudian theory. I will begin by first describing Freud’s psychosexual theory and demonstrate an understanding of its relationship to adult neurotic behavior. Having done this I will examine some of the criticisms that have been levelled at Freudian theory in order to evaluate it. In 1905 Freud published ‘Three Essays on the theory of Sexuality and other Works’, one of these essays was titled ‘Infantile Sexuality’. In this essay Freud sets out his theory of psychosexual development. He asserts that there is in all humans an innate drive (or instinct>another theory to be debated) for pleasure, a sort of psychic energy, which he calls the libido and this energy needs to be discharged. He then goes on to describe how this drive finds outlet at the earliest stages in life, as babies, toddlers and infants and describes the oral, anal and phallic stages and the psychological effects of fixation at these stages. It is important to note that Freud separated sexual aims and objectives. What Freud meant by sexual in his own writing in German, was ‘life force’ or ‘emotional energy’ (Bettelheim 1983). While this concept has a sexual aspect to it, it is unfortunate that the English translation focuses mainly on this aspect. His work on sexuality and perversions led to the wider theory of sexuality whereby he differentiated...
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