...According to the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, there are over 24 Million people that suffer from eating disorders. What is an eating disorder though? The simple definition of this disease is that a person exhibits abnormal eating behaviors. There are many different variations to these disorders but they share many of the same characteristics such as: fear of becoming obese, obsession with thinness, food, weight, and even calorie counting. Of the many cases though what is the main cause of this disease? Can it be psychological, an environmental, or a biological factor? In this paper I will explore some of the reasons why people develop eating disorders and how it all factors into a person’s everyday life. The two main eating disorders that I will be looking at is anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa, a serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss. The four main symptoms are intense fear of weight gain, the struggle to maintain body weight, loss of menstrual periods, and the feeling of feeling “fat”. With developing Anorexia Nervosa, the body is denied the fundamental nutrients it needs to function properly. Therefore, it is forced to slow down all of its processes to conserve energy. By slowing down the body, it can cause serious medical consequences like an unnaturally slow heart rate and low blood pressure, osteoporosis, muscle loss and weakness...
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...Hunger Motivation As a part of human nature, it is natural and, also, necessary for people to eat. The desire to eat has been challenged by researchers inquiring if it is the stomach, brain, or some other stimuli that creates hunger (Hara, 1997). For example, a child is born with a desire to drink his or her mother’s milk, but what exactly makes this child crave the milk? Hunger can be attributed to both psychological and physiological aspects. The physiology of hunger has been explored in several varying theories, but several of these theories have been proven inaccurate and, therefore, have been rebuked. The stomach contraction theory states that we know we are hungry when our stomach contracts, but this theory does not explain why people without stomachs continue to feel hungry. The glucose theory presents the idea that we feel hungry when our glucose level is low, but it has been found that blood glucose levels do not differ under normal conditions. The insulin level theory indicates that we feel hungry when the insulin level in our bodies increases; however, this theory requires humans to eat to increase insulin levels, which in turn makes them hungry. Perhaps the most accurate theories are the fatty acid theory and the heat-production theory. The fatty acid theory indicates that we have fatty acid receptors, and when these receptors are activated, when there is an increase in the fatty acid levels, we feel hungry. The heat-production theory states that as...
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...------------------------------------------------- Specification link: You will be able to outline and evaluate: ------------------------------------------------- Biological, including neural and evolutionary, explanations of anorexia nervosa ------------------------------------------------- Psychology explanations of anorexia nervosa Outline and description of theories | Research evidence and commentary | IntroductionThe DSM-IV Rev identifies three categories of eating disorder: * Anorexia nervosa 1. AN -restricting type – refusal to eat 2. AN- binge eating/purging type – episodes of binge eating followed by removal of food from the body by vomiting, laxatives, or enemas.Both of these are associated with significant weight loss and the other symptoms of AN. * Bulimia nervosa – episodes of binging followed by removal of food from the body by vomiting, laxatives, or enemas (no significant weight loss). * Eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS)The four major symptoms of anorexia nervosa are: * The body weight is 85% or less of normal weight for age and height * Distorted perception of body weight/shape, and/or denial that the weight loss is severe * Intense fear of becoming fat * Loss of three consecutive menstrual cycles in women (amenorrhoea)Anorexia nervosa (AN) and Bulimia nervosa (BN) have much in common, particularly a dissatisfaction with body weight and/or shape. AN affects approx 0.3 % of males and 0.9% of females. BN is more common (0.5% of males and 1.5% of females)...
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...Social Marketing – Anti-Anorexia Campaign (Italy) X444 Background While there has been much attention focused on the obesity problem in the developed world, another serious health issue is anorexia nervosa. There is tremendous pressure in the developed world for women to be extremely thin. The current ideal female body is impossible to achieve for the majority of women and is markedly different from the classical ideal dating back to the Greeks and even as recently as the 1950s and 1960s. By today’s standards, Marilyn Monroe and Raquel Welch would be considered “fat.” Venus de Milo Ancient Greece Marilyn Monroe 1950s Raquel Welch 1960s Keira Knightley 2000s While obesity is certainly unhealthy, the social pressure for women to be extremely thin is also unhealthy. According to the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders (ANAD) (2007), in the U.S. 7 million women and 1 million men suffer from eating disorder mental illness. Lauter (2008) quoted Marleen S. Williams, a psychology professor at Brigham Young University in Utah who said studies show fewer eating disorders in "cultures that value full-bodied women." • Health impact of eating disorders (ANAD, 2007, except as noted below) o Physical § 20% fatality rate (CBS, 2007) § Malnutrition § Dehydration § Ruptured stomach § Serious heart, kidney, and liver damage § Tooth/gum erosion § Tears of the esophagus o Mental § Depression § Low self-esteem § Shame and guilt § Impaired...
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...Analyzing Psychological Disorders Rebecca Howard PSY 240 December 23, 2012 Rebecca Gazda Analyzing Psychological Disorders Psychological disorders are always being researched and new treatments are being developed. Biopsychology is an important field because understanding the processes that occur in the body can lead to more effective drugs and relief for many people suffering from psychological disorders. Schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa, and anxiety are all psychological disorders that psychologists must deal with on a regular basis. Understanding these disorders is important for the health and well-being of patients. Part A: Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder that has many complex symptoms, most of which can also be associated with other disorders (Pinel, 2011). Schizophrenia affects many parts of the brain, including the forebrain and hindbrain. The cingulated gyrus, amygdale, and hippocampus are also affected. These areas are all part of the limbic system. It is believed that schizophrenia occurs when functional circuits of the brain are disturbed, which affects the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and thalamus (Lundbeck Institute, 2011). With such a large area of the brain being affected by this psychiatric disorder, it brings a host of symptoms. These symptoms are divided into two different groups, positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms are ones that cause an excess of normal function, and negative symptoms cause a decrease of normal function. Separating...
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...Anorexia is an eating disorder that restricts or limits the amount of food people eat (Eating Disorder). In 1873, Charles Lasegue saw the first signs of anorexia. He saw that it affected people between the ages of 15 to 20 years old (Brumberg). Most anorexics are young women. One in every 200 American women have anorexia and only about 10% of men suffer from the disease (Eating Disorders). In 1980, anorexia was classified as a psychiatric disorder. Since then it is still becoming a growing problem. The number of anorexia cases has doubled since 1970. Anorexia is not having an impact on one particular race or social group. It is having an impact on people of all social groups and ethnic backgrounds (Anorexia Nervosa). However, there are 10 million women and 1 million men that have anorexia, the majority of them being white people (Bennett). Researchers do not know exactly what the causes are of anorexia, or other eating disorders for that matter. They say eating disorders can be caused by many things such as: biological, psychological, social, cultural and even family factors (Gowan). For many of the sufferers, anorexia becomes almost like a religion. People feel this way because, they have power over themselves. They control what they can eat and they feel in power when they do this (Bennett). A story I found off of ebsco, (academic resource website) was a girl who dreamed of being a ballerina. She saw many dancers who were thin and good at dancing and that’s...
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...Eating disorders Stephanie Collard BEH/225 9/10/14 University of phoenix Eating disorders What is hunger? Hunger is the motivation that tells us when we need nutrients for our body. Hunger is a basic biological need that our body experiences. When we “feel hungry” our body's drive us to find sustenance. However, not all hunger drives are based on nutritional needs, there are certain biological and psychological factors that motivate our hunger. Biologically, our hunger drive comes from the hypothalamus, a gland that when given the appropriate stimulation excretes a hormone that tells your body when to be hungry and when to be sated. Biologically, this gland is motivated by homeostasis, or body equilibrium. This means that this gland is generally stimulated by specific conditions in your body, such as blood sugar, chemicals in the blood stream, or body temperature. Once the optimal conditions for your body are reached, the hypothalamus will send out a hormone that tells your body it is full, and to stop eating. Non biological factors are when we are motivated to eat even when our hypothalamus is not sending any cues. Factors such as stress, boredom, certain smells, or just having food in front of you can cause a motivation to eat. Alternatively, developing an aversion to foods is quite easy, if you associate certain foods with nausea or illness, or if you ate a lot of a specific food during childhood due to poverty or other unhappy circumstances...
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...such as anorexia nervosa, athletica nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating. Through much research, it is shown there are larger causes to these eating disorders. It is no longer a psychological factor (brain chemical misbalance). There are greater forces that influence eating disorders such as the mass media, family, stress (sense of identity), community (peers/school), and negative body image (which links to mass media). It is important to know these contributions to eating disorders because, the more one knows about the various factors for an eating disorder, the easier it will become to treat these disorders (help one suffering with an eating disorder cope and become healthier.) Throughout the 21st century, eating disorders have become more common among North American teens. With a higher percentage rate of eating disorders in the 21st century, (Sneddon, 1999, p.35) it shows it is an area that should have greater focus. Not only does it have a negative impact on the individual who is battling it, it has a negative impact on society; an impact that could destroy our society – mentally if we (as a community/society) do not help or treat this in the way it should be. An eating disorder can tear apart someone’s morals, eat at their brain – which means with it becoming more common amongst North American teens, the society will suffer in the long run; therefore it is an area that should be focussed on more so we can save our society for the future. Literature Review Eating...
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...Self Esteem In Adolescents with Anorexia Angelica Benavides Passaic County Community College Self Esteem Self-esteem is a large contributing factor in adolescents with anorexia. A person’s self-esteem has to do with their feelings of self-worth and their judgment of oneself. A person’s self-esteem has to do with how they view themselves and whether or not they do so in a good or bad manor. Self-esteem is established in the younger years in life with the help of a persons loved ones, such as parents, educators, and role models. Educators, parents, business and government leaders agree that we need to develop individuals with healthy or high self-esteem characterized by tolerance and respect for others, individuals who accept responsibility for their actions, have integrity, take pride in their accomplishments, who are self-motivated, willing to take risks, capable of handling criticism, loving and lovable, seek the challenge and stimulation of worthwhile and demanding goals, and take command and control of their lives. (Reasoner, 2010) Building a healthy self-esteem is a crucial part of one’s growing process. It’s particularly important that a healthy self-esteem is established in order for someone to have positive thoughts about themselves in anything thing they do in the future. A positive healthy self-esteem is established with compliments and recognition. Unfortunately if an individual hasn’t received the proper recognition low self-esteem could develop. Individuals...
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...Gender And Its Social Unstoppable Construction Abstract This paper provides information about the social construction of gender. Research from seven different journal articles organized into the categories of children, men, women, and the culture of Bugistribe, Indonesia.The understanding of gender roles is evident in children, even at the age of three years old. Studies show that parent’s set unclear norms regarding gender roles, which confuses kids. Moreover, there is historical background on social construction and women. The importance of the role of beauty in the female gender role showing how young women are being more sexualized. Also, the role of eating disorders in men and women’s genders is addressed. Men’s struggle with masculinity in present society as well as fear of feminism is talked about. Finally, the Bugis tribe, located in South Sulawesi, Indonesia is studied. Their five separate genders show a fascinating look at social construction. Gender And Its Social Unstoppable Construction Gender is an extremely captivating concept. The social construction of gender is an extensive and complicated subject. Looking at the views children have of gender roles shows social construction. Studying how women’s gender roles are socially constructed with feminine behavior is very interesting. Also is fascinating how men attempt to balance and uphold masculinity. Finally, gender in other cultures, specifically the Bugis tribe of Indonesia, have extremely different takes...
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...Professional Roles Mission Statement Name University Professional Nursing Mission Statement Many things can be learned when a person’s formative years are spent in a small town with minimal resources for the community. High on that list is an appreciation for the influence people can have on each other’s lives, for both positive and negative aspects. Speaking from the perspective of someone who spent twenty-five years of her youth living in a New Mexico village of about 3,000 people, I have acquired a desire to impact other’s lives in positive ways. Several aspects impact a community’s philosophies regarding care provision, including licensing requirements and education, ethics, professional and personal traits, and continual growth to reflect current developments in research discovery. It is my mission to provide compassionate and competent care to members of my community, as evidenced by aligning myself with care providers who share a similar philosophy of growth through continual self-analysis, research and education in the healthcare environment. My goal is to always exude the confidence and humility which creates a comfortable and healing environment. Functional Differences Nursing has long been recognized as one of the most trusted professions in the world (Saver & Alfaro-LeFevre, 2014, p. 2). Because nurses are in a profession inherent to helping people, the community expects a certain amount of dedication and obligation toward the population in general. Two...
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...to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Carpenter, S., & Huffman, K. (2010). Visualizing psychology (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Week One: Introduction to Psychology Details Due Points Objectives 1.1 Describe the development of the discipline of psychology. 1.2 Compare and contrast research methods used to examine psychological phenomena. 1.3 Explain biological influences on the human brain. Readings Read Ch. 1 & 2 of Visualizing Psychology. Review this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. Participation Participate in class discussion. 1 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions. 1 Individual Origins of Psychology and Research Methods Worksheet Complete the Origins of Psychology and Research Methods Worksheet located on the student web page. 10 Week Two:...
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...PN MENTAL HEALTH NURSING EDITION . CO NT ASTERY SERI ES TM N E R EV MOD IE W LE U PN Mental Health Nursing Review Module Edition 9.0 CONtriButOrs Sheryl Sommer, PhD, RN, CNE VP Nursing Education & Strategy Janean Johnson, MSN, RN Nursing Education Strategist Sherry L. Roper, PhD, RN Nursing Education Strategist Karin Roberts, PhD, MSN, RN, CNE Nursing Education Coordinator Mendy G. McMichael, DNP, RN Nursing Education Specialist and Content Project Coordinator Marsha S. Barlow, MSN, RN Nursing Education Specialist Norma Jean Henry, MSN/Ed, RN Nursing Education Specialist eDitOrial aND PuBlisHiNg Derek Prater Spring Lenox Michelle Renner Mandy Tallmadge Kelly Von Lunen CONsultaNts Deb Johnson-Schuh, RN, MSN, CNE Loraine White, RN, BSN, MA PN MeNtal HealtH NursiNg i PN MeNtal HealtH NursiNg review Module editioN 9.0 intellectual Property Notice ATI Nursing is a division of Assessment Technologies Institute®, LLC Copyright © 2014 Assessment Technologies Institute, LLC. All rights reserved. The reproduction of this work in any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, is forbidden without the written permission of Assessment Technologies Institute, LLC. All of the content in this publication, including, for example, the cover, all of the page headers, images, illustrations, graphics, and text, are subject to trademark, service mark, trade dress, copyright, and/or other intellectual property rights or licenses...
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...| Marijuana Legalization: Why Marijuana Should be Legalized in All Fifty States English 102 Final Paper Table of Contents I. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………… 1 II. Is Marijuana a “Gateway Drug?” ……………………………………………………... 2 III. Arguments against Legalization ………………………………………………………. 3 VI. Recent Legalization Efforts …………………………………………………………… 4 V. Medicinal Uses of Marijuana …………………………………………………………. 5 VI. Economic Arguments Against Criminalization ………………………………………. 7 VII. Marijuana Cultivation and DTO ……………………………………………………... 8 VIII. From Decriminalization to Legalization …………………………………………… 8 IX. Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………… 10 Marijuana Legalization: Why Marijuana Should be Legalized in All Fifty States I. Introduction The issue of marijuana legalization in the United States is a charged one that brings forth supporters and opponents arguments alike. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) Uniform Crime Reports, one marijuana-related arrest occurs every forty-two seconds in the United States. The government conducted over 1.53 million drug-related arrests in 2011, 90% for possession alone, and nearly 50% due to marijuana (FBI Uniform Crime Report). State governments are currently responding to shifts in public opinion, especially given the recent legalizations that passed in Colorado and Washington. According to Gallup Polls, more Americans supported the legalization of marijuana than not in 2011 (50% vs. 46%)...
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...The Power of TV Commercials The power of pop culture has an enormous influence on the minds of the youth. TV commercials are powerful tools that are used to portray an image, change an idea or shape an attitude. These thirty seconds or more of flashy attractions draws viewers in on the attitudes and values of which people hold in society. It promotes particular beliefs and ways of thinking. Such beliefs that are promoted through TV commercials can be the encouragement of changing one’s appearance in order to look similar as a certain celebrity. On the good side, TV commercials display positive behaviors and role models that young girls and adolescent girls can aspire to be. In contrast, many of these TV commercials have a negative influence on the life of young girls and adolescent girls. TV commercials targets young girls and adolescent girls through the use of different outlets that glorify unrealistic expectations, distorted body image and sexualization in which leads them on a path of self-destruction. TV commercials can promote positive behavior. Dove is the first “beauty” company to promote to young girls and adolescent girls that they should be comfortable with their own body. Their marketing campaign helps to establish self-esteem and a good body image. It shows “real women” as role models who are happy with themselves even though their body may not be what is typically thought of as beautiful. According to the article, “The Dove® Campaign for Real Beauty”, Dove...
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