...Antioxidant From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search An antioxidant is a molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons from a substance to an oxidizing agent. Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals, which start chain reactions that damage cells). Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions by being oxidized themselves. As a result, antioxidants are often reducing agents such as thiols, ascorbic acid or polyphenols.[1] Although oxidation reactions are crucial for life, they can also be damaging; hence, plants and animals maintain complex systems of multiple types of antioxidants, such as glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E as well as enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and various peroxidases. Low levels of antioxidants, or inhibition of the antioxidant enzymes, cause oxidative stress and may damage or kill cells. As oxidative stress might be an important part of many human diseases, the use of antioxidants in pharmacology is intensively studied, particularly as treatments for stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. However, it is unknown whether oxidative stress is the cause or the consequence of disease. Antioxidants are also widely used as ingredients in dietary supplements in the hope of maintaining health and preventing diseases such as cancer...
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...and overall health of the human body on the cellular level. However, the correlation between diet and cancer is unclear despite research being conducted in the field of nutritional oncology. Though significant progress has been realized in the treatment of cancers through modern technological advances in medicine, prevention and mitigation of cancer lay within nutrition, more specifically a natural diet consisting of fruits and vegetables, which contain antioxidants and phytonutrients. Background Cancer is a collective term describing uninhibited cell propagation in various parts of the human body [1]. This process is called carcinogenesis (literally means “cancer creation”). Once propagated, the cancer can spread and cause death in a timely manner. Cancer occurs via mutations in the genetic code that can occur in a variety of cells in the human body. Mutations of this sort are believed to be the result of oxidative stress. In the human body oxidative stress occurs when there is a disparity between free radicals and antioxidants, thus compromising the body’s ability to cleanse itself. In fact, one of the more detrimental characteristics of oxidative stress is the production of free radicals. Finding the cause of cancer in any patient is, for the most part, unfeasible as there are a variety of possible causes for various cancers, but it all begins at the cellular level with the ever-presence of free radicals. Presently, there are many known risk factors for...
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...Journal of Controlled Release 113 (2006) 189 – 207 www.elsevier.com/locate/jconrel Review Role of antioxidants in prophylaxis and therapy: A pharmaceutical perspective D. Venkat Ratnam, D.D. Ankola, V. Bhardwaj, D.K. Sahana, M.N.V. Ravi Kumar ⁎ Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Phase-X, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India - 160062 Received 31 January 2006; accepted 26 April 2006 Available online 13 May 2006 Abstract Antioxidants are emerging as prophylactic and therapeutic agents. These are the agents, which scavenge free radicals otherwise reactive oxygen species and prevent the damage caused by them. Free radicals have been associated with pathogenesis of various disorders like cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders and are implicated in aging. Several antioxidants like SOD, CAT, epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, lycopene, ellagic acid, coenzyme Q10, indole-3-carbinol, genistein, quercetin, vitamin C and vitamin E have been found to be pharmacologically active as prophylactic and therapeutic agents for above mentioned diseases. Antioxidants are part of diet but their bioavailability through dietary supplementation depends on several factors. This major drawback of dietary agents may be due to one or many of the several factors like poor solubility, inefficient permeability, instability due to storage of food, first pass effect and GI degradation. Conventional...
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...Antioxidants, Bone Health, and Metabolic Process in Bodybuilding Antioxidants are molecules that inhibit the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons and hydrogen from a substance to an oxidizing agent. Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals and in turn, these radicals can start negative chain reactions. When these chain reactions occur in cells they can cause damage to the cell’s DNA that in turn causes muscle, joint, and tendon damage and inflammation. Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions. Antioxidants such as vitamin C and E can play an important role in reducing inflammation, fatigue, tissue damage, and both prevent and treat injuries. This can play a major role when trying to gain muscle mass due to the fact that your muscles break down when working out. Antioxidants are a vital supplement for athletes as well as body builders. When you exercise heavily in any form, your body actually produces free radicals because your energy systems and metabolism are working at such a high capacity. Taking antioxidant supplements daily can reduce the chances of these free radicals harming your cell production and tissue growth and repair. One of the most important antioxidants that athletes as well as the general public should consume daily is Vitamin C. Your body uses large amounts of vitamin C to fight off infections, colds, and disease and other...
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...1. What did you learned about the role of antioxidants in our body? Antioxidants are intimately involved in the prevention of cellular damage. Antioxidants help protect the body from the free radicals before they can cause any damage. So, they also play a role in preventing some chronic diseases that can be caused by free radicals as well. 2. How do free radicals affect our health? Free radicals are not equally paired in electrons and they bind to substances that can potentially cause a reaction in our normal body cells. These changes can occur in DNA which can cause our cells to function poorly or not function at all. 2. What are some foods that you like and would be willing to incorporate in your diet as a result of your readings? Im interested in incorporating vitamin A into my diet since I have vision problems. I found that I already eat most of these foods, but not as much as I used too. Foods that include vitamin A are: carrots, dark leafy greens, romaine lettuce, tuna fish, and melon. 4. Now write a 300 word short essay about ONE specific antioxidants (herb, mineral, or vitamin), make sure to choose one that interests you. Many of us have or had grandmas that took care of our sicknesses with a tea or an herb blend, research that herb for healing properties (you may use the sites I gave you or choose another credible source). In this short essay try answering the following questions: a) How does this natural supplement, vitamin, or mineral contribute to health...
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...BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine This Provisional PDF corresponds to the article as it appeared upon acceptance. Fully formatted PDF and full text (HTML) versions will be made available soon. Polar extracts from (Tunisian) Acacia salicina 'Lindl. Study of the antimicrobial and antigenotoxic activities BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012, 12:37 doi:10.1186/1472-6882-12-37 Jihed Boubaker (jihed.boubaker@yahoo.fr) Hedi Ben Mansour (hedi.mansour@hotmail.fr) Kamel Ghedira (kamel.ghedira@gmail.com) Leila Chekir-Ghedira (leila.chekir@laposte.net) ISSN Article type Submission date Acceptance date Publication date Article URL 1472-6882 Research article 3 September 2011 10 April 2012 10 April 2012 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/12/37 Like all articles in BMC journals, this peer-reviewed article was published immediately upon acceptance. It can be downloaded, printed and distributed freely for any purposes (see copyright notice below). Articles in BMC journals are listed in PubMed and archived at PubMed Central. For information about publishing your research in BMC journals or any BioMed Central journal, go to http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/authors/ © 2012 Boubaker et al. ; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the...
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...Raspberry 21 Papaya: 23 Fruits: Apple Delicious and crunchy apple fruit is one of the most popular fruit favored by health conscious, fitness freaks who believe in “health is wealth.”Scientific name: Malus domestica Apples are low in calories; 100 g of fresh fruit slices provide only 50 calories. Nutrients: Apples contain antioxidant and fiber and Apples however, contain no saturated fats or cholesterol Apple also contains small amount of minerals like potassium, phosphorus, and calcium. In addition, apple fruit is a good source of B-complex vitamins such as riboflavin, thiamin, and pyridoxine (vitamin B-6) Nutritional value: Preparation | Serving Size | Carbs | Fiber(g) | Fat(g) | Energy(kj) | Apple (peeled) | 1 medium sized 100g | 12 | 1 | 0 | 205 | Apple (unpeeled) | 1 medium sized 100g | 15 | 2.5 | 0 | 250 | Disease-fighting factor: Apple Fiber helps to prevent absorption of dietary LDL cholesterol in the gut. The dietary fibers also help protect the mucous membrane of the colon from exposure to toxic substances by binding to cancer causing chemicals in the colon. Apples contain antioxidants which may help lower the chance of developing diabetes and asthma. Apples are also a natural mouth freshener Apple vitamins help as co-factors for enzymes in metabolism as well as in various synthetic functions inside the body. Fact you should know about Apple: An apple's flavor and aroma comes from fragrance cells in apple skin, so for maximum flavor...
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...Although, this may prevent people from eating dark chocolate, flavanol is what gives chocolate its antioxidant properties.7 Flavanol has an aromatic ring structure that can eliminate ROS, decreasing cell damage caused by oxidative stress.7 Also, flavanols can decrease blood pressure and prevent hypertension by inhibiting the angiotensin-converting enzyme responsible for constricting blood vessels and stimulating vasodilation.3,7 Therefore, dark chocolate promotes endothelial function by reducing ROS and blood pressure, that could have otherwise lead to cell damage and ultimately...
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...THE STUDY OF THE PRESERVATIVE EFFECT OF A BLEND OF Tamarindus indica and Ziziphus abyssinica EXTRACTS IN EXTENDING THE SHELF- LIFE OF MEAT BALLS ABSTRACT The study is aimed at finding out if combining the two herbs would result in a more effective preservative than when each herb is used independently.Preservation using natural products is associated with the presence of antioxidants,antimicrobial,antifungal or dehydrating properties. Fresh meatballs are made from meats that have not been previously cured,they are made from ground meat,either pork,beef or veal. Meatballs are however susceptible to microbial spoilage and auto-oxidation. The artificial chemical preservatives used in meatball preservation.eg sodium metabisulphite may be replaced by natural extracts such as Tamarind and Ziziphus extracts which have both antimicrobial and anti-oxidant properties. The extracts will be obtained from Tamarind andZiziphusseeds.The seeds will be dried and ground into powder followed by liquid/liquid extraction. The extraction was carried out by 400ml ethyl acetate and water for 100grams from each sample. The fresh meatballs will be processed in the JKUAT meat workshop using the correct recipe. Fresh meatballs batch with no preservative will act as the control. Another batch with sodium metabisulphite and finally with the seed extracts. The processed fresh meatballs will be stored at 40c and at 250c and the samples analyzed within a staggered period of 4 weeks for auto-oxidation,microbial...
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...WebMD indicates that coenzyme Q10 might enhance the movement and density of sperm, however, this is only noted in men who have had at least 6 months of the supplement. Unfortunately, these improvements may not increase pregnancy rate ("Coenzyme Q10," 2018). Mayo Clinic indicates that a few studies proposed that coenzyme Q10 might increase sperm counts or sperm motility but did not seem to have any effect on the chances of getting pregnant ("Coenzyme Q10," 2017). Might Keep Skin Young When CoQ10 is applied directly onto the skin, it may reduce damage caused by the sun, and increase protection provided by antioxidants. In addition, taking oral supplementation of CoQ10 might reduce the chances of getting skin cancer (Semeco, 2017). WebMD research indicates that there may be some benefit to wrinkled skin when CoQ10 is applied directly but acknowledges that more study is needed to confirm this hypothesis ("Coenzyme Q10," 2018). Mayo Clinic suggests that Coenzyme Q10 might decrease fine wrinkles located around the eyes and possibly provide some protection from sun damage ("Coenzyme Q10," 2017). Reduce...
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...Nutrient data base). It has potential lipid lowering and antioxidant activity. Cucumbers are believed to have originated in Southern Asia. Its cultivation in western Asia at least 3,000 years. Phytosterols of the cucumber fruit include plant sterols and stanols. In most of the diet especially in vegetable oils the plant sterols are present. Phytosterols are effective in lowering plasma total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) by inhibiting the absorption of cholesterol from the small intestine (Uzodike et al, 2009). A comparative study on the nutritive value and physiochemical principles of cucumber was done and explored that cucumber reduces cholesterol; a compound called sterols in cucumber helps to reduce bad cholesterol. Cucumber is very...
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...The Scientific World Journal Volume 2012, Article ID 728613, 13 pages doi:10.1100/2012/728613 The cientificWorldJOURNAL Research Article Physiochemical and Phytochemical Properties of Wax Apple (Syzygium samarangense [Blume] Merrill & L. M. Perry var. Jambu Madu) as Affected by Growth Regulator Application Mohammad Moneruzzaman Khandaker,1 Amru Nasrulhaq Boyce,1 Normaniza Osman,1 and ABM Sharif Hossain2 1 Institute 2 Program of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia of Biotechnolgy, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciecne, University of Hail, Hail-2404, Saudi Arabia Correspondence should be addressed to Mohammad Moneruzzaman Khandaker, kmoneruzzaman@yahoo.com and Amru Nasrulhaq Boyce, amru@um.edu.my Received 1 November 2011; Accepted 5 January 2012 Academic Editors: R. L. Jarret and J. R. Qasem Copyright © 2012 Mohammad Moneruzzaman Khandaker et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This study represents the first paper of the effects of growth regulators on the physiochemical and phytochemical properties of the wax apple fruit, a widely cultivated fruit tree in southeast Asia. Net photosynthesis, sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity, peel color, fruit firmness, juice content, pH value, total soluble solids (TSSs), and the sugar acid...
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...they buy. • Grocery retailers (sports drinks patronized by higher income/educated shoppers Product Strategy • Green Ox. The company should stick with the name Green Ox in hopes the design, launch, and reliable product will be easily recognizable and associated in the future. Green makes you think is healthy and ox is a play of the unique ingredient: antioxidant. • Green Ox should release all five flavors to maximize profits. Green Ox has developed Yellowknife, Jasper Mountain, Whistler, Alberta Bound, and Yukon Gold. • Product positioning statement: o Among ideal oriented male and female athletes, over the age of 40 with kids, who have a higher income, Green Ox is the brand of Sports Drink which is the first to add potential cancer-preventing antibiotics to our refreshing sports drink. This performance-enhancing beverage gives you all the electrolytes needed to maintain hydration during workout as well as protects your body for the future. Pricing strategy • $0.99 per 20-ounce bottle, $0.66 manufacturing cost per 20-ounce bottle. • Above sports drink competition, contains added antioxidants • The price turns from inelastic to elastic at the retail price of $0.99. This means any price over $0.99, customers will become price sensitive and substitute the Green Ox product with a competitors. •...
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...soluble vitamins. It is essential for collagen, carnitine and neurotransmitters biosynthesis. Most plants and animals synthesize ascorbic acid for their own requirement. However, apes and humans can not synthesize ascorbic acid due to lack of an enzyme gulonolactone oxidase. Hence, ascorbic acid has to be supplemented mainly through fruits, vegetables and tablets. The current US recommended daily allowance (RDA) for ascorbic acid ranges between 100–120 mg/per day for adults. Many health benefits have been attributed to ascorbic acid such as antioxidant, anti-atherogenic, anti-carcinogenic, immunomodulator and prevents cold etc. However, lately the health benefits of ascorbic acid has been the subject of debate and controversies viz., Danger of mega doses of ascorbic acid? Does ascorbic acid act as a antioxidant or pro-oxidant ? Does ascorbic acid cause cancer or may interfere with cancer therapy? However, the Panel on dietary antioxidants and related compounds stated that the in vivo data do not clearly show a relationship between excess ascorbic acid intake and kidney stone formation, pro-oxidant effects, excess iron absorption. A number of clinical and epidemiological studies on anti-carcinogenic effects of ascorbic acid in humans did not show any conclusive beneficial effects on various types of cancer except gastric cancer. Recently, a few derivatives of ascorbic acid were tested on cancer cells, among them ascorbic acid esters showed promising anticancer activity compared...
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...The implication that “Vitamin E is a proven antioxidant and may help in fighting cancer and heart disease” is another “claim attempting to imply connections between variables that may not actually exist (Bluman, 2005, P. 682). For example, Vitamin E is a proven antioxidant but, it is unclear or to what extent, how the vitamin will be helpful. In the claim it does not state that Vitamin E is directly affective in fighting cancer, and heart disease. Taking Vitamin E does not guarantee fighting cancer and heart disease because it is unclear how the Vitamin E will help when it is not clear how much Vitamin E the person should take, therefore, the claim remains ambiguous with no clarity. Who is claiming the Vitamin E for the cancer and heart disease, is it a doctor, pharmacist, scientist, or a parent. Also, we are unaware of the dosage of Vitamin E, and whether it should be taken daily or on alternating days. It does not claim who should take the Vitamin E, among adults, children, middle aged, active, non-active people, or is it for everyone. Taking too much Vitamin E may or may not be dangerous. This claim does not inform if there are unhealthy or ineffective doses. The usage of “may” can also be interpreted to “may not” making this claim unclear about the help in fighting cancer and heart disease. The reason I selected the “Vitamin E is a proven antioxidant and may help in fighting cancer and heart disease” is because implied connections are ambiguous and I have difficulty...
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