...Preoperative anxiety in children is very common. Many children would experience high levels of stress, fear and worry before going into a surgery and sometimes postoperatively. From recent studies it is said that up to more than half of children who are having some sort of surgery undergo extreme cases of nervousness, doubt and panic. This occurring prior to surgery may result in unhealthy and unpleasant attitude. (Fincher W, Shaw J & Ramelet A.S., 2011) As most patients would fear hospital situations that cause pain, it is the children’s area that would more common to experience such fear and worry, especially in preoperative cases. Children also experience having distressing attitudes and find that they feel discomfort and hurt postoperatively....
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...INTELLECTUAL ABILITY IN CHILDREN WITH ANXIETY: A REPLICATION AND EXPLORATION OF THE DIFFERENCES A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In The Department of Psychology by Melissa Munson B.S., University of Florida, 2004 May 2009 i Table of Contents List of Tables……………………………………………………………….. iii Abstract……………………………………………………………………... iv Introduction………………………………………………………………… Anxiety……………………………………………………………... Etiology…………………………………………………………….. Consequences of Anxiety…………………………………………... Theories…………………………………………………………….. Anxiety and Intelligence……………………………………………. Working Memory………………………………………………....... Memory Deficits and Psychopathology…………………………….. Integration and Purpose for the Study……………….……………… Hypotheses…………………………………………………………... Method……………………………………………………………………… Participants………………………………………………………….. Measures…………………………………………………………….. Procedure……………………………………………………………. Data Analysis………………………………………………………... 1 1 3 3 5 6 9 11 13 14 15 15 15 18 20 Results.…………………………………………………………………….... 22 Discussion……………………………………………………………………. 26 References…………………………………………………………………… 30 Appendix A: Demographic Questionnaire…………………………………...41 Appendix B: Recruitment Flyer………………………………………………43 Appendix C: Tear-off Recruitment Flyer…………………………………….44 Appendix D: Phone Screen………………………………………………......45 Vita…………………………………………………………………………… 46 ii ...
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...Preoperative Anxiety Walden University NURS4000, Section 01, Research and Scholarship for Evidence-Based Practice October 6, 2013 Management of Parental Preoperative Anxiety When a child requires surgical intervention, the process can be a stressful and frightening experience for the entire family. Some parents express feelings of guilt along with anxiety over having to subject their child to invasive procedures. Though our facility offers a preoperative program for families, it is limited in age for those 4 – 12 years old and healthy. The purpose of this assignment is to give information on a change in practice aimed at adequately managing preoperative anxiety of patients and families not eligible for the traditional preoperative preparation offered. The Problem As part of preoperative preparation in the pediatric population, healthy children ages 4 - 12 and their families are offered a developmentally appropriate Child Life preparation class. Given by the certified Child Life Specialist, this is an interactive program aimed at helping children and families understand what to expect during the preoperative, operative and postoperative periods, it consists of hands-on medical play, educational games, and a tour of the operating and recovery rooms. A week before the scheduled surgery, a Registered Nurse will contact the all families via telephone and conduct a health review along with giving preoperative and arrival instructions. Children with co-morbidities...
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...Gladys Johnson Anxiety is discussed as it is related to fear. Anxiety and fear are not the same. Two factors in youths that have been studied are anxious youth’s autonomic arousal and tension, and apprehension and worry. Fear occurs when there is threat. Fear is activated by the sympathetic nervous system, which some of the signs are dilated eyes, pounding heart rate, and sweating. Research has been done that reveals amygdala has an important role in fear. Fear occurs when the threat is definite, and anxiety may be present without the perception of danger. Worrying is an example of anxiety that exist when negative thoughts are present. Worrying serves as a cognitive avoidance strategy that exhibits emotional processing. Phobias and anxiety are generally inherited. A top-down study was done on children of adults that have an anxiety disorder was studied. A bottom-up study was done on parents of children with an anxiety disorder was studied. Research was done on genetics and environmental influences in regards to anxiety in children and adolescents. The environment plays a crucial role in the presence of phobias and anxiety in youths. The role of learning process of conditioning and modeling with its relevance on childhood fear and anxiety; as well as family factors and its association with anxiety was discussed. Societal and cultural factors that is associated with fear and anxiety. The idea of family members being associated with childhood anxiety is discussed....
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...ELEMENTARY STRESS AND ANXIETY 1 STRESS IN ELEMENTARY CHILDREN By Marcy L. Kusz SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING AT NORTHERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY March 29, 2009 APPROVED BY: Derek L. Anderson, Ed.D. DATE: March 30, 2009 ELEMENTARY STRESS AND ANXIETY 2 Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………………. 3 Chapter I: Introduction……………………………………………………………… 4 Statement of Problem……………………………………………………………… 5 Research Question(s)………………………………………………………………. 6 Definition of Terms………………………………………………………………… 7 Chapter II: Review of Literature…………………………………………………….. 9 The Effects of Stress………………………………………………………….. 9 Media and Stress……………………………………………………………… 11 Stress in the Family…………………………………………………………… 13 Stress in the School…………………………………………………………… 15 Helping Children Cope with Stress and Anxiety……………………………... 16 Chapter III: Results and Analysis Relative to the Problem…………………………… 20 Chapter IV: Recommendations and Conclusion……………………………………… 21 Recommendation…………………………………………………………………… 21 Areas for Further Research………………………………………………………….. 23 Summary and Conclusion…………………………………………………………… 24 References……………………………………………………………………………… 25 ELEMENTARY STRESS AND ANXIETY 3 Abstract Changes in our society have put new pressures and stresses on elementary children. Many children are now starting to feel the pressures of...
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...Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly Volume 20, Number 3 • 2006 Principles of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders in Children Elizabeth A. Gosch, PhD, ABPP Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine Philadelphia, PA Ellen Flannery-Schroeder, PhD, ABPP University of Rhode Island, Kingston Christian F. Mauro, PhD Scott N. Compton, PhD Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC This article elucidates the theoretical underpinnings of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) as applied to the treatment of anxiety disorders in children, focusing on social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and separation anxiety disorder. It reviews behavioral and cognitive theories that have influenced this approach. We argue that it is necessary to understand the essential components of this approach in the context of these theories in order to provide effective, clinically sensitive, and child-focused treatment. Components discussed include assessment, psychoeducation, affective education, self-instruction training, cognitive restructuring, problem solving, relaxation training, modeling, contingency management, and exposure procedures. Hypothesized key processes, such as the need to be experiential in treatment, are presented for consideration. Keywords: anxiety; children; cognitive behavior therapy; theory A nxiety disorders are among the most common mental health disorders in youth with / \ prevalence rates ranging from 12% to 20% (Achenbrach...
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...Effects Parents Have On Their Anxious Children D’Aundrea Williams Word Count: 1732 Effects Parents Have On Their Anxious Children Regardless of who you are, no individual is perfect. Just as a normal child you suffer from enough through experiences of your environment and the people you interact with. Now imagine living life with an anxiety disorder and your everyday hardships. Disorders make life much harder, and finding ways to cope are even harder. Scientists have done studies to show that not only does the child’s school environment affect their level of anxiety but so does the parent to child relationship. Is it up to the child figuring their own mechanisms or should their parents be more involved? Introduction A group of scientists wanted to focus on the parent’s latency control and reinforcement of a child’s anxious behavior. Research has shown that parents encourage avoidance in anxious situations and that parents and children together shapes ways to reinforce a child’s anxiety. (Aschenbrand, S. G., & Kendall, P. C. 2012). Gathered information from other studies has shown that when parents express their fears and show anxious behavior, children will also express those same emotions. Parents dealing with anxious children are more likely to expect their children to be avoidant, to have poor coping abilities, and less likely to succeed (Aschenbrand, S. G., & Kendall, P. C. 2012). Although this is...
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...Research has found that children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are at an exceptionally increased risk of developing comorbid mental health conditions, with the most common comorbid mental health conditions reported alongside ASD being anxiety disorders (Brereton, Tonge, & Einfeld, 2006; Skokauskas & Gallagher, 2011). In fact, previous studies have found that anywhere from 11-84% of individuals with ASD experience clinically significant levels of anxiety (White, Oswald, Ollendick, & Scahill, 2009). The ASD population experiences much greater levels of anxiety than typically developing children (APA, 2000). The symptoms associated with anxiety can severely impact a child’s ability to participate in a variety of school,...
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...In reflecting on the article Screening for anxiety disorders in children the authors, Ellin Simon and Susan Bogels, made many excellent discoveries and brought to light many new ideas that will help diagnose and treat children who suffer from mental disorders. The premise of their research was to examine the effectiveness of screening methods for mental disorders in school age children, differentiate between different disorders, and predict disorders that may arise in children. The mental disorders, as described in the article, that have the greatest impact on children are separation anxiety, social phobia, and panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, specific phobia, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Throughout the article the authors referenced two types of screenings, the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders and the Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule, that are used to detect these mental disorders. The effects that anxiety disorders can have on an individuals quality of life can be detrimental if they are not diagnosed early and treated properly. The earlier mental disorders can be detected, more specifically in children, the more likely chance there is that treatment can have a greater influence on the individuals life, helping them work through the disorder and having an overall better quality of life. According to the article “the decrease in quality of life, together with the need for treatment place a burden on society via indirect and direct...
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...fear, anxiety and security or insecurity. For that reason, Bowlby’s theory is going to be considered due to the fact what he is the first attachment theorist, describing attachment as a ‘lasting psychological connectedness between human beings’ (Bowlby, 1964,p. 194). Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a great impact than will go on later on. Moreover, Bowlby will deal in “Basic Postulates in Theories of Anxiety and Fear” where we can find also Freud’s point of view and other theorists where they try to explain the concepts of “anxiety” and “fear”. Later, we find Schaffer and Emerson whom did a studio with sixty babies to see the measure of anxiety they could experiment. No less important is when a child start to go to school. There is going to be a separation of the child from their family so as a result fears and anxiety can also be found in early ages. The main point of attachment theory is that mothers who take care and are responsible with their infants’ needs creates at the same time a base of security for the child. All these points will be discussed through the topic. Psychologist John Bowlby was the first attachment theorist who describes attachment as something vital between mother and infant. Bowlby considered that as soon as bonds formed by children with the mother or the person who takes care of them have a great impact for the rest of the child’s life. For that reason, Bowlby deals to the term Anxiety which...
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...| Anxiety Disorders | PSYCH 6211 | | | 5/15/2009 | | Anxiety Disorders Anxiety disorders are the most common emotional disorders that affect Americans. The primary symptoms of anxiety disorders are fear and worry but they are also characterized by emotional and physical symptoms. There are several different types of anxiety disorders. They can include Panic Disorder, Phobias, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorders (Northern Lakes, 2009). There are many different factors that play a role in the cause of anxiety disorders. Heredity, brain chemistry, personality, and lifestyle are contributing factors of anxiety disorders. Evidence exists that shows that anxiety disorders run in families. The genetic link between family members as well as the behaviors one learns when growing up around people who suffer from the disorder may be a direct correlation between anxiety disorders and family traits. Since anxiety disorders are often relieved by medications that altar chemical levels in the brain, scientists believe that brain chemistry must play a role in the onset of anxiety disorders. Lifestyle can also contribute to the development of anxiety disorders. Long-term exposure to abuse, violence, and poverty may increase a person’s vulnerability to these disorders. Results of this type of lifestyle often lead to a person having low self-esteem and poor coping skills (UMM, 2008). Viewing...
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...affect the behaviour of children AO2 Childhood Stress and Anxiety What is stress and anxiety? Both adults and children can suffer from stress and anxiety. It is important to remember that just because someone may be small or young it doesn’t mean that they don’t have the same feeling as adults do. Children can experience all sorts of strong feelings about what is happening to them. Therefore it is natural for some children to suffer from anxiety and stress. Young children will be experiencing a lot of new things in their lives such as leaving their parents for the first time, starting nursery and school, having to make new friends, being in new environments, learning to trust people who aren’t their parents, learning new skills such as speaking, walking and toilet training. These can all become stressful times for children. In some circumstances it can be made even worse by having parents who are arguing or going through a divorce. This can cause a lot of stress on the child and the parents may not even know the true affect that the circumstances are having on the child. Also a death of a family member or friend can cause a lot of stress on a child. When someone is stressed then this can also lead to having anxiety problems as well. This means that when someone is stressed they may have feelings of anxiety. Anxiety is defined as ‘apprehension without apparent cause’ this means that anxiety can occur even when there is no immediate threat. Anxiety often causes people to...
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...Separation Anxiety Disorder in Children Daphne A Janes American Military University Author Note This paper was prepared for EDUC533 Assessment, Evaluation, and Testing II, taught by Dr. Marie Isom. Abstract Fear in reaction to danger probably ends up to life-saving "fight or flight." Anxiety is intrinsic to fear, and therefore the young baby experiences anxiety throughout the earliest inevitable separations from caretakers. Childhood separation psychological disorder (SAD) has been recently recognized as a precursor of an anxiety disorder, a pacemaker of anxiety and different mental disorders, and could be an extremely frequent disorder. Intensive kinds of treatments are developed recently to any improve treatment effectuality, though cognitive-behavioral medical care (CBT) has proved effective for the cure for youngsters with anxiety disorders, as well as a separation anxiety disorder. This paper was written to have a better understanding of the causes, the prevalence, diagnostic criteria, progression, and lastly the treatment considerations for separation anxiety. Keywords: separation anxiety, causes, prevalence, diagnostic criteria, progression, treatment Separation Anxiety Disorder in Children Causes A psychological health disorder, begins in childhood; once a child is worrying about leaving home or be separated from a loved one. This happens when a child is separated from the primary caregiver (usually the mother) and this happens as part of the developmental...
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...Disorder. It is no longer recognized as a separate syndrome under DSM V but instead those who exhibit Asperger’s like syndromes receive a diagnosis of ASD. Those with Asperger’s are sometimes thought of as a “high functioning autistic,” this is because they do not struggle with development the same way others with an ASD diagnosis do. ASD symptoms are divided into three categories: deficiencies in social interaction, communication deficiencies, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviors and interests. While children with Asperger’s regularly struggle with social interaction and display repetitive behaviors, they don’t exhibit a delay in their language. In fact, a lot of the time a child with Asperger’s may have above average intelligence. Because of poor social interactions, a child with Asperger’s can go on to develop many other syndromes if he/she doesn’t receive proper therapy. But even with therapy, a child with Asperger’s is more likely to experience anxiety and depressive disorders. These two conditions can have a profound effect on a child’s development and functioning, especially when the same child has an Asperger’s...
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...Preoperative Anxiety Andrea Brown Walden University NURS4000, Section 01, Research and Scholarship for Evidence-Based Practice October 6, 2013 Management of Parental Preoperative Anxiety When a child requires surgical intervention, the process can be a stressful and frightening experience for the entire family. Some parents express feelings of guilt along with anxiety over having to subject their child to invasive procedures. Though our facility offers a preoperative program for families, it is limited in age for those 4 – 12 years old and healthy. The purpose of this assignment is to give information on a change in practice aimed at adequately managing preoperative anxiety of patients and families not eligible for the traditional preoperative preparation offered. The Problem As part of preoperative preparation in the pediatric population, healthy children ages 4 - 12 and their families are offered a developmentally appropriate Child Life preparation class. Given by the certified Child Life Specialist, this is an interactive program aimed at helping children and families understand what to expect during the preoperative, operative and postoperative periods, it consists of hands-on medical play, educational games, and a tour of the operating and recovery rooms. A week before the scheduled surgery, a Registered Nurse will contact the all families via telephone and conduct a health review along with giving preoperative and arrival instructions. Children with co-morbidities...
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