...Antibiotic in Surgical Patients Gretchen Smith Antibiotic in Surgical Patients Prevention of surgical infections is a highly significant issue to pre-op nursing care, as surgeons entrust nurses to carry out the procedure, of administration antibiotic prophylactic, which have a positive impact on patient outcome. When a surgeon determined that an antibiotic is going to be required for a particular case, giving the antibiotic at the correct time is “very important” (“Case example,” 2010, p. 27). Research has found that antibiotics that are administered (“to early or after surgery begins are not effective” (“Case example,” 2010, p. 27). It is important for nurse to be aware of the timetable and take steps to implement this in to their practice. It has been debated as to whether or not antibiotic prophylaxis is appropriate in preventing infections in surgical patients. (Easter, 2010). Zaidi, Tariq and Breslin (2009), addressed the topic of timing an antibiotic prophylaxis, the researches study 525 elective surgeries and the timing of antibiotic administration. Zaidi, Tariq and Breslin stated that the “antibiotic should be administered as near to the incision time as possible,” as the study found that “pre-incisional prophylaxis administration of antibiotics is more beneficial than post-incisional administration” (Zaidi, Tariq, & Breslin, 2009, p. 226) The most significant risk factor for delivery by cesarean section is post partum infection. As antibiotics...
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...AAntibiotics Antibiotics are a chemical which work by being either bactericidal where they kill microorganisms; or by being bacteristatic where they inhibit the growth of the microorganisms. Narrow spectrum antibiotics target specific reaction in particular microorganisms; whereas broad spectrum antibiotics will have an effect on more general features so affect a wide range of pathogens. They work by cell wall synthesis: an example of a bactericidal antibiotic is Penicillin, this works by preventing the production of peptidoglycan which is a substance that forms in the cell wall. This means the cell will continue to grow without dividing or developing new cell wall Therefore, the wall gets weaker, and eventually ruptures. Another way antibiotics works is by protein synthesis: an example of a bacteriostatic antibiotic is Tetracycline, it binds to ribosomes in bacteria this means the cell cannot make proteins and therefore inhibits growth. The benefits of using antibiotics is that it helps people with weakened immune systems, it can treat many infections such as strep throat, tonsillitis and sinusitis, it is easy to administer since you can take them orally or via injection, it has few side effects and is cost effective. However issues concerning antibiotics are allergic reactions depending on your drug allergies you may be extremely allergic to some types of antibiotics, such as those containing sulfa. Unfortunately, sulfa is present in many common antibiotics, so it may be...
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...Antibiotics and Animals These articles are about the use of antibiotics in animals. A lot of organizations feel using too many antibiotics in animals (whether its to make them healthy or for growth reasons) can have a harmful effect on humans. Other groups believe its better to give it to the animals rather than having us get sick from whatever the animal was sick from. Groups for antibiotic use Bayer The US Animal Health Institute (AHI) – Ron Phillips VP Groups against antibiotic use FDA – Don Kennedy, Stanley Falkow (expert panel commissioned by the FDA) – 1976 Keep Antibiotics Working (KAW) – David Wallings spokesperson – 2001 Union of Concerned Scientists – Dr. Margaret Mellon - 2001 House of Representatives – Senator Edward Kennedy Jr – March 2002, Sherrod Brown, Henry Waxman and Louise slaughter – February 2002 Bush Adminstration – Lester Crawford (FDA deputy commissioner) Tyson Food, Perdue Farms, Golden Kist, Foster Farms, McDonalds, Wendy’s, Popeyes and Chipotle Mexican Grill – 2002 Officials in Russia Pork Producer in Taiwan Department of Agriculture’s Marketing Service – 2007 Veterinary Medicine Advisory Committee (VMAC) – 2007 Questions – for antibiotic use 1. Wouldn’t raising the standards in which animals are raised improve the overall health of them and then the need for antibiotics would significantly decrease. 2. Why do they think its healthy to give animals antibiotics for growth purposes? If they truly need them for when they...
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...Introduction An antibiotic is one of wonderful and vital discoveries of 20th century which was first proposed by Selman Waksman. Although being astonishing discovery, the real wonder is rise of antibiotic resistance in communities, environment and hospitals with their extensive use. The outstanding microbe’s genetic capacities have gained a lot of benefit from overuse of antibiotics by human being which has let to exploitation of every resistance source of genes and every horizontal gene transmission means for development of various resistance mechanisms for each and every antibiotic that has been introduced agriculturally, clinically or otherwise in practice. The underlying paper discusses antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, background of...
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...There are several people who use antibiotics for the wrong reasons. Some people think that using antibiotics will get rid of a cold or the flu virus faster or clear up a skin condition. Antibiotics should only be consumed for the infectious illness in which they were suggested for. Antibiotics are abused world-wide, and abuse of the medication can do more harm than help. I chose to research antibiotic abuse and the underlying issues with antibiotics. Antibiotics are being abused in so many ways by people and industries everywhere. The focus will be on agricultural abuse of antibiotics, human abuse, and antibiotic resistance. I will conduct various phone or face to face interviews with individuals as well as provide a questionnaire survey to obtain the information needed for this particular project. What are antibiotics? Antibiotics are “A medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms”, (What You Should Know about Antibiotics, 2012, p. 3). Antibiotics are used to treat various infections within the body cavity. They help ward off unwanted illnesses. There are various types of antibiotics each one has a significant role in fighting bacteria or fungal infections. “How do antibiotics work? When properly prescribed for a bacterial illness, antibiotics join forces with your body’s own defenses and literally wage war against invading bacteria. Some antibiotics dissolve the protective cell wall of an organism, rupturing and...
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...Adherence to Antibiotic Therapy in Primary Care Grand Canyon University Introduction To Nursing Research Terese Verklan July 6th, 2014 Adherence to Antibiotic Therapy in Primary Care Problem Statement “The term compliance or adherence can be described as the extent or correlation between the patient’s obedience to the therapy and the advice of health providers. Thus, it is related to the patient’s drug-taking attitude. Even when appropriate treatment is prescribed successful results may not always be achieved if patient’s use their medicines improperly” (Göktay, Telefoncu, Kadıoƃlu, Macit, Şencan, & Clark, 2013, p. 113). Many uncomplicated bacterial illnesses react quickly after starting treatment with antibiotics. This can lead to people failing to complete the entire course of treatment and thus recurrence of the illness. In some diseases, it takes a certain length of time of exposure to a specific dose of an antibiotic to kill the bacteria. If the right dose is not taken for the correct length of time, some of the bacteria or viruses may survive, multiply, and cause the infection to recur. “Adherence is an important factor in the achievement of therapeutic outcomes, while patient education is thought to positively affect adherence. The aim of this study is to assess patient adherence to prescribed antibacterial agents impact of patient education on adherence with the therapy” (Göktay, Telefoncu, Kadıoƃlu, Macit, Şencan, & Clark, 2013, p. 113). Purpose and...
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... SCRAPBOOK Antibiotics works well against COPD exacerbations Nurse.com published on Sept. 5, 2011 published findings of a study funded by the National Heart and Lung Institute.(http://news.nurse.com/article/20110905/ED02/309050030) The clinical study found that by adding the antibiotic Azithromycin, 250 mg daily in addition to the daily treatment regimen of the COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary) patient; acute COPD exacerbations decreased; which was the objective to the study. COPD Exacerbations: are sudden and present with labored breathing, wheezing, coughing accompanied with excessive phlegm production, precipitated by either viral or bacterial infections. This was an experiment; a longitudinal (in a one year time span) observational study. The population was the total of COPD participants in the study. One group of the population; 570 patients was prescribed 250 mg of Azithromycin daily plus their regular regimen. The other group; 572 COPD patients, only received their usual care and regimen. The objective was addressed. The 570 participants taking Azithromycin and receiving usual care averaged 1.48 acute exacerbations. The 572 participants, who received only their usual care without antibiotics, averaged 1.83. The reduction in acute exacerbations was reduced by 19% as evidenced by 1.48, the group taking 250mg of Azithromycin daily. In addition, the antibiotic treatment group reported a sense of favorable well being in...
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...------------------------------------------------- Many Pathogenic bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics, explain how such adaptations can develop through the process of natural selection. Exam # 25010400 Exam # 25010400 January 17, 2016 kelsey duff January 17, 2016 kelsey duff Natural selection is the process that results in adaptation of a population to the biotic (living) and the abiotic (nonliving) environments. In the biotic environment organisms acquire resources through completion, predation, and parasitism. The abiotic environment includes weather conditions, dependent chiefly on temperatues and precipitation. Directional selection occurs when an extreme phenotype is favored and the distribution curve shifts in that direction. Such a shift can occur when a population is adapting to a changing environment. Resistance to antibiotics and insecticides are examples of directional selection. The widespread use of antibiotics and insecticides (pesticides) results in populations of bacteria and insects that are resistant to these chemicals. When an antibiotic is administered, some bacteria may survive because they are genetically resistant to the antibiotic. These bacteria are most likely to pass on their genes to the next generation. Result, the number of bacteria keeps in increasing. Drug-resistant strains of bacteria that cause tuberculosis have now become a serious threat to the health of people worldwide. Because the genes of bacteria are varied, it...
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...to antibiotics, explain how such adaptations can develop through the process of natural selection. Exam # 25010400 Exam # 25010400 January 17, 2016 kelsey duff January 17, 2016 kelsey duff Natural selection is the process that results in adaptation of a population to the biotic (living) and the abiotic (nonliving) environments. In the biotic environment organisms acquire resources through completion, predation, and parasitism. The abiotic environment includes weather conditions, dependent chiefly on temperatues and precipitation. Directional selection occurs when an extreme phenotype is favored and the distribution curve shifts in that direction. Such a shift can occur when a population is adapting to a changing environment. Resistance to antibiotics and insecticides are examples of directional selection. The widespread use of antibiotics and insecticides (pesticides) results in populations of bacteria and insects that are resistant to these chemicals. When an antibiotic is administered, some bacteria may survive because they are genetically resistant to the antibiotic. These bacteria are most likely to pass on their genes to the next generation. Result, the number of bacteria keeps in increasing. Drug-resistant strains of bacteria that cause tuberculosis have now become a serious threat to the health of people worldwide. Because the genes of bacteria are varied, it is likely that there are some bacteria that carry genes which allow them to survive or resist antibiotics, because...
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...Antibiotic Resistance Essay Many things were learned while completing this study. I learned that education is one of the keys to reducing the amount of antibiotic resistance. Educating parents who insist on getting antibiotics for every sniffle on the danger of over medicating with antibiotics might help. Educating the general public via infomercials might also help them realize the dangers as well? Doctors need to stand their ground and take back the ground they have lost over the years. Realize it is okay to tell a parent in a kind way, “I am the doctor this is what I know is best for your child or for you.” It would be a good thing to cut back on the ability to get prescription drugs without a prescription. It is too easy to get on the computer and purchase drugs from overseas pharmacies. Make the penalty for doing this like the penalty for illegal substances. If enough people are punished they will decrease maybe. Some would have you believe the government does not control this problem as it is a way of population control, and if one is stupid enough to buy drugs without a prescription then the consequences are deserved. Ignorance is not an excuse. Although the conspiracy theorists are out there what is the truth? We may never know but as long as one does what they are supposed to there is no need to worry. It seems the FDA is already aware of the use of antibacterial soaps as a problem and they seem to be already addressing it but not allowing big name...
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...Antibiotic resistance — what is it and why is it a problem? The development of antibiotics was one of the most important advances of medicine. Many bacterial infections (e.g. tuberculosis and infected wounds) that had previously had no effective treatment and often killed people, became treatable with antibiotics, saving millions of lives. Now, because of the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, bacterial infections that were once easily cured with antibiotics are becoming harder to treat. This is due to antibiotic resistance. The World Health Organization has called this one of the biggest threats to human health today. What is antibiotic resistance? Antibiotic resistance happens when bacteria change to protect themselves from an antibiotic. They are then no longer sensitive to that antibiotic. When this happens, antibiotics that previously would have killed the bacteria, or stopped them from multiplying, no longer work. What are ‘superbugs’? ‘Superbugs’ are bacteria that are resistant to several different antibiotics. The methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria commonly found in hospitals, and the bacteria that cause tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), are now very hard to treat because of antibiotic resistance. Strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) — the bacteria that causes many urinary tract infections — have also developed resistance to a number of antibiotics. How does antibiotic resistance affect me? Using antibiotics when you don’t...
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...Successful Policy Models to Replicate Antibiotic prescriptions must to be regulated and there is some evidence that exists showing that regulations would be successful. Around the 1990’s a hospital in Athens, Greece, the Laiko General Hospital, implemented a new policy for antibiotics (Nelson, n.d.). Some of the most popular antibiotics could be ordered only after a physician filled out an order form outlining the request (Nelson, n.d.). From there, the request was received and reviewed by infectious disease physicians, and they would then approve or deny the request (Nelson, n.d.). In addition to this restriction in policy, other programs were improved and effected (Nelson, n.d.). Educational programs for physicians on antibiotic mismanagement were created and, hand washing rules were enforced (Nelson, n.d). Consequently, the overall use of antibiotics in the General Hospital was reduced by 80%, without any deaths linked to the new policy (Nelson, n.d.)....
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...Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Kwame D. Brooks BIO/101 October 16, 2014 Prof. Rafael Frim Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Even though the indiscriminate use of antibiotics is enhanced by their free and uncontrolled availability ‘across the counter’, particularly in developing and Third World countries where regulatory mechanisms leave much to be desired. Alternately, even in developed countries, there is a clear connection between overall antibiotic intake and the rate of recurrence of the discovery of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. According to Barry Commoner, “First law of ecology: ‘Everything is related to everything else’.” As such, these antibiotic-resistant bacteria evolves into a most important health problem that becomes the foundation for some patients to be incurable to previously treated infections because the development of antibiotic resistance. This is primarily due to disproportionate and often superfluous use of antibiotics in humans and animals. According to G. Gopal Rio “Risk factors for the spread of resistant bacteria in hospitals and the community can be summarized as overcrowding, lapses in hygiene or poor infection control practices. Increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria has been exacerbated by the slow pace in developing newer antibiotics and bacteria can be innately resistant or may acquire resistance to antibiotics” (1998). In essence, these two types of conflict are probably in the same way significant in the perspective of the management...
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...Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics Names: A. Objectives *Study the effects of various antibiotics on the growth of bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli) *Learn how to culture bacteria in vitro (in the laboratory) *Connect genetics to evolution to the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics B. Materials *Agar dextrose growth medium; bacterial starter colony plate; 18 culture plates with growth medium; disposable sterile inoculating loops; disposable sterile microtainers, disposable sterile pipets; culture fluid, forceps, ampicillin disks, bacitracin disks, novobiacin disk, and tetracycline disks C. Procedure 1) Obtain one culture plate, with growth medium, per group of two. Divide the bottom plate into 3 pie-shapes. Mark which areas will contain which two of the four antibiotics. One area is the control or no antibiotic. 2) Add 0.25 ml of culture fluid to a microtainer 3) Using a sterile inoculating loop, obtain a small colony of bacteria from the starter plate and swirl the loop in the culture fluid to remove bacteria from the loop 4) Transfer the bacteria suspended in fluid to the culture plate and using a clean inoculating loop, gentle spread the bacteria across the agar growth medium. 5) Using forceps, add the antibiotic disk to the appropriate section of the plate. 6) Cover and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius. D. Results: Attached to back. E. Discussion: Antibiotic resistance in bacteria has increased over time because of genetics and...
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...TITLE: ANTIBIOTICS : ARE THEY REALLY MAGIC BULLETS? The human body is exposed to substances that have the potential to cause harm on a daily basis. The body protects itself against these substances in several ways. Our natural defences give the body an opportunity to fight off invading microbes that may cause disease. The first line of defence is non-specific and aims to stop microbes from entering the body. The skin and mucous membranes act as a physical barrier preventing penetration by more harmful microbes which could lead to infection (1). The normal body flora on the surfaces of the body, reduce the area available for pathogens to attach to, as well as acting as a competitor for suitable nutrients. The body also produces several antimicrobial substances that kill or break down bacteria. A specific example of a physical barrier is when the blood produces a clot to seal the wound to prevent microbes from entering when the skin has been cut. The second line of defence is also non-specific and involves the process of phagocytosis. A type of white blood cell, called phagocytes, send out pseudopodia to attack the pathogens. Digestive enzymes are then released which break down the harmful microbes (1). Conversely, specific immunity is when resistance is given to a particular foreign agent such as a virus or bacteria, known as antigens. These antigens work to attack the pathogen by causing specific cells to replicate and produce proteins to provide protection...
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