...Imagine a drug that can transform you into a zombie slave. A machine that loses all free will, is very compliant, but still appears to be alert and coherent. The drug is easily removed from a very common plant. It’s tasteless, odorless, and can be quickly mixed into drinks, food, and cigarettes. This demon drug is called borrachero. Ask any Colombian resident about borrachero, also known as burundanga. They’re sure to tell you some horror story about the drug. They’ll tell stories of victims who willingly handed over their wallets and PINs, or visit the bank with their captors and withdraw huge amounts of cash. They also take the thieves to their home and casually help them load all their possessions into a truck. Sound scary? That’s because it’s supposed to. The borrachero is real and dangerous. The active substance is scopolamine and is extracted from the Bugmansia plant, also known as Angel’s Trumpet, which grows wild throughout the Andes. The stories about criminals chemically making people compliant are an urban myth. There’s plenty of mystery surrounding scopolamine and it’s ability to create submission. Nazi doctor Joseph Mengele, known as the “Angel of Death”, supposedly experimented with the drug as an questioning aid. The CIA had a similar idea and investigated it as a truth serum, but it was unsuccessful. It’s mentioned in a number of Hollywood movies, including “Where Eagles Dare”, “The Guns of Navarone” and “Robocop 2”. So it’s not surprising that scopolamine...
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...Corticosteroids depress the immune system, placing the client at risk for infection. Glucocorticoid methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol). levothyroxine sodium (Synthroid). Levothyroxine sodium (Synthroid) should be withheld if the pulse is over 100 beats/min. To prevent insomnia, the daily dose should be taken early in the morning before breakfast, not at bedtime. Cholinesterase inhibitors work to increase the availability of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses, which aids in neuronal transmission and assists in memory formation. Basing an explanation on this concept. Carbamazepine (Tegretol) Myelosuppression is the highest priority complication that can potentially affect clients managed with carbamazepine (Tegretol) therapy. The client requires close monitoring for this condition by weekly laboratory testing. Hepatic function may be altered. Older clients usually have a decline in lean body mass and total body water that causes water-soluble drugs to become distributed in fluid compartments, resulting in an increased concentration, so determining the drug's serum level for toxicity should be implemented first. Hemorrhagic cystitis (blood in the urine) is the characteristic adverse reaction of Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan). Metoclopramide HCl (Reglan) blocks dopamine receptors in the brain, which can cause the extrapyramidal symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease. Bone marrow depression with granulocytopenia is a severe but common adverse effect of Zidovudine (Retrovir)...
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...Title: | Quiz #2 | | | | | | | Total score: | 82/100 = 82% Total score adjusted by 0.0 Maximum possible score: 100 | 1. | | | Alpha adrenergic blockers promote vasodilatation. This action causes: | | | Student Response | Correct Answer | A. | decreased pulse rate | | B. | increased blood pressure | | C. | decreased blood pressure | | D. | rapid respirations | | | Score: | 2/2 | | | 2. | | | An adrenergic blocker does which of the following? | | | Student Response | Correct Answer | A. | Stimulates the autonomic system | | B. | Inhibits the sympathetic response | | C. | Stimulates a sympathetic response | | D. | Stimulates a parasympathetic response | | | Score: | 2/2 | | | 3. | | | An agonist drug does which of the following? | | | Student Response | Correct Answer | A. | potentiates an action | | B. | causes a drug interaction | | C. | inhibits an action at the receptor site | | D. | facilitates an action at the receptor site | | | Score: | 2/2 | | | 4. | , | | Bethanecol (Urecholine) acts by: | | | Student Response | Correct Answer | A. | blocking beta-receptors | | B. | stimulating alpha-receptors | | C. | stimulating cholinergic receptors | | D. | blocking cholinergic receptors | | | Score: | 2/2 | | | 5. | | | Drugs that inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase...
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...Annotated Bibliography II Henrietta Cummings Psychology winter 2012 Christensen,K.M., Mateer,C.A.,Williams,R.,Woodward,T.S. (2005) Neuropsychological deficits, syndromes, and cognitive competency in schizophrenia, Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 10(5) 361-378. Http//: moe.highline.edu:2065/ehost/ Dr. Catherine A. Mateer is a professor at the University of British Columbia where her areas of clinical and research interest include cognitive rehabilitation; brain organization for attention, language, memory and praxis. She also has clinical research studies related to traumatic brain injury, dementia, and cerebrovascular disease among others. Dr. Richard Williams is a Director of schizophrenia services at the Royal Jubilee Hospital in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. He is also a clinical professor in the Dept. of Psychiatry at the University of British Columbia in Victoria, BC, Canada. He has also written over 40 published articles on research associated with schizophrenia and the effectiveness, epidemiology, pharmacology and movement disorders of this illness. Dr. Todd S. Woodward is a professor at the University of British Columbia who has conducted research on the brain system. His expertise is in cognitive neuropsychiatry, cognitive psychology and functional neuroimaging. He is also affiliated with the B.C. Mental Health and Addiction Research Institue. As for Karin M. Christensen I was not able to find any information linking her as a doctor or professor...
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...Geriatrics Geriatrics Jennifer P. Dugan, Pharm.D., BCPS Clinical Assistant Professor University of Colorado Colorado, Denver Updates in Therapeutics: The Pharmacotherapy Preparatory Review and Recertification Course 31 Geriatrics Learning Objectives: The following case pertains to questions 2 and 3. J.T. is an 82-year-old community-dwelling woman with a history of stage III Parkinson disease, hypertension, and urinary incontinence (UI). She is receiving carbidopa/levodopa, pramipexole, selegiline, tolterodine, diazepam, metoprolol, and hydrochlorothiazide. When she comes to your pharmacy to get her prescriptions, she walks slowly with a cane, and she is stooped over. 1. Identify age-related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes in older people. 2. Evaluate the pharmacotherapy regimens of older people to support the maintenance of optimal physical and mental function. 3. Identify inappropriate medication prescribing in older people. 4. Recommend appropriate pharmacotherapy for patients with dementia. 5. Evaluate the risks and benefits of the use of antipsychotics (APs) (including atypical APs) in older patients with dementia. 6. Recommend appropriate interventions for patients suffering from behavioral symptoms related to dementia. 7. Identify the types of urinary incontinence and recommend appropriate treatments. 8. Given a patient’s American Urology Association Symptom Index for benign prostatic hyperplasia, recommend...
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...1 NUR 201 DRUG CARD Student: ________________________ Generic Name: Bupropion hydrobromide________ Trade Name(s): Wellbutrin, Aplenzin, Zyban_ Classification: Antidepressant – atypical (heterocyclic), Aminoketone_____________________________ Administration Routes: PO _√_ SQ ___ IM ___ IV ___ Transdermal ____ Ophth_____ Action: Mechanism of action is not known; the drug does not inhibit MAO, and it only weakly blocks neuronal uptake of epinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. However, its action is believed to be mediated by noradrenergic and/or dopaminergic mechanisms. Exerts moderate anticholinergic and sedative effects, but only slight orthostatic hypotension. Indications: (1) Treatment of major depressive disorder (immediate-release and extended-release). (2) Major depressive episodes in those with a history of seasonal affective disorder (Wellbutrin XL only). (3) Aid to stop smoking (Zyban only); may be combined with a nicotine transdermal system. Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to bupropion or any ingredients. Seizure disorders; presence or history of bulimia or anorexia nervosa due to the higher incidence of seizures in such clients. Concomitant use of an MAOI. Use in clients undergoing abrupt discontinuation of alcohol and sedatives, including benzodiazepines. Use in clients who have shown an allergic response to bupropion or other components of the various products. Wellbutrin, Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, and Zyban all contain bupropion; do not use together. Lactation...
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...Nursing Process Focus: Patients Receiving Phenelzine (Nardil) |Assessment |Potential Nursing Diagnoses | |Prior to administration: |Sorrow, Chronic related to | |Obtain complete medical history including allergies, neurological , |depressive state. | |cardiac, renal, biliary, and mental disorders including blood |Thought Processes, Disturbed related to | |studies: CBC, platelets and liver enzymes,. |effects of drug therapy | |Obtain patient’s drug history to determine possible drug interactions|Adjustment, Impaired related to inadequate | |and allergies |drug effectiveness. | |Obtain 24 hour dietary history to identify |Knowledge, Deficient, related to drug | |tyramine containing foods ingested |action and side effects. | |recently |Suicide, Risk for related to inadequate drug ...
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...Ivonn Garcia English 103 Professor Leonido December 5, 2015 The Misuse of Drugs and Schizophrenia Schizophrenia, a brain disorder in which the person interprets reality abnormally. Patients with schizophrenia may hear voice other’s do not hear, they fear others can read their mind or their thoughts. Therefore most of them rely on others for help whether it is traveling to places or simply just making sure they take their medication. Schizophrenics are mostly medicated with anti-psychotics, made to treat severe mental illness. Sometimes these patients stop taking their medication because of the side effects. A side effect that anti-psychotics has is major sensitivity to the sun which increases the likeliness of them getting a sunburn in just minutes. They can also experience the abnormal twitching of the face and problems with their coordination. As well as suffer from less white blood cells than individual who does not use anti-psychotics. And last but not least these patients might experience sluggish talking in their tongue. Many years ago around 1550 B.C., schizophrenia was simply known as madness. In the timeline article “Throughout History, Defining Schizophrenia Has Remained a Challenge” it explains the roots of schizophrenia. In this timeline it mentions how someone with schizophrenia was known to be strange and atypical. During Ancient Egypt and Greece they “believed madness reflected supernatural activity or an imbalance of energies”. Another example of how...
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...General Psychiatry William a. Kehoe, Pharm.D., m.a., FCCP, BCPS University of the Pacific stockton, california © 2009 American College of Clinical Pharmacy 1-281 General Psychiatry Learning Objectives: 1. Describe pharmacotherapeutic options for managing the following psychiatric problems: depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, insomnia, and alcohol withdrawal. Describe the drugs used to treat the above disorders in terms of unique pharmacological properties, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and cognitive and behavioral effects. Formulate a pharmacotherapeutic treatment plan when presented with a patient having depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, an anxiety disorder, or insomnia. Discuss the treatment of substance abuse using alcohol abuse as a model. 4. 2. C. Theophylline. D. Pseudoephedrine. Which one of the following antidepressants would be least likely to cause drug-disease or drug-drug interactions for T.N.? A. Venlafaxine. B. Fluvoxamine. C. Phenelzine. D. Fluoxetine. Which one of the following periods represents the continuation therapy phase for T.N.’s depression? A. 6–12 weeks. B. 12–16 weeks. C. 6–12 months. D. 2−3 years. T.N. will be seen initially at monthly intervals to assess antidepressant therapy. Which one of the following instruments is a patient-completed measure of depressive symptoms that could be used to assess his response? A. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. B. Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale...
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...Major Drug Interaction: Applies to: venlafaxine, mirtazapine MONITOR CLOSELY: Concomitant use of agents with serotonergic may potentiate the risk of serotonin syndrome, which is a rare but serious and potentially fatal condition thought to result from hyperstimulation of brainstem 5-HT1A and 2A receptors. Symptoms of the serotonin syndrome may include mental status changes such as irritability, altered consciousness, confusion, hallucinations, and coma; autonomic dysfunction such as tachycardia, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, shivering, blood pressure lability, and mydriasis; neuromuscular abnormalities such as hyperreflexia, myoclonus, tremor, rigidity, and ataxia; and gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. MANAGEMENT: In general, the concomitant use of multiple serotonergic agents should be avoided if possible, or otherwise approached with caution if potential benefit is deemed to outweigh the risk. Patients should be closely monitored for symptoms of the serotonin syndrome during treatment. Particular caution is advised when increasing the dosages of these agents. The potential risk for serotonin syndrome should be considered even when administering serotonergic agents sequentially, as some agents may demonstrate a prolonged elimination half-life. For example, a 5-week washout period is recommended following use of fluoxetine before administering another serotonergic agent. If serotonin syndrome develops or is suspected during...
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...have an increase risk factor for falling. This issue has been a serious problem facing the psychiatric hospitals. Referring to the article, their main objectives were to find out the causes of fall in the psychiatric hospitals, to provide preventive measures, and to know the effectiveness of those measures. According to Hakenson, Kidd, and Plemmons (2014), many psychiatric medications are the major causes of fall among the psychiatric patients. Some of their medications cause changes in the patient vital signs which often resulting in dizziness or unstable movement, and eventually lead to fall. Some of those medications they mentioned are antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, beta blocker, opiates and anticholinergic. However, the nature of their sickness is another factor that can cause them to fall. When someone is mentally sick, he/she will be disoriented, lacks judgment, having sleepless night and the level of anxiety will increase. All these conditions are associated with the risk for fall. However, some of the preventives measures they could have used; are setting up a chair or bed alarm on each patient’s bed or chair to alert the staff whenever the patients wants to get up without an assistance. A safety check on all patients at frequent intervals will also prevent fall. Those patients that are in the highest risk for fall should been given rooms closer to the nurse’s station. According to the article, the authors used the information...
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...coordination (Parkinson’s disease foundation, 2012). Symptoms include tremors of the hands/arms/ legs/ jaw/face, slowness of movement, stiffness of limbs/trunk, and impaired balance/coordination (Parkinson’s disease foundation, 2012). There is no known cause, genetic and environmental have come to play with this disease but no confirmation can be made. Each person progresses differently with this disease. Medications are available for Parkinson’s disease. Not one has been found to reverse the effects of Parkinson’s disease yet (Parkinson’s disease foundation, 2012). More than one medication is given; varying doses and times for decrease in symptoms. Some medications used are Carbidopa/Levodopa therapy, Dopamine agonists, Anticholinergics, MAO-B inhibitors, and others. Each individual will have their own set of medications that will work for them or a combination uniquely to their symptoms prescribed by their doctor. There are several over the counter supplements that may help with the progression of the disease. Surgery is another option though not suited for everyone with the disease. Every treatment plan is based on individual needs and symptoms. Being informed once...
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...preventable disease highly linked to smoking. Once a patient is diagnosed with chronic bronchitis through pulmonary function tests and other exams, it is not curable but there are medications that may help in alleviating symptoms. Chronic bronchitis patients are often referred to as “Blue bloater.” In chronic bronchitis, there is a marked increased in the proliferation of the goblet cells that results in excess mucous production. There is marked inflammation of bronchial mucosa due to infection or chemical inhalation. There is excessive mucus production occurring on most days for at least three consecutive months for two consecutive years. Some medications that are use in the treatment of chronic bronchitis are: adrenergic agents, anticholinergic agents, corticosteroids agents and antibiotics. Since there is no cure for chronic bronchitis at the present time, the prognosis is fair in regards to when the diagnosis is made. If detected early enough steps can be taken to prevent further damages to the lungs. Smoking cessation is a key factor in stopping the progression of the disease. Pulmonary rehabilitation including exercise training and education about the disease and the harmful effect of smoking is an essential component of chronic bronchitis therapy. Paper on Chronic Bronchitis Introduction Chronic Bronchitis belongs to a part of a larger group of diseases called COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease). COPD is progressive in nature therefore one would expect...
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...Peptic Ulcers and Its Treatment Introduction Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop in the stomach lining. It is also develop in the lining of duodenum, or esophagus as a result of erosion that formed by acidic digestive juices which corroding the lining of the digestive system. There are three types of peptic ulcers, which are gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers and esophageal ulcers. Gastric ulcers are ulcers that develop inside the stomach. Duodenal ulcers are ulcers that develop in the upper portion of the small intestine, called duodenum. Esophageal ulcers are ulcers that develop inside the esophagus. The etiology of peptic ulcer is not clearly known. Infection of stomach with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori or use of certain drugs such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is contributed to ulcer formation. In gastric ulcer, the acid secretion is normal or low. Generally acid secretion is high or normal in duodenal ulcer. The treatment of peptic ulcer is divided into 4 classes: agents that reduce gastric acid secretion, agents that neutralize gastric acid, agents that promote mucosal defense and anti-H. pylori drugs. Treatment Pharmacological measures for the management of peptic ulcers 1. Reduction of gastric acid secretion Histamine (H2) receptor antagonists Example: cimetidine, nizatidine, ranitidine, and famotidine They are highly selective H2 receptor antagonists. They work by binding to H2 receptors which are located on the basolateral...
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...Parkinson’s disease is a slowly progressive neurological disorder that’s cause by a depletion of dopamine in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and pallidum, structures in the neostriatum that normally contains high levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine. It was first discovered by a Doctor James Parkinson in 1817. The disease was first known as the “shaking palsy” before being named after James Parkinson. (Ramirez, 2004). One million people are affected by Parkinson's disease in the United States. Worldwide five million people are affected. Parkinson’s disease is an idiopathic disease that occurs in people over 60 years of age. However study also shows that a small number of people 40 years of age also have Parkinsons. It affects both men and women. It is rare in children. Having a close relative with Parkinson's increases the chances that a person can also develop the disease. Exposure to herbicides and pesticides increases the risk for Parkinson's. Symptoms for Parkinson’s disease are easily noticeable. They may be mild at first. For instance, you may have a mild tremor or a slight feeling that one leg or foot is stiff and dragging. The characteristic shaking associated with Parkinson's disease often begins in a hand. A back-and-forth rubbing of your thumb and forefinger, known as pill-rolling, is common, and may occur when your hand is at rest. However, not everyone experiences tremors. Bradykinesia or slowed movements occur. Parkinsons decreases the ability to...
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