...Competition Policy in Bangladesh Consumer Welfare: Different Perspectives “Consumer welfare” has different meanings to different people. To the rich, who can afford the comforts of life, it usually concerns with the range of choice of goods and services. To the poor, who find it difficult to make ends meet, the most important concern is not choice but rather access to goods and services. Broadly speaking, the former aspect is more prevalent in the developed world. However, in developing countries, such as Bangladesh, the latter aspect is more important during the administration of competition policies. The different dimensions of consumer welfare need to be kept in view in order to make a market (economy) work efficiently. Purpose of Competition Policy Competition is an essential element in the efficient working of markets. It brings important benefits to the consumer by: * encouraging enterprise, innovation, efficiency and a widening of choice; * enabling consumers to buy the goods and services they want at the best possible price; * contributing to the national competitiveness. By “competition policy,” economists usually mean intervention by public authorities for ensuring competition in the markets. The basic objectives of competition policies are designed to promote competition by preventing agreements between firms that lead to anti-competitive behavior either through explicit cartels or through tacit collusion. Such policies also deal with monopoly...
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...How are performance enhancing drugs (PEDS) affecting the future of sports? Although many PEDS are banned by the USADA, there is a reason why some should be allowed. The war between sports and drugs has been going on for a long time and is affecting all sports. The United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA), is the national anti-doping organization (NADO) for Olympic, Paralympic, Pan American, and Parapan American sports in the United States. They try to preserve the integrity of competition , inspire true sport, and protect the rights of athletes. Drugs not allowed by the USADA include erythropoietin, anabolic steroids, stimulants, human growth hormone, and diuretics. The USADA collects urine and blood samples to test for drugs. They inform athletes of the results of their drug tests and also manage any potential anti-doping rule violations....
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...2013 ). Globalization is a cause for increased competition in smartphones leading to lower prices. Corporations producing smartphones face an increase in the number of competitors with the integration of economics in the global world. China is dominating many areas of the global consumer electronics, according to Global Consumer Electronics Market Outlook 2015 (MarketWatch, 2014), forcing domestic corporations to compete with foreign countries. The increased competition has corporations working harder to gain an advantage in the industry that allows companies to produce at lower prices than their competitors. Some government policies and regulations affect the industry, such as patents, anti-dumping laws, and electronic waste legislation. Some companies are motivated by patents to innovate while others are discouraged to innovate because of the patents. Companies can develop smartphones using patent protected devices or the processes are prevented from producing technological innovations. A few corporations have created better products than patent protected devices but are unable to sell the product. The lack of changes at times makes it hard to differentiate between phones. New devices such as the iPhone 5s and 5c, and Samsung S5 were considered upgrades. They did not offer innovative aspects that could differentiate them from other smartphones that were saturating the market, pushing prices down (Forbes, 2014). The anti-dumping laws protect United States industries...
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...INTERNATIONAL CANOE FEDERATION DRAGON BOAT RACING COMPETITION RULES 2013 Taking effect from 1 January , 2013 ICF Dragon Boat Racing Competition Rules 2013 1 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this document is to provide the rules that govern the way of running Dragon Boat Racing ICF competitions. LANGUAGE The English written language is the only acceptable language for all official communications relating to these Competition Rules and the conduct of all Dragon Boat Racing ICF competitions. For the sake of consistency, British spelling, punctuation and grammatical conventions have been used throughout. Any word which may imply the masculine gender, also includes the feminine. COPYRIGHT These rules may be photocopied. Great care taken in typing and checking the rules original text is available on the ICF www.canoeicf.com. Please do not re-set without consultation. has been and the website in type ICF Dragon Boat Racing Competition Rules 2013 2 Article TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I – GENERAL REGULATIONS ...............6 1 2 3 4 5 AIM...................................................... 6 INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIONS .................... 6 COMPETITORS ......................................... 7 INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION CALENDAR ........ 8 MINIMUM PARTICIPATION ............................ 8 CHAPTER II - CATEGORIES, BOAT CONSTRUCTION AND TRADEMARKS ......................................9 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 CATEGORIES ..................
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...Rent-Seeking-the pursuit of a gain greater than the “normal” return or profit from the market-oriented production and sale of a product to consumers. It has sometimes been referred to as political profit-seeking, rather than market-based profit seeking. Market-based profit-seeking is based on private business devoting time, money and resources to making new, better, and less expensive goods and services to sell to consumers. Profits are earned by doing better than competitors in satisfying consumer demands. Political profit-seeking (or “rent-seeking”) is based on using time, money and resources to gain privileges, favors, subsidies, and anti-competition regulations from the government at the expense of consumers and potential competitors. It is the method of special interest groups trying to use government to benefit themselves. Resources, money, time go into political manipulation and influence, rather than market-oriented production. P1 and Q1 would be the price and output produced by a competitor in an open, competitive market. But suppose it was possible to influence the government to have a regulation passed making you the single-selling monopolist, and all other sellers would be regulated out of the market. P1 and Q1 would be the price and output produced by a competitor in an open, competitive market. But suppose it was possible to influence the government to have a regulation passed making you the single-selling monopolist, and all other sellers would be regulated...
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...Competition as an economic concept is as old as the history of economic thought itself, with its place in economic theory firmly entrenched early on. However, during the past decade which ushered in the age of globalization, new and increasing attention has been focused on competition in policy discussions around the world. “Competition” then became coupled as a matter of course with “policy.” It is not that radically new concepts are being formulated. Rather, a growing need for new approaches in “competition policy” is being felt because of its linkages with international trade that have become highlighted with the reduction of trade barriers around the globe. From the Philippine perspective, however, there also arises a growing need to understand its implications more fully, brought about not just by what is happening in the global arena but even more importantly by various comprehensive policy reforms that have been implemented by the government during the past decade or so. The reforms starting in the mid 1980s have done much to move the economy toward a more market friendly policy environment. Trade reforms, banking reforms, foreign investment policy reforms, deregulation, privatization, and the policy thrusts in general have explicitly and implicitly recognized the benefits from competition. It is thus timely to take stock of where we are and examine the state of competition and competition policy in the Philippines to help sustain and maximize benefits from the reforms...
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...Running head: PANERA BREAD CASE ANALYSIS Panera Bread Case Analysis LaToya Melvin Davenport University BUSN 520 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 3 LITERATURE REVIEW Synopsis of the Situation 4 Key Issues 4 Define the Problem & the Opportunity 6 Alternative Solutions 6 Selected Solution 7 Implementation/Recommendations 7 CONCLUSIONS 7 WORKS CITED 8 Abstract This case study focuses on the market analysis for the Panera Bread Company. The case will examine five components; the synopsis, key issues, problem and opportunity, alternative solutions, selected solution, and implementation/recommendations. Throughout the case, questions will arise as Panera faces challenges in the growth and the operation of the business that will include such issues as marketing, pricing and factors within its consumer base. Literature Review Synopsis Panera Bread is a company founded in 1982, named Au Bon Pain at that time by Louis Kane and Ron Shaich. Panera Bread goal was to offer the best quality product and to be nationally recognized by its bakery-café specialty. Panera Bread’s strategy is to make great bread and to make it broadly available, being the bread experts in the industry. They service consumers-on-the-go, who...
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...In Grant Penrod's "Anti-Intellectualism" Essay at the Arizona University Printer’s Devils Competition in which his essay won him second place out of hundreds of other essays; Mr. Penrod’s main point and thesis argument was that today’s intellectuals are being highly mistreated and sadly disrespected. To make a clear understanding on what he really means by this, Mr. Penrod gives prime examples of this unfortunate time for intellectuals including the extremism of anti-intellectuals, how some celebrities like Sammy Sosa never graduated, and how these anti-intellectuals are hurting these people. He mentions about how online websites like Talkingcock.com have some users who post very malicious and violent opinions towards today’s intellectuals....
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...This costs have to be passed onto the consumers which can be achieved through higher prices. Conclusion= Barrier exists Advertisement i) How often and how large are your advertisements? ii) Does the large quantity of advertisement practiced by the duopoly have an effect on the prices of your fruits and vegetables?? • i) Never, due to the high costs of advertising. • ii) Makes consumers perceive the product slightly different from other good, creating the sense that it cannot be replaced. Forces the prices of our products to decrease to attract more consumers. Conclusion= Barrier exists Anti-competitive behaviour Do you feel like the duopoly of Coles and Woolworths have adopted restrictive practises, in order to start a ‘price war’ during your presence? • In Australian day, 2011 Coles set their 1l milk to $1 also known as practicing ‘predatory pricing’. • Practices like these, helps them to gain more consumers hence less profit for us. Forcing the local retailers to lower prices to be able to keep operating as a competitor in the market. Conclusion=Barrier exists Brand...
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...Research Portfolio Aveeno Daily Moisturising Lotion | | | | | Contents 1. Introduction 5 2. Client Background 6 2.2 Product Offering 6 2.3 Direct and Indirect Competition 6 2.4 Positioning Against Competition 7 2.5 Unique Selling Proposition 7 2.6 Target Audience 7 Conclusion 9 References 10 Appendix 12 1. Introduction The purpose of this report is to identify the direct and indirect competition of Aveeno’s Daily Moisturising Lotion, the positioning and the target audience, based on the scope of a full-page print advertisement found within the August 2015 edition of the Australian magazine, ‘The Woman’s Weekly’. 2. Client Background The Aveeno brand is a subordinate brand from Johnson & Johnson founded in 1945 by Albert Musher (). The company was founded on the basis of research into products containing colloidal oatmeal. From the knowledge that oats formed the basis of ancient remedies to soothe the skin, Albert and his brother, Sidney, experimented with the addition of finely milled oats to skin products. The Aveeno brand continues to be committed to the advancement of the scientific use of natural ingredients. 2.2 Product Offering The product advertised in the chosen full page print is Aveeno’s Daily Moisturising Lotion, which is a consumable/disposable low-involvement product. The advertisement informs the audience of the oat formula within the lotion, as well as the communication of the endorsement...
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...Why Performance Enhancing Drugs Should Not Be Allowed In Electronic Sports Imagine young adults having high blood pressure or even heart attacks just because they used Adderall to enhance their performance in Electronic Sports (or eSports) competitions. I believe that Performance Enhancing Drugs, or PEDs, have no place in eSports. One of the two main groups of people involved in this issue is the Electronic Sports League (or ESL). The ESL is the company that organizes and oversees eSports teams and competitions, much like the NFL oversees football, and they are against the use of PEDs. Also involved in this issue, are the dopers who use drugs like Adderall, originally a medication for ADHD, to enhance their focus and reflexes in competitions. I believe that PEDs should be forbidden in eSports competitions because they give dopers an unfair advantage, leading to winning prize money they did not actually earn themselves. More importantly, PEDs have dangerous side effects that can be serious. My first reason for supporting the ESL’s Performance Enhancing Drug (or PED) policy is that it prevents players from having an unfair advantage. Evidence that supports my claim is “Esports athletes”...”want to increase reflexes and improve concentration; so, they experiment with behavior modification drugs, like Ritalin and Adderall.”...
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...Anti-Trust Laws and the Consumer Anti-trust laws protect the consumer from unfair and deceptive trade practices. These laws were created to protect business owners, consumers and economic efficiency. In an open and free market, businesses must provide quality products and services to consumers as well as truthful representation of their goods and services. Misrepresentation results in inferior products and artificially inflated prices for the consumer and is at times accomplished through unlawful collusion between competitors. A fair and open market where businesses compete in a non-monopolistic environment brings economic efficiency as businesses are encouraged to find more efficient methods of production stay in the market. Inefficient firms that fail to understand consumer needs, eventually lose in the market. If open market competition was nonexistent, cartels and monopolies would be free to distort the allocation of society’s resources for economic profit in the long run. This would result in economic loss to consumers as well as competitive harm to the economy. In the United States, the basic federal antitrust laws are: The Sherman Act of 1890, the Clayton Act (1914) and the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914. The Sherman Act prohibits the restraint of trade and the creation of monopolies and is an important part of economic legislation in the United States. The Sherman Act prohibits any agreement among competitors to fix prices, rig bids or engage in other...
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...An Investigation of Competition within the UK Food Retail Industry Abstract This dissertation set out to explore the nature of competition within the UK Food Retail Industry as well as to evaluate the competitive strategies undertaken by firms in the market. This task has been undertaken through a critical analysis of a range of literature focussed on establishing the current state of play in the UK supermarket industry, examining general theory on competition and competitive strategy, as well as a review of literature that specifically addresses competition between supermarkets in the UK. Looking first at the nature of competition in the UK food retail industry, it was clear from the literature review that while the industry has many characteristics of an oligopoly as it is dominated by a small number of major firms, it is undoubtedly highly competitive. The evaluation of the competitive strategies undertaken by firms in the industry showed that between the leading firms in the market that Tesco had the best balance between price and customer perceived value but there was clear evidence to suggest that the other leading firms were positioning themselves around Tesco in order to reduce its apparent competitive advantages. While the analysis showed similar competitive strategies for the big four, it revealed different strategies being adopted by other firms in the industry who look to operate in niche markets within the food retail industry, such as Lidl and Aldi, who compete...
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...Different Types of Market Structure Introduction This report will look at the competition policy within the UK and state what it does within the different market structures. With this the report will show two examples of where the competition authorities have had to investigate. Also the report will use the supermarkets as an example and show how they are able to meet their company's objectives within their market structure. The different Market structures In this section the report will look at the different market structures and show examples of the types of companies, which trade within them. Also the report will look at the advantages and disadvantages to each of the market structures. Perfect competition This market structure has a vast amount of companies with no barriers to entry new companies can join easily. Product pricing rarely changes, and is usually low, as no one company has the resources to develop the product or business image. E.g. advertising. The downside to this type of market is that there is little reason for competition, as the price will not have a significant difference when consumers go to a different company. Another is that there is no chance of the market being able to innovate as all business in the sector are small and cannot afford a research and development. Oligopoly Market An oligopoly market has a small number of firms, which are all able to make supernormal profits. The advantages are that these companies have the...
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...favorable making >$75K) with children • Ideals oriented - more likely than any other group to mention anti-oxidants before mentioning health. They actively seek out information in the decision-making process. They look for “durability, functionality, and value” (VALS) in the products they buy. • Grocery retailers (sports drinks patronized by higher income/educated shoppers Product Strategy • Green Ox. The company should stick with the name Green Ox in hopes the design, launch, and reliable product will be easily recognizable and associated in the future. Green makes you think is healthy and ox is a play of the unique ingredient: antioxidant. • Green Ox should release all five flavors to maximize profits. Green Ox has developed Yellowknife, Jasper Mountain, Whistler, Alberta Bound, and Yukon Gold. • Product positioning statement: o Among ideal oriented male and female athletes, over the age of 40 with kids, who have a higher income, Green Ox is the brand of Sports Drink which is the first to add potential cancer-preventing antibiotics to our refreshing sports drink. This performance-enhancing beverage gives you all the electrolytes needed to maintain hydration during workout as well as protects your body for the future. Pricing strategy • $0.99 per 20-ounce bottle, $0.66 manufacturing cost per 20-ounce bottle. • Above sports drink competition, contains added antioxidants • The price turns from inelastic to elastic at the retail price of $0.99...
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