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RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯—K †evW© miKvi KZ©„K webvg~‡j¨ weZi‡Yi Rb¨ gy`ª‡Y :

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7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 12.1 12.2 12.3

Avgv‡`i RvZxq 92 cZvKv Avgv‡`i MÖvg 93 `k©bxq ¯’vb 94 evsjv‡`‡ki b`b`x 96 RvZxq Kwe KvRx 97 bRi“j Bmjvg Kx ai‡bi eB 99 Avgvi co‡Z fv‡jvjv‡M Avgvi Pvicv‡ki 100 cÖK…wZ Avgvi †`Lv GKwU 102 †gjv GKwU w`‡bi 103 w`bwjwc kwn` wgbvi 105 †Uwjwfkb 106 k„•Ljv‡eva 108 my›`ieb 110 mvigg©/mvivsk 111-114 fvem¤úªmviY 114-120 Av‡e`bcÎ I wPwV 121-128

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1. fvlv gvbyl fvlv-m¤ú‡`i AwaKvix| fve cÖKv‡ki cÖ‡qvRb †_‡KB fvlvi D™¢e| gvby‡li D”PvwiZ A_©en eûRb‡eva¨ aŸwb mgwóB fvlv| ci¯úi fve-wewbg‡qi Rb¨ GK-GK mgv‡Ri gvbyl M‡o Zz‡j‡Q GKGK iKg aŸwbe¨e¯’v| fvlv n‡”Q A_©en cÖYvwje× aŸwb-cÖZxK| gvbyl Zvi KÉwbtm„Z †h aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwói gva¨‡g fve I Abyfw~ Z‡K A‡b¨i Kv‡Q †evaMg¨fv‡e †cuŠ‡Q †`q, Zv-B fvlv (Language)| fvlv gvbe‡Mvôxi me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© I g~j¨evb m¤ú`| mgvRe× gvby‡li cvi¯úwiK fve wewbg‡q fvlv GKwU DbœZ gva¨g| gvbemf¨Zvi weKv‡k fvlvi f~wgKv Acwimxg| Avw`g Kv‡j gvbyl hLb ¸nvevmx, eb¨ I Afe¨ wQj, ZLbI gvbyl wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ fv‡ei Av`vb-cÖ`vb KiZ| ZLb fve-wewbg‡qi gva¨g wQj Bkviv-Bw½ZA½fw½ BZ¨vw`| G¸‡jv fvlv-weKv‡ki cÖv_wgK i~c wn‡m‡e we‡eP¨| e¯‘Z Avw`Kv‡j gvbyl cvi¯úwiK fve-wewbg‡qi Rb¨ †hme gva¨g e¨envi KiZ †m¸‡jv n‡jv : (K) Bkviv-Bw½Z, (L) A½-cÖZ¨‡½i e¨envi, (M) bvP, (N) wPÎ BZ¨vw`| m„wói cÖ_g hy‡M mf¨Zvi †mvcv‡b cÖ_g c`‡¶c n‡jv msNe× n‡q KvR Kiv| Avi G †_‡KB ˆZwi n‡jv mgvR| Kv‡ji hvÎvq gvbyl hLb msNe×fv‡e emevm Ki‡Z ïiy Kij ZLb †m eyS‡Z cvij †h †Kej Bkviv-Bw½Z, A½-fw½i gva¨‡g g‡bi fve m¤ú~Y©i~‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq bv| wbiš—i cÖ‡Póv, eyw× Ges mvabvi gva¨‡g Kvjµ‡g gvbyl aŸwbi cÖYvwje× D”PviY I e¨env‡i m¶g n‡jv| gvby‡li KÉwbtm„Z evM&aŸwbB fvlv wn‡m‡e M„nxZ| ejv evûj¨, Bw½‡Zi gva¨‡gI fv‡ei Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hvq, wKš—z KÉaŸwb n‡”Q gvby‡li Abyf‚wZ cÖKv‡ki m‡e©vËg cÖwµqv| KÉaŸwbi gva¨‡g gvbyl m~²vwZm~² fve cÖKv‡k m¶g| ZvB Avgiv fvlv ej‡Z eywS evM&hš¿-m„ó me©Rb‡eva¨ aŸwbmgwó‡K| A_©vr gvbyl Zvi g‡bi fve cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ KÉ, wRnŸv, Iô, `š—, bvwmKv, gyLweei cÖf…wZ evM&h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ †evaMg¨ †h aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwó D”PviY K‡i _v‡K, †mB aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwóB fvlv|

1.1 fvlvi msÁv I ˆewkó¨ msÁv : g‡bi fve cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ gbyl¨RvwZ Ac‡ii †evaMg¨ †h aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwó D”PviY K‡i _v‡K, Zv‡K fvlv e‡j| fvlvweÁvbxMY wewfbœfv‡e fvlv‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| G cÖm‡½ K‡qKRb cÖL¨vZ fvlvcwʇZi fvlvm¤úwK©Z wPš—vm~Î DׄZ Kiv n‡jv : W±i gyn¤§` knx`yj−vn&i g‡Z, Ôgbyl¨RvwZ †h aŸwb ev aŸwbmKj Øviv g‡bi fve cÖKvk K‡i Zvi bvg fvlv|Õ

2

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

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fvlvi ˆewkó¨
1. fvlv KÉwbtm„Z aŸwbi mvnv‡h¨ MwVZ; 2. fvlvi A_©‡`¨vZKZv ¸Y we`¨gvb; 3. fvlv GKwU we‡kl m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ I e¨eüZ; 4. fvlv gvby‡li †¯^”QvK…Z AvPiY I Af¨v‡mi mgwó; †`k, Kvj I cwi‡ek‡f‡` fvlvi cv_©K¨ I cwieZ©b N‡U| Avw` gvb‡ei †h fvlv wQj, Kvj cÖev‡n Zv cwiewZ©Z n‡q eû fvlvi Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q| G Rb¨ Avgiv wewfbœ †`‡k wewfbœ fvlvi e¨envi †`L‡Z cvB| †hgb : evsjv‡`‡k Ôevsjv fvlvÕ, Bsj¨v‡Û ÔBs‡iwR fvlvÕ, Rvcv‡b ÔRvcvwb fvlvÕ, ivwkqvq Ôiyk fvlvÕ BZ¨vw`| eZ©gv‡b c„w_ex‡Z mv‡o wZb nvRv‡ii Ici fvlv cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|

1.2 evsjv fvlvi D™¢e I µgweKvk evsjv fvlv nvRvi eQ‡ii cyi‡bv| evsjv fvlvi Drmg~‡j †h fvlvi mÜvb cvIqv hvq, Zvi bvg B‡›`vBD‡ivcxq g~j fvlv| AvR †_‡K cÖvq 5000 nvRvi eQi c~‡e© BD‡iv‡ci ga¨ fvM n‡Z `w¶Y-c~evsk © f~fv‡M B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq g~j fvlv cÖPwjZ wQj| G B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq g~j fvlvB n‡jv evsjv fvlvi Avw` Drm| Z‡e G Avw` Drm †_‡K weeZ©‡bi cieZx© av‡cB evsjv fvlvi Rb¥ nqwb| fvlvi ¯^vfvweK cwieZ©b I weeZ©‡bi avivq A‡bK Kvj a‡i A‡bK¸‡jv ¯—i †cwi‡q mßg kZ‡K evsjv fvlvi D™¢e N‡U‡Q| Z‡e evsjv fvlvi D™¢eKvj wbY©‡q cwÊZM‡Yi g‡a¨ gZcv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| W±i gyn¤§` knx`yj−vn&i g‡Z, evsjv fvlvi D™¢eKvj 650 wLªóvã| Avi W±i mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq 950 wLªóvã‡K evsjv fvlvi D™¢eKvj e‡j g‡b K‡ib|

1.3 mvay I PwjZ ixwZ : me©bvg I wµqvc‡`i cv_©K¨ evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl Zv‡`i g‡bi fve cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †h fvlv e¨envi K‡i, Zvi bvg evsjv fvlv| evsjv‡`‡ki evB‡i fvi‡Zi cwðge½ Ges SvoLÊ, wenvi, Dwol¨v, wÎcyiv, Avmv‡gi KwigMÄ I KvQv‡oi Awaevmx‡`i GKwU As‡ki gvZ…fvlv evsjv| e¯‘Z, †`k-RvwZ-ag© wbwe©‡k‡l evOvwj Rbmgv‡R e¨eüZ kã wb‡q evsjv fvlv MwVZ| evsjv fvlv cÖvq †`o nvRvi eQ‡ii cyi‡bv| `xN©w`b a‡i e¨env‡ii d‡j evsjv fvlvq wewfbœ i~‡ci m„wó n‡q‡Q| D‡j−L¨, c„w_exi me fvlv‡ZB `y‡Uv i~c †`Lv hvq| GKwU

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3

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mvay fvlv mvay fvlv evsjv fvlvi GKwU cÖvPxb wjwLZ i~c| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb I ga¨hy‡M c`¨B wQj fvecÖKv‡ki cÖavb evnb| ga¨hy‡M KwZcq †¶‡Î wPwVcÎ, `wjj-`¯—v‡e‡R M‡`¨i e¨envi †`Lv †M‡jI Zv wQj LyeB mxwgZ| Bs‡iR kvmb cÖwZwôZ nIqvi ci †_‡K evsjv M‡`¨ MÖš’ cÖYq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q| 1800 wLªóv‡ã KjKvZvq cÖwZwôZ †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR‡K †K›`ª K‡i M`¨PP©v ïiy nq| †mw`bKvi M`¨ †jLKMY M`¨MÖš’ iPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q Zuviv g~jZ wbf©i Ki‡jb mvayR‡bi g‡a¨ e¨eüZ ms¯‹…Z fvlvi Ici| Gfv‡e Dwbk kZ‡K evsjv M‡`¨i †h wjwLZ i~c M‡o I‡V, Zvi bvg †`Iqv nq mvay fvlv| mvay fvlv m¤ú‡K© fvlvPvh© mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq wj‡L‡Qb, Ômvay fvlv mgMÖ e½‡`‡ki m¤úwË| Gi PP©v me©Î cÖPwjZ _vKv‡Z evOvwji c‡¶ Bnv‡Z †jLv mnR nBqv‡Q|Õ e¯‘Z evsjv M‡`¨i cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q g„Zz¨Äq we`¨vj¼vi, ivg‡gvnb ivq, Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi, A¶qKzgvi `Ë cÖgyL cwÊZ ms¯‹…Z fvlvi Abymi‡Y Zrmg kãeûj †h mvwnwZ¨K M`¨ixwZ M‡o †Zv‡jb, Zv-B mvay fvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z|

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PwjZ fvlv
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4

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

PwjZ fvlvi cÖvgvY¨ msÁv
`w¶Y-cwðge‡½ fvMxi_x b`xi ZxieZx© ¯’v‡bi f`ª I wkw¶Z mgv‡R e¨eüZ †gŠwLK fvlv, mgMÖ evsjv‡`‡ki wkw¶Z mgvR KZ…©K †kªô †gŠwLK fvlv e‡j M„nxZ nBqv‡Q| GB †gŠwLK fvlv‡K we‡klfv‡e PwjZ fvlv ejv nq| ⎯ W±i mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Z™¢e kã, msKzwPZ wµqv, n«¯^xK…Z me©bvg c` Ges †jL‡Ki g‡bvfve Abymvix c`web¨vm cÖYvjxi e¨envimn †h ¯^”Q›`, PUzj I me©Rbxb mvwnwZ¨K M`¨ixwZ KwjKvZv I fvMxi_x ZxieZx© A‡ji gy‡Li fvlvi Av`‡j Mwoqv DwVqv‡Q, Zvnvi bvg PwjZ fvlv| ⎯ W±i gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK g~jZ †h fvlvixwZ‡Z wµqvc` I me©bvg c` msw¶ß AvKv‡i e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K PwjZ fvlv e‡j| †hgb : Zviv †Lj‡Q| Iiv Nywg‡q i‡q‡Q| cÖavbZ wµqvc` I me©bvg c‡`i cv_©K¨ we‡ePbv K‡iB mvay fvlv I PwjZ fvlv wbi~cY Kiv nq| D`vniY¯^i~c ejv hvq : ÔZvnviv cwo‡Z‡QÕ⎯ evK¨wU‡Z `ywU c` Av‡Q| ÔZvnvivÕ me©bvg c` Ges Ôcwo‡Z‡QÕ wµqvc`| mvay fvlvi Dwj−wLZ c` `y‡Uv‡Z me©bvg c` I wµqvc` c~Y©i~‡c e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| Gevi evK¨wU‡K PwjZ fvlvq i~cvš—i Ki‡j Zvi i~c `uvov‡e ÔZviv co‡QÕ| G‡¶‡Î evK¨wU‡Z ÔZvivÕ me©bvg c` Ges Ôco‡QÕ wµqvc` msw¶ß AvKv‡i e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| mvay fvlvi wµqvc` : Kwi‡ZwQ, LvBqvwQ, ewj‡ZwQ, hvB‡ZwQ, cwo‡ZwQ, †`wL‡ZwQ BZ¨vw`| PwjZ fvlvi wµqvc` : KiwQ, †L‡qwQ, ejwQ, hvw”Q, cowQ, †`LwQ BZ¨vw`| mvay fvlvi me©bvg c` : Zvnvi, Zvnviv, Zvnv‡`i, Dnv‡`i BZ¨vw`| PwjZ fvlvi me©bvg c` : Zvi, Zviv, Zv‡`i, I‡`i BZ¨vw`|

mvay fvlv I PwjZ fvlvq wµqvc‡`i KwZcq i~c : mvay fvlv Kwie cwoe wjwLe Kwi‡ZwQjvg cwo‡ZwQjvg wjwLqvwQ KwiqvwQ cwoqvwQ cwo‡Z _vwKe Kie coe wjLe KiwQjvg cowQjvg wj‡LwQ K‡iwQ c‡owQ co‡Z _vKe PwjZ fvlv

fvlv Kwi‡ZwQ Kwijvg LvB‡Z‡Q nBZ LvB‡e hvB‡e ewje Kwi‡j hvBI LvBI jBe KwiZvg nBqv KiwQ Kijvg Lv‡”Q n‡Zv Lv‡e hv‡e eje Ki‡j †h‡qv/†hI †L‡qv/ †LI †be KiZvg n‡q

5

mvay fvlv I PwjZ fvlvq me©bvg c‡`i KwZcq i~c : mvay fvlv Zvnvi Zvnv‡`i Zvnv‡Z Zvnviv Zvnv‡K Bnviv Bnv‡`i Dnviv Dnv‡`i Dnv GB Bnv Bnv‡K Kvnvi hvnv Zvi Zv‡`i Zv‡Z Zviv Zv‡K Giv G‡`i Div I‡`i I G GwU G‡K Kvi hv PwjZ fvlv

6 hvnviv Bnvi Kvnv‡K hvnv‡K hviv Gi Kv‡K hv‡K

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

mvay fvlv I PwjZ fvlvi ˆewkó¨ mvay fvlv I PwjZ fvlv bvbv w`K †_‡K ¯^vZš¿¨gwÊZ| G Dfq fvlvixwZi ˆewkó¨ ch©vqµ‡g Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :

mvay fvlvi ˆewkó¨
1. mvay fvlvq wµqvc‡`i i~c c~Y©v½| †hgb : KwiqvwQ, wMqvwQ| 2. mvay fvlvq me©bvg c‡`i i~c c~Y©v½| †hgb : Zvnvi, Zvnviv, Zvnv‡`i| 3. mvay fvlvq Abym‡M©i c~Y©i~c e¨eüZ nq| †hgb : nB‡Z, w`qv| 4. mvay fvlvq Zrmg k‡ãi (ms¯‹…Z kã) cÖ‡qvM †ewk| †hgb : n¯—, g¯—K, N„Z, †aŠZ| 5. mvay fvlvi D”PviY ¸i“M¤¢xi| 6. mvay fvlv mywba©vwiZ e¨vKi‡Yi Abymvix| Gi KvVv‡gv mvaviYZ AcwieZ©bxq| 7. mvay fvlv e³…Zv I bvU¨ msjv‡ci Abyc‡hvMx|

PwjZ fvlvi ˆewkó¨
1. PwjZ fvlvq wµqvc‡`i i~c msw¶ß| †hgb : K‡iwQ, wM‡qwQ| 2. PwjZ fvlvq me©bvg c‡`i iƒc msw¶ß| †hgb : Zviv, Zv‡`i| 3. PwjZ fvlvq Abym‡M©i msw¶ß i~c e¨eüZ nq| †hgb : n‡Z, w`‡q| 4. PwjZ fvlvq Z™¢e, Aa©-Zrmg, †`wk I we‡`wk k‡ãi e¨envi †ewk| †hgb : nvZ, gv_v, wN, †avqv| 5. PwjZ fvlvi D”PviY nvjKv I MwZkxj| 6. PwjZ fvlv cwieZ©bkxj| 7. PwjZ fvlv PUzj, Rxeš— I †jvKvqZ|

fvlv

7

mvay I PwjZ ixwZi cv_©K¨ mvay I PwjZ fvlvi ˆewkó¨ †_‡K G fvlvixwZi cv_©K¨ mn‡RB Abyaveb Kiv hvq| wb‡P mvay I PwjZ fvlvi cv_©K¨ D‡j−L Kiv n‡jv : mvay fvlv mvay fvlvq wµqvc‡`i i~c c~Y©v½| †hgb : KwiqvwQ, wMqvwQ| mvay fvlvq me©bvg c‡`i i~cv c~Y©v½| †hgb: Zvnvi, Zvnviv, Zvnv‡`i| mvay fvlvq Zrmg k‡ãi (ms¯‹…Z kã) cÖ‡qvM †ewk| †hgb : n¯—, g¯—K, N„Z, †aŠZ| PwjZ fvlv PwjZ fvlvq wµqvc‡`i i~c msw¶ß| †hgb: K‡iwQ, wM‡qwQ| PwjZ fvlvq me©bvg c‡`i i~c msw¶ß| †hgb : Zvi, Zviv, Zv‡`i| PwjZ fvlvq Z™¢e, Aa©-Zrmg, †`wk I we‡`wk k‡ãi e¨envi †ewk| †hgb : nvZ, gv_v, wN, †avqv| mvay fvlvq Abym‡M©i c~Y©i~c e¨eüZ nq| †hgb : PwjZ fvlvq Abym‡M©i msw¶ß i~c e¨eüZ nB‡Z, w`qv| nq| †hgb : n‡Z, w`‡q| mvay fvlv e³…Zv I bvU¨ msjv‡ci Abyc‡hvMx| PwjZ fvlv e³…Zv I bvU¨ msjv‡ci Dc‡hvMx| mvay fvlv gvwR©Z| PwjZ fvlv PUzj, Rxeš— I †jvKvqZ|

mvay I PwjZ fvlvi bgybv mvay fvlvi bgybv 1. evjKM‡Yi DwPZ, evj¨Kvj Aewa cwikªg Kwi‡Z Af¨vm Kiv, Zvnv nB‡j eo nBqv Abvqv‡m mKj Kg© Kwi‡Z cvwi‡e, ¯^qs Abœ e‡¯¿i †K¬k cvB‡e bv Ges e„× wcZvgvZvi cÖwZcvjb Kwi‡ZI cviM nB‡e| [ †ev‡av`q : Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi 2. hvnv Áv‡bi K_v Zvnv cÖPvi nBqv †M‡jB Zvnvi D‡Ïk¨ mdj nBqv †kl nBqv hvq| gvby‡li Ávb m¤^‡Ü b~Zb Avwe®‹v‡ii Øviv cyivZb Avwe®‹vi Av”Qbœ nBqv hvB‡Z‡Q| Kvj hvnv cwʇZi AMg¨ wQj AvR Zvnv Ae©vPxb evj‡Ki Kv‡QI b~Zb b‡n| [mvwn‡Z¨i mvgMÖx : iex›`ªbv_ VvKyi] PwjZ fvlvi bgybv 1. Avgv‡`i g‡b nq G †`‡k jvB‡eªwii mv_©KZv nvmcvZv‡ji PvB‡Z wKQy Kg bq Ges ¯‹zjK‡j‡Ri PvB‡Z GKUz †ewk| G K_v ï‡b A‡b‡K Pg‡K DV‡eb| †KD †KD Avevi †n‡mI DV‡eb; wKš—z Avwg Rvwb, Avwg iwmKZvI KiwQ‡b; hw`I G wel‡q †jvKgZ †h Avgvi g‡Zi mg‡iLvq P‡j bv, †m wel‡q Avwg m¤ú~Y© m‡PZb| [eB cov : cÖg_ †PŠayix] 2. e„‡¶i w`‡K ZvKv‡j Rxe‡bi Zvrch© Dcjwä mnR nq| ZvB, evievi †mw`‡K ZvKv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb| gvwUi im †U‡b wb‡q wb‡R‡K †gvUv‡mvUv K‡i †Zvjv‡ZB e„‡¶i Kv‡Ri mgvwß bq|

8

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ Zv‡K dzj †dvUv‡Z nq, dj aiv‡Z nq| bB‡j Zvi Rxeb Am¤ú~Y© n‡q hv‡e| ZvB e„¶‡K mv_©KZvi cÖZxK wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv mRxeZv I mv_©KZvi Ggb `„óvš— Avi †bB| [Rxeb I e„¶ : †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayix]

fvlvixwZi cwieZ©b
(K) mvay †_‡K PwjZ mvay ixwZ c‡_ GK hye‡Ki mwnZ Zvnvi mv¶vr nBj| Mdzi Pzc Kwiqv iwnj| cvKv `yB †µvk c_ nuvwUqv ¯‹z‡j we`¨v AR©b Kwi‡Z hvB| Avwg e¨vcviwU eywSqv Avgvi weQvbv ¸UvBqv jBqv Zvnv‡`i ¯’vb Kwiqv w`jvg| Avwgbv Ni nB‡Z `yqv‡i Avwmqv `uvovBj| (L) PwjZ †_‡K mvay PwjZ ixwZ mvay ixwZ `yB PwjZ ixwZ c‡_ GK hye‡Ki m‡½ Zvi †`Lv n‡jv| Mdzi Pzc K‡i iBj| cvKv `y‡µvk c_ †nu‡U ¯‹z‡j we`¨v AR©b Ki‡Z hvB| Avwg e¨vcviUv ey‡S Avgvi weQvbv ¸wU‡q wb‡q Zv‡`i RvqMv K‡i w`jvg| Avwgbv Ni n‡Z `yqv‡i G‡m `uvovj|

†P‡q †`wL, Avgv‡`i ingZ‡K `y cvnvivIqvjv Pvwnqv †`wL, Avgv‡`i ingZ‡K †eu‡a wb‡q Avm‡Q| cvnvivIqvjv euvwaqv jBqv Avwm‡Z‡Q| nvRvi eQi a‡i gvbyl G‡`i †`L‡Q| nvRvi eQi awiqv gvbyl Bnv‡`i †`wL‡Z‡Q|

cv‡kB wKQz `~‡i GKUv kvjyK †`L‡Z cvq cv‡k¦©B wKQz `~‡i GKwU kvjyK †`wL‡Z cvq Imgvb| Imgvb| Avgv‡`i G fxi“Zv wK wPiw`bB †_‡K hv‡e? G K_v ï‡b A‡b‡K Pg‡K DV‡eb| Avgv‡`i GB fxi“Zv wK wPiw`bB _vwKqv hvB‡e? GB K_v ïwbqv A‡b‡K PgwKqv DwV‡eb|

fvlv

9

Abykxjbx
1| fvlv Kv‡K e‡j? 2| evsjv fvlv Kv‡K e‡j? evsjv fvlvi DrcwËi GKwU cwiPq `vI| 3| mvay I PwjZ fvlv Kv‡K e‡j? mvay I PwjZ fvlvixwZi ˆewkó¨mg~n D‡j−L Ki| 4| mvay I PwjZ fvlvixwZi cv_©K¨ †jL| 5| wbgœwjwLZ k㸇jvi PwjZi~c †jL| GB, Bnv‡`i, GKwU, Zvnvi, Dnvi, KwiqvwQjvg, wMqv, KwiZvg, nBe| 6| wbgœwjwLZ k㸇jvi mvayi~c †jL| Zvi, Zviv, G‡`i, Zv‡`i, Div, I‡`i, KBj, PvBj, KiZvg, ïbe, WvKjvg|

Kg©-Abykxjb
1| fve cÖKvk, A_©enZv, evM-hš¿ÑG welq¸‡jv Aš—fz©³ K‡i fvlvi GKwU msÁv ˆZwi Ki|

4| cÖ`Ë k㸇jvi cwiewZ©Z i~c Wvb cv‡ki mwVK N‡i emvI : Kvnv‡K, hvi, Dnv‡`i, Kwijvg, †Pbv, MÖvg¨, c~Rv, eis, Z_vwc, n‡”Q| cÖ`Ë kã mvay PwjZ

10

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

2. e¨vKiY
2.1 e¨vKiY e¨vKiY fvlvi weÁvbm¤§Z we‡k−l‡Yi kv¯¿| fvlv wewfbœ Dcv`v‡b MwVZ nq Ges wewfbœ ixwZ‡Z e¨eüZ nq| MVb I e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K fvlviB wbR¯^ wKQz wbqg-k„•Ljv Av‡Q| G wbqg-k„•Ljv m¤ú‡K© h_vh_ Ávb jvf Ki‡Z n‡j fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`vb Ges Zv‡`i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© I †hvMv‡hvM cÖYvwji ¯^i~c we‡k−lY cÖ‡qvRb| fvlvi G ¯^i~c we‡k−lYB Ôe¨vKiYÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ| e¨vKiY kãwU‡K we‡k−lY Ki‡j Avgiv cvB⎯ we (we‡kl) + Av (mg¨K) + √K…+ Ab (Y) (KiY)| G wewk−ó A_© †_‡K Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi †h Ôe¨vKiYÕ n‡”Q Ôkã ey¨rcv`K I fvlv wbqvgK kv¯¿|Õ e¨vcKfv‡e ejv hvq, e¨vKiY n‡”Q Ôfvlvi D”Q…•Ljv wbeviK, k‡ãi ey¨rcwË I ey¨rcwËMZ A_©wba©viK, c`-mvaK Ges evK¨ iPbv cÖYvwj wba©viK kv¯¿|Õ e¨vKi‡Yi KvR fvlvi Af¨š—ixY k„•Ljv Avwe®‹vi Kiv| fvlvi MVb I e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K fvlvi wbR¯^ wKQz wbqgixwZ Av‡Q| Gme wbqgixwZ m¤ú‡K© mg¨K Ávbjvf Ki‡Z n‡j fvlv‡K †f‡O Zvi Dcv`vbmg~‡ni wePvi-we‡k−lY Ges Zv‡`i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© I †hvMv‡hvM cÖYvwj wbY©q Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| myZivs Ô†h kv‡¯¿i Øviv fvlv‡K we‡k−lY K‡i Gi wewfbœ As‡ki cvi¯úwiK m¤^Ü wbY©q Kiv hvq Zvi bvg e¨vKiY| G ch©v‡q e¨vKiY m¤ú‡K© K‡qKRb L¨vZbvgv fvlvcwʇZi gš—e¨ wb‡P DׄZ n‡jv : W±i mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z, †h we`¨vi Øviv †KvbI fvlv‡K we‡k−lY Kwiqv Zvnvi ¯^i~cwU Av‡jvwPZ nq Ges †mB fvlvi MV‡b I wjL‡b Ges Zvnv‡Z K‡_vcK_‡b ï×-i~‡c Zvnvi cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq, †mB we`¨v‡K †mB fvlvi e¨vKiY e‡j| fvlv m¤ú‡K© W±i myKzgvi †mb : †h eB‡q fvlvi wePvi I we‡k−lY Av‡Q Zv-B e¨vKiY| gybxi †PŠayix e‡j‡Qb : †h kv‡¯¿ †Kv‡bv fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi cÖK…wZ I ¯^i~‡ci wePvi-we‡k−lY Kiv nq Ges wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi m¤úK© wbY©q I cÖ‡qvMwewa wek`fv‡e Av‡jvwPZ nq, Zv‡K e¨vKiY e‡j|

evsjv e¨vKiY evsjv fvlv GKwU mg„× fvlv| G fvlvi aŸwbZvwË¡K, i~cZvwË¡K ev MVbMZ wbqgk„•Ljv i‡q‡Q| myZivs †h cy¯—‡K evsjv fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi cÖK…wZ I ¯^i~‡ci wePvi-we‡k−lY Kiv nq Ges wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi m¤úK© wbY©q I cÖ‡qvMwewa wek`fv‡e Av‡jvwPZ nq, Zv-B evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY| evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi cÖvgvY¨ msÁv †h kv¯¿ Rvwb‡j ev½vjv fvlv ï×i~‡c wjwL‡Z, cwo‡Z I ewj‡Z cviv hvq, Zvnvi bvg ev½vjv e¨vKiY (Bengali Grammar)| ⎯ W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjvn& †h kv‡¯¿ evsjv fvlvi ¯^i~c I cÖK…wZ mew`K w`‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i eywS‡q †`Iqv nq, Zv‡K e‡j evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY ev evsjv e¨vKiY| ⎯ W±i mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq †h e¨vKiY evsjv fvlvi aŸwb, kã, c`, evK¨ BZ¨vw` we‡k−lY K‡i fvlvi ¯^i~cwU‡K Zz‡j a‡i, Zv‡K evsjv e¨vKiY e‡j| ⎯ †R¨vwZf‚lY PvKx

e¨vKiY

11

2.2 e¨vKiY cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv fvlv‡K we‡k−lY K‡i †`Lvevi †Póv †_‡KB e¨vKi‡Yi D™¢e| j¶Yxq †h Av‡M fvlvi m„wó n‡q‡Q, c‡i fvlv we‡k−lY K‡i e¨vKi‡Yi m„wó n‡q‡Q| fvlvi m‡½ e¨vKi‡Yi m¤úK© IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| fvlv enZv b`xi g‡Zv MwZkxj| wb‡Ri †Lqvj-Lywkg‡Zv Avcb MwZ‡Z fvlv GwM‡q P‡j| d‡j wfbœ wfbœ mg‡q fvlvi g‡a¨ bvbv cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq| e¨vKi‡Yi KvR n‡”Q fvlvi MwZwewa‡K j¶ Kiv Ges fvlv‡K we‡k−lY Kiv| fvlvi †gŠwjK Dcv`vb aŸwb, kã, evK¨⎯G¸‡jvi Af¨š—ixY k„•Ljv Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¨ e¨vKi‡Yi m„wó n‡q‡Q| e¨vKiY‡K fvlvi msweavb ejv nq| e¨vKiY fvlv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i bv, Zey e¨vKiY cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv| e¨vKiY cvV G Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb †h⎯ 1. e¨vKiY fvlv‡K we‡k−lY K‡i Zvi ¯^i~c I ˆewkó¨‡K wbi~cY K‡i| 2. e¨vKiY cvV K‡i fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi MVb cÖK…wZ I †m m‡ei myôz e¨envi-wewa m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq| 3. e¨vKiY cvV K‡i †jLvq I K_vq fvlv cÖ‡qv‡M ï×Zv i¶v Kiv hvq| 4. e¨vKiY cv‡V fvlvi †mŠ›`h© Abyaveb ¶gZv e„w× cvq| 5. e¨vKiY mvwn‡Z¨i im Av¯^v`‡b mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| 6. e¨vKiY cv‡Vi gva¨‡g Q›`-Aj¼vi wel‡q Ávb jvf Kiv hvq| 7. fvlvi cwieZ©‡bi aviv, wbqg-k„•Ljvi eY©bv I we‡k−lY e¨vKiY cv‡V AewnZ nIqv hvq| myZivs fvlvi Af¨š—ixY k„•Ljv m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Ges fvlvi ï× cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î e¨vKiY cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©|

evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvP¨ welq aŸwb, kã, evK¨, A_© ⎯fvlvi PviwU †gŠwjK Dcv`vb| GB Dcv`vb¸‡jvi Ici wfwË K‡iB me fvlvi e¨vKi‡Y wbgœwjwLZ PviwU wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| evsjv e¨vKiYI Gi e¨wZµg bq| 1. aŸwbZË¡ (Phonetics) 2. kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡ (Morphology) 3. evK¨ZË¡ ev c`µg (Syntax) 4. A_©ZË¡ (Semantics)|

Abykxjbx
1| e¨vKiY Kv‡K e‡j? e¨vKiY cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 2| evsjv e¨vKiY Kv‡K e‡j? 3| evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvP¨ welq¸‡jv D‡j−L Ki|

12

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

3. aŸwb I eY© aŸwb fvlvi ¶z`ªZg GKK aŸwb| †Kv‡bv fvlvi D”PvwiZ kã‡K m~²fv‡e we‡k−lY Ki‡j Zvi †h AwefvR¨ ¶z`ªZg Ask cvIqv hvq, Zv-B aŸwb| gvby‡li evM&h‡š¿i mnvqZvq D”PvwiZ aŸwb †_‡KB fvlvi m„wó| e¯‘Z fvlv‡K we‡k−lY Ki‡j PviwU †gŠwjK Dcv`vb cvIqv hvq| GB Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jv⎯aŸwb, kã, evK¨ I A_©| gvbyl Zvi g‡bi fve cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ ÔK_vÕ e‡j| gvby‡li ÔK_vÕ n‡jv A_©hy³ wKQy aŸwb| e¨vKiY kv‡¯¿ gvby‡li KÉwbtm„Z kã ev AvIqvR‡KB aŸwb ejv nq| e¯‘Z A_©‡evaK aŸwbmg~nB gvby‡li wewfbœ fvlvi evM&aŸwb| aŸwbB fvlvi g~j wfwË| W±i mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z, Ô†Kv‡bv fvlvi D”PvwiZ kã‡K we‡k−lY Ki‡j Avgiv KZK¸‡jv aŸwb cvB|Õ ejv evûj¨, cÖwZwU gvbefvlvq _v‡K GK¸”Q aŸwb| Gi msL¨v mvaviYZ ev‡ivwUi †ewk I lvUwUi Kg| GB gywó‡gq msL¨K aŸwbi wewfbœ web¨v‡m M‡o I‡V fvlvi wecyj cwigvY kã| cÖwZwU fvlvi wbR¯^ aŸwbivwki Zvrch©c~Y© ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| A_©vr cÖ‡Z¨K fvlvi aŸwbivwk ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ mnve¯’vb K‡i myk„•Lj aŸwbZvwË¡K wbqg-Kvbyb †g‡b P‡j| g~jZ cÖwZwU fvlvB GKwU mywbw`©ó aŸwbk„•Ljv ev aŸwb-msMV‡bi Aaxb| aŸwb wbM©Z nq gyL w`‡q| aŸwb Drcv`‡b gyL, bvwmKv, KÉ cÖf…wZ evK&-cÖZ¨½ e¨eüZ n‡jI aŸwb Drcv`‡bi g~j Drm n‡jv dzmdzm| dzmdz‡mi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv k¦vm MÖnY I Z¨vM Kwi| dzmdzm †_‡K evZvm †ewi‡q Avmvi mgq wewfbœ evK&-cÖZ¨‡½i ms¯ú‡k© Av‡m| dzmdzm †_‡K evZvm ¯^ih‡š¿i ga¨ w`‡q †ewi‡q Avmvi mgq gy‡Li wewfbœ RvqMvq Nlv Lvq| GB Nl©‡Yi d‡j gy‡L bvbv ai‡bi aŸwbi m„wó nq| j¶Yxq aŸwb Drcv`‡b dzmdzm GKwU gyL¨ Drcv`K hš¿ n‡jI dzmdzm †_‡K aŸwb Drcbœ nq bv⎯dzmdzm †_‡K †Kej wbM©Z nq evZvm| Avi GB evZv‡mi m‡½ bvbv evK&-cÖZ¨‡½i msN‡l© aŸwbi m„wó nq| A_©vr dzmdzm wbM©Z evZvm ¯^ih‡š¿i ga¨ w`‡q gyLMnŸ‡i cÖ‡e‡ki ci wewfbœ evK&-cÖZ¨‡½i ms¯ú‡k© AvNvZ jvMvi `i“b aŸwb MwVZ ev ˆZwi nq| aŸwb MV‡b wewfbœ evK&cÖZ¨‡½i f‚wgKv AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|

3.1 aŸwbi †kªwYwefvM
ÔaŸwbÕi mvaviY A_© †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi ÔAvIqvRÕ| wKš—z e¨vKiY I fvlvZ‡Ë¡i cvwifvwlK A‡_© gvby‡li evM&h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ ˆZwi AvIqvR‡K aŸwb e‡j| aŸwb `yB cÖKvi| †hgb : K. ¯^iaŸwb I L. e¨ÄbaŸwb|

eY©
†Kv‡bv fvlvi aŸwb¸‡jv‡K wj‡L cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ †h cÖZxK ev wPý e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K eY© e‡j| A, Av, K, L cÖf…wZ evsjv fvlvi G‡KKwU aŸwb-cÖZxK ev eY©|

eY©gvjv
†Kv‡bv fvlvi eY©mgwói mywbw`©ó mvRv‡bv µg‡K eY©gvjv e‡j| aŸwb †hgb `yB cÖKvi⎯¯^iaŸwb I e¨ÄbaŸwb; †Zgwb G‡`i wjwLZ cÖZxKI `yB cÖKvi| h_v : ¯^ieY© I e¨ÄbeY©|

aŸwb I eY©

13

¯^iaŸwb I ¯^ieY©
†hme aŸwb Ab¨ aŸwbi mvnvh¨ Qvov wb‡R wb‡R c~Y© I ¯úói~‡c D”PvwiZ nq, Zv‡K ¯^iaŸwb e‡j| Avi GB ¯^iaŸwbi cÖZxK ev wjwLZ i~cB n‡”Q ¯^ieY©| †hgb : A, Av, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J| ¯^ie‡Y©i msL¨v †gvU 11wU|

e¨ÄbaŸwb I e¨ÄbeY©
†hme aŸwb ¯^iaŸwbi mvnvh¨ Qvov wb‡R wb‡R c~Y© ev ¯úói~‡c D”PvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i bv, Zv‡K e¨ÄbaŸwb e‡j| Avi GB e¨ÄbaŸwbi wjwLZ i~cB n‡”Q e¨ÄbeY©| †hgb : K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z, _, `, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, X, q, r, s, t, u| e¨Äbe‡Y©i msL¨v †gvU 39wU|

¯^iaŸwbi †kªwYwefvM I D”PviY ˆewkó¨
D”Pvi‡Yi mg‡qi ZviZg¨ Abymv‡i ¯^iaŸwb¸‡jv‡K `ywU fv‡M wef³ Kiv nq| †hgb: K. nª¯^¯^i I L. `xN©¯^i| K. n«¯¯i : †hme ¯^iaŸwb D”Pvi‡Y Kg mgq jv‡M, Zv‡`i‡K n«m¦¯^i e‡j| A, B, D, F n«m¦¯^i| ^ ^ L. `xN©¯i : †hme ¯^iaŸwb D”Pvi‡Y A‡c¶vK…Z †ewk mgq jv‡M, Zv‡`i‡K `xN©¯^i e‡j| Av, C, ^ E, G, H, I, J `xN©¯^i|

¯^iaŸwbi D”PviY ¯’vb I ˆewkó¨ aŸwb A, Av B, C D, E F G, H I, J KÉ Zvjy †VuvU ev Iô g~a©v KÉ I Zvjy KÉ I Iô D”PviY ¯’vb D”PviY ¯’vb Abymv‡i bvg KɨaŸwb Zvje¨ aŸwb Iô¨ aŸwb g~a©b¨ aŸwb KÉZvje¨ aŸwb K‡Évô¨ aŸwb

e¨ÄbaŸwbi †kªwYwefvM I D”PviY ˆewkó¨
D”PviY ˆewkó¨ Abymv‡i e¨ÄbaŸwb cÖavbZ wZb fv‡M wef³| h_v : K. ¯úk©aŸwb, L. Aš—t¯’ aŸwb Ges M. D®§aŸwb|

14

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

K. ¯úk©aŸwb †hme e¨ÄbaŸwbi D”Pvi‡Y wRf gy‡Li †fZ‡i KÉ, Zvjy, g~a©v, `š—, `š—g~j cÖf…wZ †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv ¯’vb ¯úk© K‡i D”PvwiZ nq, Zv‡`i‡K ¯úk©aŸwb e‡j| K †_‡K g ch©š— GB cuwPkwU aŸwb‡K ¯úk©aŸwb ejv nq| GB ¯úk©aŸwb cuvP iK‡gi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb : Kɨe¨Äb, Zvje¨e¨Äb, g~a©b¨e¨Äb, `š—¨e¨Äb I Iô¨e¨Äb| L. Aš—t¯’ aŸwb h, q, i, j Ges Aš—t¯’-e GB aŸwb¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb ¯úk©aŸwb I D®§aŸwbi gvSvgvwS e‡j G‡`i‡K Aš— t¯’ aŸwb e‡j| M. D®§aŸwb †hme e¨ÄbaŸwbi D”Pvi‡Y aŸwb¸‡jvi †ik †U‡b ivLv hvq, Zv‡`i‡K D®§aŸwb e‡j| k, l, m, n D®§aŸwb| k, l, m ⎯GB wZbwU aŸwb‡K wkm aŸwbI ejv nq| KviY wkm †`Iqvi m‡½ G aŸwb¸‡jvi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q| D”PviY ¯’vb Abymv‡i ¯úk©aŸwbi cuvPwU wefvM i‡q‡Q| g~jZ KÉ, Zvjy, g~a©v, `uvZ I †VuvU ⎯ GB cuvPwU D”PviY ¯’v‡bi Rb¨ ¯úk©aŸwb¸‡jv‡K cuvPwU †kªwY‡Z fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB wefvM¸‡jv‡K eM© e‡j| cÖ_g aŸwbi bvg Abymv‡i e‡M©i bvg wb‡`©k Kiv nq| †hgb : K eM© P eM© U eM© Z eM© c eM© KLMNO PQRST UVWXY Z_`ab cdefg

e¨ÄbaŸwbi D”PviY ¯’vb I ˆewkó¨ aŸwb K, L, M, N, O, n P, Q, R, S, T, q, k U, V, W, X, Y, i, o, p, l Z, _, `, a, b, j, m c, d, e, f, g Zvjy g~a©v `uvZ ev `š— †VuvU ev Iô D”PviY ¯’vb KÉ ev wRnŸvg~j D”PviY ¯’vb Abymv‡i bvg Kɨ ev wRnŸvg~jxq aŸwb Zvje¨ aŸwb g~a©b¨ aŸwb `š—¨ aŸwb Iô¨ aŸwb

aŸwb I eY©

15

KɨaŸwb
†hme aŸwbi D”PviY KÉbvwji DcwifvM ev wRnŸvg~j, Zv‡`i‡K KɨaŸwb e‡j| A, Av, K, L, M, N, O, n KɨaŸwb|

Zvje¨ aŸwb
†hme aŸwbi D”PviY¯’vb Zvjy, Zv‡`i‡K Zvje¨ aŸwb e‡j| B, C, P, Q, R, S, T, q, k Zvje¨ aŸwb|

g~a©b¨ aŸwb
†hme aŸwbi D”PviY¯’vb g~a©v ev Zvjyi AMÖfvM, Zv‡`i‡K g~a©b¨ aŸwb e‡j| F, U, V, W, X, Y, i, o, p, l g~a©b¨ aŸwb |

`š—¨aŸwb
†hme aŸwbi D”PviY¯’vb `š—g~j, Zv‡`i‡K `š—¨aŸwb e‡j| Z, _, `, a, b, j, m `š—¨aŸwb |

Iô¨aŸwb
†hme aŸwbi D”PviY¯’vb Iô, Zv‡`i‡K Iô¨aŸwb e‡j| D, E, c, d, e, f, g Iô¨aŸwb |

KɨZvje¨ aŸwb
†hme aŸwbi D”PviY¯’vb KÉ Ges Zvjy DfqB, Zv‡`i‡K KɨZvje¨ aŸwb e‡j| G, H KɨZvje¨ aŸwb|

K‡Évô¨ aŸwb
†hme aŸwbi D”PviY¯’vb KÉ I Iô, Zv‡`i‡K K‡Évô¨ aŸwb e‡j| I, J K‡Évô¨ aŸwb|

`‡š—Šô¨ aŸwb
†hme aŸwbi D”PviY¯’vb `š— Ges Iô, Zv‡`i‡K `‡š—Šô¨ aŸwb e‡j| Aš—t¯’-e `‡š—Šô¨ aŸwb|

¯ú„ó aŸwb
K-eM© Ges c-e‡M©i cÖ_g, wØZxq, Z…Zxq I PZz_© aŸwb¸‡jvi D”PviYKv‡j gyLwee‡ii we‡kl ¯’vb ¯ú„ó nq e‡j G¸‡jv‡K ¯ú„ó aŸwb e‡j|

N„ó aŸwb
P, Q, R, S ⎯GB aŸwb¸‡jvi D”PviYKv‡j wRnŸv ev Zvjyi ¯ú‡k©i ci ciB Df‡qi g‡a¨ evqyi Nl©YRvZ aŸwb m„wó nq e‡j, G¸‡jv‡K N„óaŸwb e‡j|

bvwmK¨ ev AbybvwmK aŸwb
O, T, Y, g ⎯G¸‡jvi D”PviYKv‡j gyLwee‡ii evZvm bvK w`‡q †ei nq e‡j G¸‡jv‡K bvwmK¨ ev AbybvwmK aŸwb e‡j|

A‡Nvl aŸwb cÖ‡Z¨K e‡M©i cÖ_g `ywU aŸwb Ges k, l, m G¸‡jvi D”PviYKv‡j AvNvZRwbZ †Nvl ev kã m„wó nq bv e‡j, G¸‡jv‡K A‡Nvl aŸwb e‡j| G‡`i‡K k¦vmaŸwbI ejv nq|

16

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

†Nvl aŸwb e‡M©i wØZxq, Z…Zxq, PZz_© I cÂg aŸwb Ges n G¸‡jvi D”PviYKv‡j AvNvZRwbZ †Nvl ev kã m„wó nq e‡j, G¸‡jv‡K †Nvl aŸwb e‡j| †Nvl aŸwb‡K bv`aŸwbI ejv nq|

AícÖvY aŸwb cÖ‡Z¨K e‡M©i cÖ_g, Z…Zxq I cÂg aŸwbi D”PviYKv‡j evZv‡mi Pv‡ci ¯^íZv _v‡K e‡j, G‡`i‡K AícÖvY aŸwb e‡j| †hgb : K, M, O; P, R, T BZ¨vw`|

gnvcÖvY aŸwb cÖ‡Z¨K e‡M©i wØZxq I PZz_© aŸwbi D”PviYKv‡j evZv‡mi Pv‡ci AvwaK¨ _v‡K e‡j, G‡`i‡K gnvcÖvY aŸwb e‡j| †hgb : L, N; Q, S BZ¨vw`| aŸwb-cÖK…wZ A‡Nvl †Nvl KPUZc MRW`eOTYbg AícÖvY aŸwb gnvcÖvY aŸwb LQV_d NSXaf

civkªqx aŸwb
ÔsÕ ( Aby¯^vi) Ges ÔtÕ (wemM©) GB aŸwb `ywU ¯^Zš¿fv‡e D”PvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i bv e‡j G‡`i‡K civkªqx aŸwb e‡j| G‡`i‡K A‡hvMen aŸwbI e‡j|

3.2 A¨v aŸwbi D”PviY
D”PviY GKwU evPwbK cÖwµqv| fvlvq D”Pvi‡Yi ï×Zv iw¶Z bv n‡j g~j D‡Ïk¨ e¨vnZ nq| g‡bi fve cÖKv‡ki D‡Ï‡k¨ D”PvwiZ A_©‡evaK aŸwb mgwóB fvlv| `yfv‡e aŸwb ev fvlv‡K cÖKvk Kiv hvq| GK. gyL w`‡q D”PviY K‡i; `yB. wj‡L| g‡bi fve wj‡L wKsev D”PviY K‡i †hfv‡eB cÖKvk Kiv †nvK bv †Kb, mswk−ó †¶‡Î h_v_© evbvb I weï× D”PviY Acwinvh©| ï× D”PviY mwVK g‡bvfve cÖKv‡ki mnvqK| c¶vš—‡i, Aï× D”PviY k‡ãi A_©weåvwš— I weK…wZ NUvq| ZvB ï× D”Pvi‡Yi ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| ï× D”Pvi‡Yi †¶‡Î cÖwgZ K_¨ fvlvi evnbfw½i AbymiY cÖ‡qvRb| GQvov ¯^iaŸwb I e¨ÄbaŸwbi h_vh_ D”PviY m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYv _vKv Avek¨K| G QvovI fvlv e¨env‡i AvÂwjKZv cwinvi Kiv Ges D”PviYm~Î m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv AR©b Kiv `iKvi| g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb cÖwZwU aŸwb-cÖZx‡Ki wbR¯^ D”PviY I aŸwbMv¤¢xh© i‡q‡Q| D‡j−L GKvwaK aŸwb wg‡j hLb kã ˆZwi nq, ZLb aŸwb-cÖZx‡Ki D”PviY †Kv_vI AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K Avevi †Kv_vI cwiewZ©Z ev weK…Z n‡q hvq| wb‡P A¨v aŸwbi D”PviYixwZ D‡j−L Kiv n‡jv| evsjv eY©gvjvq eZ©gv‡b e¨eüZ e‡Y©i msL¨v 11wU| G¸‡jv n‡jv : A, Av, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J| cÖwgZ evsjv D”Pvi‡Y †gŠwjK ¯^iaŸwbi msL¨v 7wU| G¸‡jv n‡jv : B, G, A¨v, Av, A, I, D| evsjv gy‡Li fvlvq ¯^iaŸwb A¨-e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡jI GB eY©wUi Rb¨ c„_K †Kv‡bv eY©wPý evsjv eY©gvjvq †bB|

aŸwb I eY©

17

A¨v aŸwbi D”PviY c~‡e©B D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q †h ÔA¨vÕ aŸwbi †Kv‡bv ¯^Zš¿ aŸwb-wPý †bB| K‡qKwU †¶‡Î Av aŸwbi D”PviY A¨v nq| 1. k‡ãi ïiy‡Z hy³ e¨Ä‡bi Á Av-Kvi _vK‡j : ÁvZ [Mu¨v‡Zv] Ávb [Mu¨vb/M¨vb] Ávcb [Mu¨vcb]| 2. h-djv hy³ e¨Ä‡bi m‡½ Av-Kvi ev Av-aŸwbi D”PviY cÖvq †¶‡ÎB A¨v nq| †hgb : L¨vwZ [L¨vwZ] Z¨vM [Z¨vM&] e¨vcvi [e¨vcvi] e¨vKiY [e¨vK‡ivb&]

j¶Yxq k‡ãi g‡a¨ Áv _vK‡j AvÑaŸwb KL‡bv A¨v, KL‡bv Av D”PvwiZ nq| †hgb : weÁvb [weM&Mu¨vb/weM&Muvb&]

Abykxjbx
1| aŸwb Kv‡K e‡j? aŸwb Kq cÖKvi I Kx Kx? D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Ki| 2| eY© Kv‡K e‡j? eY© Kq cÖKvi I Kx Kx? D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Ki| 3| ¯^iaŸwbi D”PviY¯’vb I ˆewkó¨ D‡j−L Ki| 4| e¨ÄbaŸwbi D”PviY¯’vb I ˆewkó¨mg~n D‡j−L Ki| 5| D`vniYmn msÁv †jL : ¯úk©aŸwb, N„ó aŸwb, bvwmK¨ aŸwb, A‡Nvl aŸwb, †NvlaŸwb, AícÖvY aŸwb, gnvcÖvY aŸwb, civkªqx aŸwb|

Kg©-Abykxjb wb‡Pi e¨ÄbaŸwbi D”PviY ¯’vb I ˆewkó¨ D‡j−L Ki| aŸwb K, L, M, N, O, n P, Q, R, S, T, q, k U, V, W, X, Y, i, o, p, l Z, _, `, a, b, j, m c, d, e, f, g D”PviY ¯’vb D”PviY ¯’vb Abymv‡i bvg

18

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

4. mwÜ wb‡Pi evK¨wU j¶ Ki⎯ MÖvg-evsjvq GLb Pvwl‡`i N‡i N‡i bevbœ| Dc‡ii ev‡K¨i ÔbevbœÕ kãwU g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z ÔbeÕ Ges ÔAbœÕ G `ywU kã `ªyZ D”Pvi‡Yi d‡j ˆZwi n‡q‡Q ÔbevbœÕ kãwU| G‡¶‡Î ÔbeÕ k‡ãi †k‡l wbwnZ ÔAÕ aŸwb Ges ÔAbœÕ k‡ãi cÖ_‡g Aew¯’Z ÔAÕ aŸwb Df‡q wg‡j ÔAvÕ aŸwb n‡q‡Q| †hgb : be + Abœ = bevbœ| (A + A = Av) j¶Yxq †h Avgiv hLb K_v ewj, ZLb A‡bK †¶‡Î `ª“Z D”Pvi‡Yi d‡j cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z `ywU k‡ãi aŸwb wg‡j GK n‡q hvq, wKsev GKwU aŸwbi cÖfv‡e Ab¨ aŸwb e`‡j hvq ev †jvc cvq| `ªZ D”Pvi‡Yi y d‡j cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z aŸwbi GB wgjb, cwieZ©b ev we‡jvcB mwÜ bv‡g cwiwPZ| e¯‘Z, ÔmwÜÕ k‡ãi A_© wgjb| GwU aŸwb cwieZ©‡bi GKwU we‡kl cÖwµqv⎯aŸwbi m‡½ aŸwbi wgjbRvZ cÖwµqv| mwÜ ev aŸwbi wgjb bvbvfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb : 1. `ywU aŸwbi AvswkK ev c~Y©wgjb| †hgb : kZ + AwaK = kZvwaK [A + A = Av] 2. c~e©aŸwb ev ciaŸwb †jvc| †hgb : wbt + Pq = wbðq [t + P = ð] msÁv : cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z `ywU aŸwbi wgjb‡K mwÜ e‡j| A_ev, ci¯úi mwbœwnZ `ywU aŸwbi wgjb, cwieZ©b ev wejyw߇K mwÜ e‡j| ⎯ W±i gyn¤§` Gbvgyjn‡Ki g‡Z, GKvwaK aŸwbi wgjb, †jvc ev cwieZ©‡bi bvg mwÜ|

mwÜi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z `ywU aŸwb `ª“Z D”Pvi‡Yi mgq mwÜi d‡j D”Pvi‡Y ¯^v”Q›`¨ Av‡m Ges D”PviY mnRZi nq| mwÜ fvlv‡K msw¶ß K‡i| †hgb : ÔbeÕ ÔAbœÕ D”Pvi‡Y †h mgq cÖ‡qvRb⎯ ÔbevbœÕ D”Pvi‡Y Zvi †P‡q Kg mgq jv‡M| GQvov ÔbeÕ ÔAbœÕ ej‡Z †h ai‡bi D”PviY-kªg cÖ‡qvRb, ÔbevbœÕ Zvi †P‡q mn‡R D”PvwiZ nq| †Kej ZvB bq⎯ Avjv`vfv‡e ÔbeÕ ÔAbœÕ D”Pvi‡Yi †P‡q GKm‡½ ÔbevbœÕ D”PviY A‡bK †ewk kÖ“wZgayi| A_©vr mwÜ fvlvi aŸwbMZ gvayh©I m¤úv`b K‡i| mwÜi d‡j bZzb bZzb kãI ˆZwi nq| ï× evbvb wjL‡ZI mwÜ mnvqZv K‡i| myZivs Dwj−wLZ w`K¸‡jv we‡ePbvq evsjv fvlvq mwÜi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg|

mwÜi cÖKvi‡f` mwÜ `yB cÖKvi| h_v : 1. ¯^imwÜ I 2. e¨ÄbmwÜ|

mwÜ 1. ¯^imwÜ : ¯^iaŸwbi m‡½ ¯^iaŸwbi wgj‡b †h mwÜ nq, Zv‡K ¯^imwÜ e‡j| †hgb : be + Abœ = bevbœ wng + Avjq = wngvjq A + A = Av A + Av = Av

19

2. e¨ÄbmwÜ : ¯^iaŸwbi m‡½ e¨ÄbaŸwbi, e¨ÄbaŸwbi m‡½ ¯^iaŸwbi wKsev e¨ÄbaŸwbi m‡½ e¨ÄbaŸwbi wgj‡b †h mwÜ nq, Zv‡K e¨ÄbmwÜ e‡j| †hgb : Dr + PviY = D”PviY mr + Rb = m¾b (Z& + P = ”P) (Z& + R = ¾)

wemM©mwÜ : wemM©mwÜ e‡j e¨ÄbmwÜi GKwU cÖKvi‡f` Av‡Q| wemM© (t) n‡”Q ÔiÕ Ges ÔmÕ-Gi msw¶ß i~c| wem‡M©i m‡½ ¯^iaŸwb ev e¨ÄbaŸwbi wgjb‡K wemM©mwÜ e‡j| †hgb : Avwet + Kvi = Avwe®‹vi [t + K = ®‹]

KL‡bv KL‡bv wemM©mw܇K wfbœ GKwU †kªwY‡Z †d‡j mw܇K wZb cÖKvi ejv nq| †h‡nZz ÔtÕ (wemM©) e¨ÄbaŸwbi Aš—M©Z, †m‡nZz wemM©mwÜ e¨ÄbmwÜiB Aš—fz©³| cÖm½Z D‡j−L Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h evsjv fvlvq bvbv Rv‡Zi kã i‡q‡Q| k‡ãi Drm wePv‡i mw܇K Avevi `yfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q : K. Zrmg ev ms¯‹…ZvMZ mwÜ; L. LuvwU evsjv mwÜ| K. Zrmg ev ms¯‹…ZvMZ mwÜ : evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ Zrmg k‡ãi mwÜ n‡j Zv‡K Zrmg ev ms¯‹…ZvMZ mwÜ e‡j| Zrmg mwÜ ¯^i I e¨Äb †f‡` `yB cÖKvi : K. Zrmg ev ms¯‹…ZvMZ ¯^imwÜ L. Zrmg ev ms¯‹…ZvMZ e¨ÄbmwÜ| L. LuvwU evsjv mwÜ : LuvwU ev PwjZ evsjv kã cvkvcvwk D”Pvi‡Yi mgq †h mwÜ nq, Zv‡K LuvwU evsjv mwÜ ejv nq| Z‡e LuvwU evsjv mwÜi wbqg ms¯‹…Z mwÜi m‡½ †g‡j bv| wKQz wKQz †¶‡Î Zrmg mwÜi wbqg cÖ‡qvM K‡i wfbœ wbq‡g G mwÜ Kiv nq| †hgb : cuvP + †mi = cuvP‡mi, KuvPv + Kjv = KuvPKjv| g~jZ G cÖKv‡ii mwÜB LuvwU evsjv mwÜ| LuvwU evsjv mwÜ `yB cÖKvi| h_v : 1. LuvwU evsjv ¯^imwÜ; 2. LuvwU evsjv e¨ÄbmwÜ|

20 wb‡P QKvKv‡i mwÜi wefvRb †`Lv‡bv n‡jv : mwÜ
¯^i¯^wÜ

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

e¨ÄbmwÜ

Zrmg ev ms¯‹…ZvMZ ¯^imwÜ

LuvwU evsjv ¯^imwÜ Zrmg ev ms¯‹…ZvMZ e¨ÄbmwÜ LuvwU evsjv e¨ÄbmwÜ

4.1 e¨ÄbmwÜ : wbqg I D`vniY wb‡P †Kej Zrmg ev ms¯‹…ZvMZ e¨ÄbmwÜi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ KqwU m~Î m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :

Zrmg ev ms¯‹…ZvMZ e¨ÄbmwÜ e¨Ä‡b-¯^‡i mwÜ wbqg-1 : e‡M©i cÖ_g e¨Ä‡bi (K& / P& / U& / Z& / c) c‡i ¯^iawb _vK‡j e‡M©i cÖ_g e¨Äb ¯’‡j Z…Zxq e¨Äb (M& / R& / W& / `& / e& ) nq| †hgb : K& + ¯^iaŸwb = M& + ¯^iaŸwb : w`K& + Aš— = w`Mš— evK& + A_© = evM_© cÖvK& + D³ = cÖv¸³ evK& + Ck = evMxk P& + ¯^iaŸwb = R& + ¯^iaŸwb : wYP& + Aš— = wYRš— AP& + Aš—v = ARš—v U& + ¯^iaŸwb = W& (o) + ¯^iaŸwb : lU& + Avbb = lovbb lU& + avZz = loavZz Z& + ¯^iaŸwb = `& + ¯^iaŸwb : Zr + Aš— = Z`š— K…r + Aš— = K…`š— mr + B”Qv = mw`”Qv c& + ¯^iaŸwb = e& + ¯^iaŸwb : myc& + Aš— = myeš—

mwÜ

21

¯^‡iÑe¨Ä‡b mwÜ wbqg-2 : ¯^iaŸwbi c‡i Q& _vK‡j Q& ¯’v‡b ”Q nq| †hgb : A + Q& = A”Q& GK + QÎ = GK”QÎ A½+†Q` = A½‡”Q` gyL + Qwe = gy”Qwe Av + Q& = Av”Q& Av + Qbœ = Av”Qbœ Av + Qv`b = Av”Qv`b B + Q& = B”Q& cwi + Q` = cwi”Q` cwi + Qbœ = cwi”Qbœ ¯^ + Q›` = ¯^”Q›` cÖ + Q` = cÖ”Q` e„¶+Qvqv = e„¶”Qvqv K_v + Q‡j = K_v”Q‡j cix¶v + Q‡j = cix¶v”Q‡j cÖwZ + Qwe = cÖwZ”Qwe

e¨Ä‡b-e¨Ä‡b mwÜ wbqg-3 : Z& [r] wKsev `&-Gi c‡i P& wKsev Q& _vK‡j Z& ev `& ¯’v‡b P& nq| †hgb : Z& + P& = ”P `& + P& = ”P Z& + Q& = ”Q `& + Q = ”Q Dr + PviY = D”PviY wec`& + wPš—v = wecw”Pš—v Dr + †Q` = D‡”Q` Z`& + Qwe = Z”Qwe Pjr + wPÎ = Pjw”PÎ Z`& + wPÎ = Zw”PÎ Pjr + Qwe = Pj”Qwe D`& + †Q` = D‡”Q`

wbqg-4 : Z& [ r ] wKsev `& -Gi c‡i R& wKsev S& _vK‡j mw܇Z `y‡q wg‡j ¾ ev À nq| †hgb : Z& + R& = ¾ Dr + Rxeb = D¾xeb mr + Rb = m¾b Abyi~c : D¾xweZ, hve¾xeb, K¾j, RM¾xeb| `& + R& = ¾ wec`& + RbK = wec¾bK Z`& + RvZxq = Z¾vZxq Z& + S& = À Kzr + SwUKv = KzÀwUKv Dr + R¡j = D¾¡j Zr + Rb¨ = Z¾b¨

wbqg-6 : Z& [r] wKsev `& -Gi c‡i W& wKsev X& _vK‡j Z& ev `& ¯’v‡b W& nq| †hgb : Z& + W& = Ç `& + X = W&X Dr + Wxb = DÇxb GZ`& + X°v = GZW&X°v Dr + Wxqgvb = DÇxqgvb

22 wbqg-7 : Z& [r] wKsev `& -Gi c‡i b& _vK‡j mw܇Z `y‡q wg‡j bœ nq| †hgb : Z& + b& = bœ Dr + bZ = DbœZ

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

Dr + bqb = Dbœqb

wbqg-8 : Z& [r] wKsev `-Gi c‡i g& _vK‡j mw܇Z Z& ev `-Gi ¯’v‡b b& nq| †hgb : Z& + g = b¥ `& + g = b¥ g„r + gq = g„b¥q Z`& + g‡a¨ = Zb¥‡a¨ Clr + gvÎ = Clb¥vÎ

wbqgÑ9 : Z& [r] wKsev `&-Gi c‡i j& _vK‡j mw܇Z `y‡q wg‡j j− nq| †hgb : Z& + j& = j− `& + j& = j− Dr + jvm = Dj−vm Z`& + wjwLZ = Zwj−wLZ Dr + †jL = D‡j−L m¤ú`& + jvf = m¤új−vf

wbqg-10 : Z& [r] wKsev `& -Gi c‡i k& _vK‡j Z& I `& ¯’v‡b P& Ges k& ¯’v‡b Q& nq Ges `y‡q wg‡j ”Q& nq| †hgb : Z& + k& = ”Q Dr + k¦vm = D”Q¡vm Dr + k„•Lj = D”Q…•Lj Dr + kj = D”Qj

wbqg-11 : Z& [r] wKsev `& -Gi c‡i n& _vK‡j Z& I `& ¯’v‡b `& nq Ges n& ¯’v‡b a nq Ges `y‡q wg‡j × (`& + a) nq| †hgb : Z& + n = `& + a& = × Dr + nvi = D×vi `& + n = × Z`& + wnZ = Zw×Z Dr + nZ = D×Z Dr + üZ = DׄZ c` + nwZ = c×wZ

wbqg-12 : b& wKsev g& c‡i _vK‡j e‡M©i cÖ_g aŸwb mw܇Z cÂg aŸwb‡Z cwiYZ nq| †hgb : K& > O& U& > b& Z& > b& w`K& + wbY©q = w`O&wbY©q lU& + gvm = lb¥vm Dr + bqb = Dbœqb wPr + gq = wPb¥q g„r + gq = g„b¥q evK + gq = ev•gq

wbqgÑ13 : Av‡M g& Ges c‡i K& / L& / M& / N& -Gi †h †Kv‡bvwU _vK‡j mw܇Z g& ¯’v‡b Aby¯^vi (s) ev D‡qv (O) nq| †hgb : g& + K& = s K& /O& K Ajg& + Kvi = AjsKvi/ Aj¼vi mg& + Kjb = msKjb/ m¼jb g& + M& = sM /½ g& + N& = sN/ •N mg& + MZ = msMZ/ m½Z mg& + N = msN / m•N Ang& + Kvi = AnsKvi/An¼vi mg& + KxY© = msKxY© /m¼xY© mg& + MxZ = msMxZ/ m½xZ mg& + NvZ = msNvZ /m•NvZ

mwÜ

23

wbqgÑ14 : Av‡M g& Ges c‡i P& †_‡K g& ch©š— eMx©q aŸwbi †h‡Kv‡bvwU _vK‡j c~e©c‡`i g& ¯’v‡b cieZx© eMx©q aŸwbi cÂg aŸwb nq| †hgb : g& + P& =  g& + Z& = š— g& + `& = ›` g& + a& = Ü g& + b& = bœ g& + c& = ¤ú g& + e& = ¤^ mg& + Pq = mÂq mg& + Zvc = mš—vc Mg& + Ze¨ = Mš—e¨ mg& + `k©b = m›`k©b mg& + avb = mÜvb mg& + wbwnZ = mwbœwnZ wKg& + bi = wKbœi mg& + c` = m¤ú` mg& + c~Y© = m¤ú~Y© mg& + ej = m¤^j mg& + wa = mwÜ mg& + wb‡ek = mwbœ‡ek mg& + b¨vm = mbœ¨vm mg& + cÖxwZ = m¤cÖxwZ mg& + cÖwZ = m¤cÖwZ mg& + c~iK = m¤ú~iK mg& + †evab = m‡¤^vab wKg& + wPr = wKwÂr mg& + Îvm = mš¿vm wKg& + Zz = wKš‘

ÁvZe¨ : KL‡bv KL‡bv g& -Gi c‡i e& _vK‡j g& ¯’v‡b s nq| †hgb : g& + e& = s mg& + ev` = msev` mg& + weavb = msweavb mg& + wer = mswer mg& + eiY = mseiY mg& + ea©bv = msea©bv wKg& + ev = wKsev

wbqg-15 : Av‡M g& Ges c‡i Aš—t¯’ e¨Äb (h& /i&/j& / e&) wKsev D®§aŸwbi (k& / m& /n) †h †KvbwU _vK‡j c~e©c‡`i g& ¯’v‡b s (Aby¯^vi) nq| †hgb : g& + h& = sh g& + i& = si g& + j& = sj g& + e& = se g& + k& = sk g& + m& = sm g& + n& = sn mg& + hZ = mshZ mg& + i¶Y = msi¶Y mg& + jvc = msjvc mg& + eiY = mseiY mg& + ev` = msev` mg& + kq = mskq mg& + †kvab = ms‡kvab mg& + mvi = msmvi mg& + nZ = msnZ mg& + nwZ = msnwZ mg& + hy³ = mshy³ mg& + iw¶Z = msiw¶Z mg& + jMœ = msjMœ mg& + ea©bv = msea©bv mg& + weavb = msweavb mg& + †k−l = ms‡k−l mg& + wk−ó = mswk−ó me©g& + mnv = me©smnv mg& + nvi = msnvi mg& + wnZv = mswnZv

24 wbqgÑ16 : P e‡M©i aŸwbi c‡i b& _vK‡j mw܇Z b&-Gi ¯’‡j T nq| †hgb : P& + b& = PT R& + b& = RT hvP& + bv = hvÂv ivR& + bx = ivÁx

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

wbqg-17 : l& ÑGi c‡i Z& wKsev _& _vK‡j Z-Gi ¯’‡j U& Ges _&-Gi ¯’‡j V& nq| †hgb : l& + Z& = Z& > U& bl& + Z = bó m„l + wZ = m„wó l& + _& = _& > V& ll& + _ = lô e„l& + wZ = e„wó K…l& + wZ = K…wó wbl& + _v = wbôv

wbqgÑ18 : g&-Gi c‡i K… avZz wb®úbœ ÔK…ZÕ, ÔKviÕ, ÔKiYÕ, ÔK…wZÕ BZ¨vw` kã _vK‡j g& ¯’v‡b s nq, Ges m& aŸwbi AvMg nq| †hgb : g& + K…Z = s + m& g& + Kvi = s + m& g& + KiY = s + m& g& + K…wZ = s + m mg& + K…Z = ms¯‹…Z mg& + Kvi = ms¯‹vi mg& + KiY = ms¯‹iY mg& + K…wZ = ms¯‹…wZ

wbqg-19 : D®§eY© (k m n) c‡i _vK‡j c~e©c‡`i †k‡l Aew¯’Z b& aŸwb s-G cwiewZ©Z nq| †hgb: b& + m& = s wnb& + mv = wnsmv wmb& + n = wmsn `b& + kb = `skb

e¨ÄbmwÜ NwUZ k‡ãi D`vniY e¨ÄbmwÜ Aby‡”Q` = Aby + †Q` D×vi = Dr + nvi D”Q¡vm = Dr + k¦vm D˜NvUb = Dr + NvUb DbœZ = Dr + bZ KzR&SwUKv = Kzr + SwUKv RM`xk = RMr + Ck AnsKvi = Ang& + Kvi D”PviY = Dr + PviY D”Q„•Lj = Dr + k„•Lj D‡`¨vM = Dr + †hvM Dbœqb = Dr + bqb Pj”Qwe = Pjr + Qwe RMbœv_ = RMr + bv_ Dj−vm = Dr + jvm D¾¡j = Dr + R¡j D‡j−L = Dr + †jL D`¨g = Dr + `g K…wó = K…l& + wZ wPb¥q = wPr + gq RMb¥q = RMr + gq

mwÜ wYRš— = wYP& + Aš— Zw×Z = Z`& + wnZ w`M&MR = w`K& + MR c×wZ = c`& + nwZ ev•gq = evK& + gq hv”&Tv = hvP& + bv loFZz = lU& + FZz †lvok = lU& + `k mÂq = mg& + Pq ZrKvj = Z`& + Kvj Zb¥‡a¨ = Zr + g‡a¨ `y¨‡jvK = w`e + †jvK cÖwZ”Qwe = cÖwZ + Qwe eb¯úwZ = eb + cwZ ivÁx = ivR& + bx lohš¿ = lU &+ hš¿ m”PwiÎ = mr + PwiÎ msev` = mg& + ev` Zrmg = Z`& + mg w`Mš— = w`K& + Aš— cwi”Q` = cwi + Q` cwi‡”Q` = cwi + †Q` g„b¥q = g„r + gq lô = ll& + _ lY¥vm = lU& + gvm m¾b = mr + Rb msMxZ = mg& + MxZ

25

Abykxjbx
1. mwÜ Kv‡K e‡j? D`vniYmn †jL| 2. mwÜ Kq cÖKvi I Kx Kx? D`vniYmn †jL| 3. mwÜi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kx? D`vniY w`‡q eywS‡q `vI| 4. e¨ÄbmwÜ Kv‡K e‡j? D`vniYmn †jL| 5. mwÜe× kã Avjv`v K‡i †`LvI : KzR&SwUKv, Pj”Qwe, RM`xk, ZrKvj, Zrmg, w`Mš—, cwi”Q`, c×wZ, eb¯úwZ, msev`, msMxZ

6. mwÜ Ki :
RMr + bv_ = w`K& + Aš— = cwi + Q` = g„r + gq = mr + Rb = RMr + gq = w`K& + MR = c`& + nwZ = lU& + FZz = mg& + ev` = Z`& + wnZ = w`e + †jvK = eb + cwZ = lU& + `k = mg& + MxZ =

26

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

Kg©-Abykxjb
1| mwÜi msÁv Ges mwÜi cÖKvi‡f` D‡j−Lc~e©K wewfbœ cÖKvi mwÜi cwiPq GKwU †cv÷vi †ccv‡i my›`i K‡i mvwR‡q †jL|

2| QK Abyhvqx wb‡Pi k㸇jvi mwÜ we‡k−lY Ki Ges mwÜi wbqg †jL : kã bevbœ ï‡f”Qv †`‡e›`ª bx‡jvrcj g‡nvrme kxZvZ© wn‰Zlx BZ¨vw` mwÜ-we‡k−lY mwÜi wbqg

27

5. kã I c`
5.1 KviK I wefw³ evsjv e¨vKi‡Y ÔKviKÕ GKwU mycwiwPZ cÖm½| ÔKviKÕ kãwUi A_©, †h †Kv‡bv KvR ev wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i| ev‡K¨ KZ©vB wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i| myZivs KZ©vB KviK GB iKg g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| wKš—z e¨vKi‡Y ïay KZ©vB KviK bq| KZ©v Kx Ki‡Q, Kvi mvnv‡h¨ Ki‡Q, †Kv_vq Ki‡Q A_©vr wµqv m¤úv`‡bi Aej¤^b, DcKiY, †nZz, ¯’vb, Kvj BZ¨vw` mewKQyB G‡¶‡Î we‡eP¨| wµqv m¤úv`‡b wµqvi m‡½ Hme e¨w³, e¯‘, ¯’vb, Kvj BZ¨vw`i †h m¤úK© i‡q‡Q, e¨vKi‡Y Zv KviK bv‡g AwfwnZ|

Kvi‡Ki msÁv ev‡K¨i Aš—M©Z wµqvc‡`i m‡½ we‡kl¨ I me©bvg c‡`i †h m¤úK©, Zv‡K KviK e‡j|

Kvi‡Ki cÖKvi‡f` evK¨w¯’Z wµqvc‡`i m‡½ we‡kl¨ ev me©bvg c‡`i Qq cÖKv‡ii m¤úK© n‡q _v‡K| GB m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ KviK Qq cÖKvi| †hgb : 1. KZ©„KviK, 4. m¤úª`vb KviK, 2. Kg©KviK, 5. Acv`vb KviK I 3. KiY KviK, 6. AwaKiY KviK

wb‡P GKwU ev‡K¨i mvnv‡h¨ GB m¤ú‡K©i m~Îmg~n †`Lv‡bv n‡jv : Ôev`kv bvwmi DwÏb cÖZ¨n mKv‡j ivR‡Kvl n‡Z ¯^n‡¯— `wi`ª‡`i‡K ab `vb Ki‡Zb|Õ 1. †K `vb Ki‡Zb ? ev`kv bvwmi DwÏb (KZ…©KviK) 2. Kx `vb Ki‡Zb? ab (Kg©KviK) 3. Kx Øviv `vb Ki‡Zb? ¯^n‡¯— (KiY KviK) 4. Kv‡`i‡K `vb Ki‡Zb? `wi`ª‡`i‡K (m¤úª`vb KviK) 5. †Kv_v n‡Z `vb Ki‡Zb? ivR‡Kvl n‡Z (Acv`vb KviK) 6. KLb `vb Ki‡Zb? cÖZ¨n mKv‡j (AwaKiY KviK)

KviK wbY©‡qi cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ
1. wµqv‡K Ô†KÕ Øviv cÖ‡kœi Dˇi cvIqv hv‡e KZ©„KviK| 2. wµqv‡K ÔKx ev Kv‡KÕ Øviv cÖ‡kœi Dˇi cvIqv hv‡e Kg©KviK| 3. wµqv‡K ÔKx ØvivÕ cÖ‡kœi Dˇi cvIqv hv‡e KiY KviK| 4. wµqv‡K ÔKv‡KÕ (¯^Z¡Z¨vM K‡i cÖ`vb) Øviv cÖ‡kœi Dˇi cvIqv hv‡e m¤úª`vb KviK|

28 5. wµqv‡K Ô†Kv_v n‡ZÕ cÖ‡kœi Dˇi cvIqv hv‡e Acv`vb KviK|

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

6. wµqv‡K Ô†Kv_vqÕ, ÔKLbÕ Øviv cÖ‡kœi Dˇi cvIqv hv‡e AwaKiY KviK|

wefw³ ev‡K¨i k㸇jvi wbw`©ó web¨vm _v‡K| web¨vmB mgMÖ ev‡K¨i A_© ¯úó K‡i †`q| †`Lv hvq, ev‡K¨i h_vh_ A_© Ávc‡bi Rb¨ evK¨w¯’Z bvg k㸇jvi m‡½ KL‡bv KL‡bv eY© ev eY©mgwó hy³ n‡q _v‡K| GB eY© ev eY©mgwói bvg wefw³| evsjv ev‡K¨i c`¸‡jvi cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ KviK wb‡`©‡ki Rb¨ GB wefw³¸‡jvi mwe‡kl ¸i“Z¡ i‡q‡Q| A‡bK mgq wefw³i cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| wefw³ bv _vK‡j k~b¨ wefw³ (0) a‡i wb‡Z nq| †hgb : mܨvq AvKv‡k Puv` D‡V‡Q| GB ev‡K¨ wZbwU bvg kã Av‡Q mܨv, AvKvk, Puv`| Avi ÔD‡V‡QÕ n‡jv wµqvc`| mgMÖ evK¨wUi A_©MÖvn¨Zvi Rb¨ ÔmܨvÕ k‡ãi m‡½ ÔqÕ, ÔAvKvkÕ k‡ãi m‡½ ÔGÕ hy³ n‡q‡Q| ÔqÕ, ÔGÕ n‡jv wefw³| Puv`-Gi m‡½ †Kv‡bv eY© hy³ nqwb cÖ‡qvRb †bB e‡j| wKš—z e¨vKiYg‡Z, †mLv‡bI wefw³ Av‡Q, Z‡e Zv k~b¨ (0) wefw³| k~b¨ (0) wefw³‡K A-wefw³I ejv nq| mgMÖ evK¨wUi web¨vm GB iKg : mܨvq AvKv‡k Puv` D‡V‡Q| mܨv+q AvKvk+G Puv`+0 I‡V‡Q| GB ev‡K¨i wef³ Ask¸‡jvB (q, G, 0) wefw³| msÁv ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ †h eY© ev eY©mgwó ev‡K¨i A_©MÖvn¨Zvq mvnvh¨ K‡i, Zv‡`i wefw³ ejv nq| wefw³i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv evsjvq Ggb A‡bK evK¨ i‡q‡Q, †h¸‡jv‡Z wµqvc` †bB| †hgb : gv‡V gv‡V ARmª dmj| †QvU †QvU wWwO †bŠKv¸‡jv b`x‡Z fvmgvb| GB RvZxq wµqvnxb A‡bK evK¨ evsjvq i‡q‡Q| wµqv †bB e‡j GB evK¨¸‡jvi Aš—M©Z bvg k㸇jvi KviKI †bB| †mRb¨ ejv nq evsjv evK¨ KviK-cÖavb bq| wKš—z wefw³ Qvov evsjv evK¨ wVKfv‡e MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i bv Ges evK¨I A_©MÖvn¨ nq bv| Ic‡ii `ywU ev‡K¨i wefw³ Zz‡j wb‡j evK¨¸‡jv h_vh_ A_© cÖKvk Ki‡e bv| ÔgvV gvV ARmª dmjÕ wKsev Ô†QvU †QvU wWwO †bŠKv¸‡jv b`x fvmgvbÕ evK¨ wn‡m‡e ÎywUc~Y©| cÖ_g ev‡K¨ ÔGÕ wefw³ (gvV+G), wØZxq ev‡K¨ Ô†ZÕ wefw³ (b`x+†Z) evK¨ `ywUi web¨vm I A_© wVK K‡i w`‡q‡Q| ÔMv‡Qi cvZvq iv‡Zi wkwki †j‡M Av‡QÕ ⎯GB ev‡K¨I Avgiv †`LwQ Gi wefw³ [MvQ+Gi, ivZ+Gi] I ÔqÕ wefw³ [cvZv+q] evK¨wU‡K m¤ú~Y© A_©MÖvn¨

kã I c`

29

K‡i‡Q| bZzev ÔMvQ cvZv ivZ wkwkiÕ †Kv‡bv evK¨ bq| Zvn‡j †evSv hv‡”Q, wefw³ ev‡K¨i Aš—M©Z kã A_©vr c`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ m¤úK© m„wó K‡i Ges ev‡K¨i A_© wbw`©ó K‡i| †mRb¨ evsjv evK¨ wefw³cÖavb| Gi †_‡K evsjv ev‡K¨ wefw³i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyaveb Kiv hvq| Aek¨ me mgq wefw³ w`‡q evsjv fvlv fve cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, †mme †¶‡Î wefw³i ¯’v‡b wefw³-¯’vbxq wKQzkã †hgb ÔØvivÕ, Ôw`‡qÕ, ÔKZ…©KÕ, Ôn‡ZÕ, Ô†_‡KÕ, Ô†P‡qÕ BZ¨vw` e¨eüZ nq|

wefw³i cÖKvi‡f` wefw³ `yB cÖKvi| h_v : 1. kã wefw³ ev bvg wefw³ I 2. wµqv wefw³|

1. kã wefw³ ev bvg wefw³ kã ev bvg c‡`i m‡½ †hme wefw³ hy³ nq, Zv‡K kã wefw³ ev bvg wefw³ e‡j| †hgb : wf¶zK‡K wf¶v `vI| (wf¶zK + †K)

2. wµqv wefw³ avZz ev wµqvc‡`i m‡½ †hme wefw³ hy³ nq, Zv‡K wµqv wefw³ e‡j| †hgb : wZwb evwo hv‡eb (√hv + Be& + Gb = hvB‡eb > hv‡eb)| kã wefw³i m‡½ Kvi‡Ki Ges wµqv wefw³i m‡½ Kvj I cyi“‡li cÖZ¨¶ m¤^Ü i‡q‡Q| kã wefw³ ev bvg wefw³ KviK wb‡`©k K‡i e‡j G¸‡jv‡K KviK wefw³I ejv nq| KviK‡f‡` kã wefw³ mvZ cÖKvi| †hgb : cÖ_gv, wØZxqv, Z…Zxqv, PZz_©x, cÂgx, lôx I mßgx| evsjvq A‡bK †¶‡ÎB wefw³nxb c` cvIqv hvq| GB Abycw¯’Z wefw³‡K ejv nq k~b¨ (0) wefw³| GKePb I eûeP‡b KviK wefw³i i~c : wefw³ cÖ_gv wØZxqv Z…Zxqv PZz_x© cÂgx lôx mßgx GKePb k~b¨ (0), A, G, (q), †Z †K, †i, G‡i Øviv, w`qv, KZ©„K †K, †i, G‡i n‡Z, †_‡K, †P‡q i, Gi G, q, †Z, G‡Z eûePb iv, Giv, ¸wj (¸‡jv), MY w`M‡K, w`‡M‡i, †`‡i w`‡Mi Øviv, †`i Øviv, w`M KZ…©K w`M‡K, w`‡M‡i, †`‡i w`‡Mi n‡Z, †`i n‡Z, w`‡Mi †P‡q w`‡Mi, †`i, ¸wji, M‡Yi w`‡M, w`‡M‡Z, ¸wj‡Z

30

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

1. KZ©„KviK cvwL Wv‡K| †m hvq| eyjeywj‡Z avb †L‡q‡Q| Dwj−wLZ evK¨ wZbwU‡Z Wv‡K, hvq Ges †L‡q‡Q wµqvc`| GB wµqv¸‡jv m¤úv`b Ki‡Q h_vµ‡g cvwL, †m Ges eyjeywj| myZivs cvwL, †m Ges eyjeywj KZ©„KviK| †h wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i Zv‡K KZ©v e‡j Ges wµqvi m‡½ KZ…m¤^Ühy³ c`B KZ…©KviK| © msÁv evK¨w¯’Z †h we‡kl¨ ev me©bvg c` wµqv m¤úbœ K‡i, Zv‡K KZ…©KviK e‡j| KZ©„Kvi‡Ki cÖKvi‡f` wµqv m¤úv`‡bi ˆewPΨ ev ˆewkó¨ Abyhvqx KZ©…KviK Qq cÖKvi| †hgb : K. gyL¨KZ©v : †h wb‡RB wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i, †m-B gyL¨KZ©v| †hgb : †Nvov Mvwo Uv‡b| gyljav‡i e„wó co‡Q| L. cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v : g~j KZ©v hLb Ab¨‡K †Kv‡bv Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ K‡i wµqv m¤úbœ Kivq, ZLb Zv‡K cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v e‡j| †hgb : gv wkï‡K Puv` †`Lv‡”Qb| GLv‡b ÔgvÕ cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v | M. cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v : g~j KZ©vi KiYxq KvR hvi Øviv m¤úvw`Z nq, Zv‡K cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v e‡j| †hgb : gv wkï‡K Puv` †`Lv‡”Qb| wk¶K QvÎMY‡K cov‡”Qb| GLv‡b ÔwkïÕ Ges ÔQvÎMYÕ cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v | N. e¨wZnvi KZ©v : ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ `ywU KZ©v hLb GK‡Î GKRvZxq wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i, ZLb Zv‡`i e¨wZnvi KZ©v e‡j| †hgb : †mqv‡b †mqv‡b jovB| ev‡N-gwn‡l GK Nv‡U Rj Lvq|

kã I c` KZ…©Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i cÖ‡qvM cÖ_gv wefw³ wØZxqv wefw³ Z…Zxqv wefw³ lôx wefw³ mßgx wefw³ : wknve eB c‡o| : wkgyj‡K †h‡Z n‡e| : bRi“j KZ…©K AwMœexYv iwPZ n‡q‡Q| : Avgvi LvIqv nqwb| : QvM‡j wKbv Lvq|

31

2. Kg©KviK
†Nvov Mvwo Uv‡b| kv‡n` eB c‡o| msÁv : hv‡K Avkªq K‡i KZ©v wµqv m¤úbœ K‡i, Zv‡K Kg©KviK e‡j| Dwj−wLZ evK¨ `ywU‡Z Ô†NvovÕ Ges Ôkv‡n`Õ h_vµ‡g ÔMvwoÕ Ges ÔeBÕ-†K Avkªq K‡i ÔUvbvÕ Ges ÔcovÕ wµqv m¤úbœ K‡i| myZivs ÔMvwoÕ Ges ÔeBÕ Kg©KviK| Kg©Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i cÖ‡qvM cÖ_gv wefw³ : cywjk WvK| wØZxqv wefw³ : Avwg Zv‡K wPwb| lôx wefw³ : †`‡ki †mev Ki| mßgx wefw³ : wRÁvwme R‡b R‡b|

3. KiY KviK
ÔKiYÕ kãwUi A_© hš¿, mnvq ev Dcvq| A_©vr wµqv wb®úwËi e¨vcv‡i hv cÖavb mnvq Zv-B KiY| msÁv : KZ©v hvi mvnv‡h¨ wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i, Zv‡K KiY KviK e‡j| †hgb : †Q‡jiv ej †L‡j| eb¨vq †`k c−vweZ n‡jv| KjgwU †mvbvq †gvov| KiY Kvi‡K mvaviYZ Z…Zxqv wefw³ nq| KiY Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i cÖ‡qvM cÖ_gv wefw³ : †Q‡jiv ej †L‡j| Z…Zxqv wefw³ : Avgiv Kvb Øviv ïwb| cÂgx wefw³ : G mš—vb n‡Z †`‡ki gyL D¾¡j n‡e| lôx wefw³ : Zvi gv_vq jvwVi AvNvZ K‡iv bv| mßgx wefw³ : AvKvk †g‡N XvKv|

32

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

4. m¤úª`vb KviK
Ôm¤úª`vbÕ A_© †¯^”Qvq `vb| msÁv : hv‡K ¯^Z¡ Z¨vM K‡i †Kv‡bv wKQy `vb Kiv nq, †mB `vb-MÖnxZv‡K m¤úª`vb KviK e‡j| †hgb : wf¶zK‡K wf¶v `vI| AÜR‡b †`n Av‡jv| e¯¿nx‡b e¯¿ `vI| wKš—z Ô¯^Z¡ Z¨vMÕ bv †evSv‡j m¤úª`vb KviK n‡e bv| †hgb : †avcv‡K Kvco `vI| G‡¶‡Î Ô †avcvÕ m¤úª`vb KviK bq KviY Ô†avcv‡KÕ Kvco KL‡bvB ¯^Z¡ Z¨vM K‡i †`Iqv nq bv| ÁvZe¨ : ms¯‹…Z e¨vKi‡Yi Abymi‡Y evsjv fvlvq m¤úª`vb Kvi‡Ki e¨envi P‡j Avm‡Q| wKš—z m¤úª`vb KviK Ges Kg© Kvi‡Ki wefw³ wPý GK| †Kej `v‡bi cÖm‡½ A‡bK e¨vKiY-we‡klÁ m¤úª`vb Kvi‡Ki c„_K Aw¯—Z¡ ¯^xKv‡i A¯^xK…wZ Ávcb K‡i‡Qb| m¤úª`vb Kvi‡K mvaviYZ PZz_x© wefw³ nq| m¤úª`vb Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i cÖ‡qvM cÖ_gv wefw³ PZz_x© wefw³ lôx wefw³ mßgx wefw³ : ¸i“ `w¶Yv `vI| : `wi`ª‡K `vb Ki| : wf¶zK‡`i wf¶v `vI| : `x‡b `qv Ki|

5. Acv`vb KviK msÁv : hv †_‡K †Kv‡bv wKQy wePy¨Z, cwZZ, M„nxZ, RvZ, iw¶Z, weiZ, `~ixf‚Z I Drcbœ Ges hv †`‡L †KD fxZ nq, Zv‡K Acv`vb KviK e‡j| †hgb : wePy¨Z cwZZ M„nxZ RvZ iw¶Z weiZ Drcbœ fxZ : e„¶ †_‡K cvZv S‡i| : †g‡N e„wó nq| : wSbyK †_‡K gy³v †g‡j| : Rwg †_‡K dmj cvB| : wec‡` †gv‡i i¶v Ki| : cv‡c weiZ nI| : wZ‡j ˆZj nq| : my›`ie‡b ev‡Ni fq Av‡Q|

`~ixf‚Z : †`k †_‡K wec` P‡j †M‡Q|

kã I c` Acv`vb Kvi‡K mvaviYZ cÂgx wefw³ nq| Acv`vb Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i cª‡qvM cÖ_gv wefw³ wØZxqv wefw³ Z…Zxqv wefw³ cÂgx wefw³ lôx wefw³ mßgx wefw³ : : : : : : †UªbwU XvKv Qvoj| evev‡K eÇ fq cvB| Zvi †PvL w`‡q cvwb co‡Q| †R‡jiv b`x †_‡K gvQ ai‡Q| ev‡Ni f‡q mK‡j fxZ| `y‡a `B nq|

33

6. AwaKiY KviK msÁv : †h ¯’v‡b, †h Kv‡j ev †h wel‡q wµqv m¤úbœ nq, Zv‡K wµqvi Avavi e‡j| wµqvi Avavi‡K AwaKiY KviK e‡j| †hgb : e‡b evN _v‡K| em‡š— †KvwKj Wv‡K| cÖKvi‡f` A_©‡f‡` AwaKiY KviK Pvi cÖKvi| †hgb : K. ¯’vbvwaKiY; L. KvjvwaKiY; M. welqvwaKiY I N. fvevwaKiY| K. ¯’vbvwaKiY : †h ¯’v‡b wµqv m¤úbœ nq, Zv‡K ¯’vbvwaKiY KviK e‡j| †hgb : R‡j Kzwgi _v‡K| L. KvjvwaKiY : †h Kv‡j wµqv m¤úbœ nq, Zv‡K KvjvwaKiY KviK e‡j| †hgb : ki‡Z kvcjv †dv‡U| M. welqvwaKiY : †Kv‡bv wel‡q `¶Zv ev A¶gZv cÖKv‡k wµqv wb®úbœ n‡j, Zv‡K welqvwaKiY KviK e‡j| †hgb : wZwb Bs‡iwR‡Z fv‡jv| kwdK MwY‡Z KuvPv| N. fvevwaKiY : GKwU wµqv Ab¨ wµqvi Ici wbf©i Ki‡j wbf©ikxj wµqvc`wU fveevP‡K cwiYZ n‡q AwaKiY n‡j, Zv‡K fvevwaKiY KviK e‡j| †hgb : m~‡h©v`‡q AÜKvi `~ixf‚Z nq| G‡¶‡Î ÔAÜKvi `~ixf‚Z nIqvÕ Ôm~‡h©v`‡qiÕ Ici wbf©ikxj| AZGe Ôm~‡h©v`‡qÕ fvevwaKiY KviK| Abyi~c : nvwm‡Z gy³v S‡i| AwaKiY Kvi‡K mvaviYZ mßgx wefw³ nq| wZwb e¨vKi‡Y cwÊZ|

34 AwaKiY Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i cÖ‡qvM cÖ_gv wefw³ wØZxqv wefw³ Z…Zxqv wefw³ cÂgx wefw³ mßgx wefw³ : : : : : Avwg AvMvgx Kvj evwo hve| gb Avgvi bv‡P‡i AvwR‡K| wLwjcv‡b w`‡q JlaUv †L‡q wbI| Qv` †_‡K b`x †`Lv hvq| e‡b evN _v‡K|

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

5.2 m¤^Ü I m‡¤^vab c` ev‡K¨ wµqvi m‡½ Ab¨vb¨ c‡`i †h m¤^Ü, Zv‡K KviK e‡j| wKš—z wµqvc‡`i m‡½ m¤úK© bv †i‡L †h bvgc` evK¨w¯’Z Ab¨ c‡`i m‡½ m¤úK©hy³ nq, Zv‡K m¤^Ü c` e‡j| †hgb : iv‡gi fvB XvKv hv‡e| GLv‡b Ôiv‡giÕ m‡½ ÔfvB‡qiÕ m¤úK© Av‡Q wKš—z Ôhv‡eÕ wµqvc‡`i m‡½ †Kv‡bv m¤^Ü †bB| myZivs wµqvi m‡½ m¤^Ü c‡`i †Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB e‡j m¤^Ü c` KviK bq| m¤^Ü c‡`i wefw³ K. m¤^Ü c‡` lôx (ÔiÕ ev ÔGiÕ) wefw³ nq| †hgb : †mvbv + i = †mvbvi (_vjv)| Zv‡iK + Gi = Zv‡i‡Ki (fvB)| L. mgqevPK A‡_© m¤^Ü c‡` Kvi > †Ki wefw³ hy³ nq| †hgb : AvwR + Kvi = AvwRKvi > AvR‡Ki (Lei)| c~‡e© + Kvi = c~‡e©Kvi (NUbv)| m‡¤^vab c` m‡¤^vab A_© ÔAvnŸvbÕ| hv‡K m‡¤^vab ev AvnŸvb K‡i wKQy ejv nq, Zv‡K m‡¤^vab c` e‡j| †hgb : I‡n BKevj, Gw`‡K G‡mv| gvaex, GLv‡b G‡mv| GLv‡b ÔBKevjÕ I ÔgvaexÕ m‡¤^vab c`| KviY Zv‡`i‡K AvnŸvb ev m‡¤^vab K‡i wKQy ejv n‡q‡Q| m‡¤^vab c` ev‡K¨i Ask wKš—z GB m‡¤^vab c‡`i m‡½ ev‡K¨i wµqvc‡`i †Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB| evK¨w¯’Z wµqvc‡`i m‡½ †Kv‡bv m¤^Ü _v‡K bv e‡j m‡¤^vab c` KviK bq| wewfbœ Kvi‡K GKB wefw³i cÖ‡qvM mKj Kvi‡K Ôk~b¨Õ wefw³i cÖ‡qvM KZ©…Kvi‡K Ôk~b¨Õ wefw³ : myRb ¯‹z‡j hvq|

kã I c` Kg©Kvi‡K Ôk~b¨ Õ wefw³ KiY Kvi‡K Ôk~b¨Õ wefw³ m¤úª`vb Kvi‡K Ôk~b¨Õ wefw³ Acv`vb Kvi‡K Ôk~b¨Õ wefw³ AwaKiY Kvi‡K Ôk~b¨Õ wefw³ : : : : : †Nvov Mvwo Uv‡b| †Q‡jiv ej †L‡j| wf¶v `vI †`wL‡j wf¶zK| †UªbwU XvKv Qvoj| Avgiv Lyjbv hve|

35

mKj Kvi‡K ÔGÕ ev ÔmßgxÕ wefw³i cÖ‡qvM KZ…©Kvi‡K ÔGÕ wefw³ Kg©Kvi‡K ÔGÕ wefw³ KiY Kvi‡K ÔGÕ wefw³ m¤úª`vb Kvi‡K ÔGÕ wefw³ Acv`vb Kvi‡K ÔGÕ wefw³ AwaKiY Kvi‡K ÔGÕ wefw³ : : : : : : cvM‡j wKbv e‡j| wRÁvwme R‡b R‡b| Áv‡b wegj Avb›` jvf nq| `x‡b `qv Ki| wZ‡j ˆZj nq| e‡b evN _v‡K|

†gvUv A¶‡ii c`¸‡jvi KviK I wefw³ wbY©q
A_© Ab_© NUvq| AÜR‡b †`n Av‡jv| Abœnx‡b Abœ `vI| AvKvk †g‡N XvKv| Avgvi fvZ LvIqv n‡jv bv| Avgvi LvIqv n‡jv bv| AvKv‡k Puv` I‡V‡Q| BU-cv_‡ii evwo †ek k³| B‡Ui evwo mn‡R fv‡½ bv| G Kj‡g fv‡jv †jLv nq| G Rwg‡Z †mvbv d‡j| G Kj‡g †ek †jLv hvq| K‡g© k~b¨| m¤úª`v‡b mßgx m¤úª`v‡b mßgx AwaKi‡Y k~b¨ K‡g© k~b¨ KZ…©Kvi‡K lôx AwaKi‡Y mßgx Ki‡Y lôx Ki‡Y lôx Ki‡Y mßgx AwaKi‡Y mßgx Ki‡Y mßgx

36 Kvbœvq †kvK g›`xf‚Z nq| Kv‡Pi wRwbm mn‡R fv‡O| Kvb‡b Kzmyg Kwj mKwj dzwUj| K…lK jv½j Pl‡Q| Kvwji `vM mn‡R I‡V bv| Kv‡R gb `vI| Mvwo †÷kb Qvoj| MM‡b Mi‡R †gN Nb eilv| Muv‡q gv‡b bv Avcwb †gvoj| Miy‡Z Mvwo Uv‡b| ¸iyR‡b Ki fw³/bwZ| M„nnx‡b M„n `vI| MM‡b Mi‡R †gN| †Nvovq Mvwo Uv‡b| N‡i‡Z ågi G‡jv ¸b¸wb‡q| †Pv‡ii f‡q Nyg Av‡m bv| Qv` †_‡K b`x †`Lv hvq| Qv‡` e„wó c‡o| †Q‡jwU A‡¼ KuvPv| QvM‡j wKbv Lvq| Rj‡K Pj| Rj c‡o cvZv b‡o| Rwg‡Z †mvbv d‡j| R‡ji wjLb _v‡K bv| wRÁvwme R‡b R‡b| AwaKi‡Y mßgx Ki‡Y lôx AwaKi‡Y mßgx Ki‡Y k~b¨ m¤^‡Ü lôx K‡g© mßgx Acv`v‡b k~b¨ AwaKi‡Y mßgx KZ…©Kvi‡K mßgx KZ©„Kvi‡K mßgx K‡g© mßgx m¤úª`v‡b mßgx KZ©„Kvi‡K k~b¨ KZ©„Kvi‡K mßgx AwaKi‡Y mßgx Acv`v‡b lôx AwaKi‡Y cÂgx AwaKi‡Y mßgx AwaKi‡Y mßgx KZ©„Kvi‡K mßgx wbwgËv‡_© PZz_x© KZ©„Kvi‡K k~b¨ AwaKi‡Y mßgx Ki‡Y lôx K‡g© mßgx

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

kã I c` Rx‡e `qv K‡i mvayRb| Áv‡b wegj Avb›` nq| †R‡j gvQ a‡i| R‡j Kzwgi Wv½vq evN| wSby‡K gy³v Av‡Q| UvKvq wKbv nq| †UªbwU XvKv †Q‡o‡Q| UvKvi †jvf fv‡jv bq| Wv³vi WvK| wZwb e¨vKi‡Y cwÊZ| wZ‡j ˆZj nq| wZwb n‡R †M‡Qb| wZwb evwo †bB| Zviv dzUej †L‡j| Zvi a‡g© gwZ Av‡Q| `‡k wg‡j Kwi KvR| `y‡a Qvbv nq| `wi`ª‡K ab `vI| †avcv‡K Kvco `vI| avb †_‡K PvDj nq| abx `wi`ª‡K N„Yv K‡i| †`‡ki Rb¨ cÖvY `vI| w`e †Zvgv kª×v fw³| bZzb av‡b¨ n‡e bevbœ| wb‡Ri †Póvq eo nI| m¤úª`v‡b mßgx Ki‡Y mßgx KZ…©Kvi‡K mßgx AwaKi‡Y mßgx AwaKi‡Y mßgx Ki‡Y mßgx Acv`v‡b k~b¨ m¤^‡Ü lôx K‡g© k~b¨ AwaKi‡Y mßgx Acv`v‡b mßgx wbwgËv‡_© mßgx AwaKi‡Y k~b¨ Ki‡Y k~b¨ AwaKi‡Y mßgx KZ…©Kvi‡K mßgx Acv`v‡b mßgx m¤úª`v‡b PZz_x© K‡g© wØZxqv Acv`v‡b cÂgx K‡g© wØZxqv m¤úª`v‡b lôx m¤úª`v‡b k~b¨ Ki‡Y mßgx Ki‡Y mßgx

37

38 bRiyj KZ©„K AwMœexYv iwPZ nq| b`x‡Z gvQ Av‡Q| wk¶K‡K kª×v KwiI| wkKvwi weovj †Muv‡d †Pbv hvq| kª×vevb j‡f Ávb A‡b¨ Kfz bq| me©wk‡l¨ Ávb †`b ¸i“ gnvkq| m‡ive‡i cÙ R‡b¥| me wSby‡K gy³v wg‡j bv| m~h© DV‡j AÜKvi `~i nq| me©v‡½ e¨_v Jla †`e †Kv_v | mvcy‡o mvc †Ljvq| mgy`ªR‡j jeY Av‡Q| me©f‚‡Z `vb Ki| †m evwo †bB| nv‡Z KvR Ki| ü`q Avgvi bv‡P‡i AvwR‡K| KZ…©Kvi‡K 3qv AwaKi‡Y mßgx Kg©Kvi‡K wØZxqv Ki‡Y mßgx KZ…©Kvi‡K k~b¨ K‡g© mßgx AwaKi‡Y mßgx AwaKi‡Y mßgx K‡g© k~b¨ AwaKi‡Y mßgx KZ„©Kvi‡K k~b¨ AwaKi‡Y mßgx m¤úª`v‡b mßgx AwaKi‡Y k~b¨ Ki‡Y mßgx AwaKi‡Y wØZxqv

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

Abykxjbx
1| KviK Kv‡K e‡j? KviK Kq cÖKvi I Kx Kx? D`vniYmn cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi Kvi‡Ki cwiPq `vI| 2| KviK-wefw³ ej‡Z Kx †evS? GKePb I eûeP‡bi KviK-wefw³i wPý¸‡jv †jL| 3| KZ„©KviK Kv‡K e‡j? KZ©„Kvi‡Ki cÖKvi‡f`¸‡jv D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4| AwaKiY KviK Kv‡K e‡j? AwaKiY KviK Kq cÖKvi I Kx Kx? cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKv‡ii `ywU K‡i D`vniY `vI| 5| Ôm¤^Ü Ges m‡¤^vab c` KviK bq †Kb? Õ D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Ki| 6| mKj Kvi‡K ÔGÕ ev ÔmßgxÕ wefw³i cÖ‡qvM †`LvI| 7| mKj Kvi‡K Ôk~b¨Õ wefw³i cÖ‡qvM †`LvI|

39

5.3 kãi~c
GKwU kã‡K wewfbœ Kvi‡K, m¤^Ü c` wn‡m‡e Ges m‡¤^va‡b e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡j, wefw³ I AbymM© †hvM K‡i mswk−ó k‡ãi †hi~c nq, Zv‡K ejv nq kãi~c| †hgb : evjK + †K = evjK‡K, evjK + Gi = evj‡Ki| wb‡P we‡kl¨ kã ÔgvbylÕ Ges me©bvg kã ÔAvwgÕ, ÔZzwgÕ I Ô†mÕÑ Gi GKeP‡bi I eûeP‡bi kãi~c †`Lv‡bv n‡jv : (K) we‡kl¨ k‡ãi i~c : gvbyl gvbyl KviK KZ©v Kg© KiY m¤cÖ`vb Acv`vb m¤^Ü c` AwaKiY m‡¤^vab GKePb gvbyl, gvby‡l (gvbyl+G) gvbyl‡K (gvbyl+†K) gvbyl Øviv, gvbyl w`qv > w`‡q gvbyl‡K w`‡q gvbyl‡K (gvbyl + †K) gvbyl nB‡Z, gvbyl n‡Z, gvbyl †_‡K, gvby‡li KvQ †_‡K gvby‡li gvby‡li †n gvbyl! eûePb gvby‡liv (gvbyl + Giv) gvbyl¸wj-¸‡jv, gvbylMY, gvbylmKj gvbyl‡`i| gvbylw`M‡K, gvbyl‡`i‡K (w`M+†K) (†`i+†K) gvbyl¸wj Øviv, gvbyl¸wj‡K w`‡q

gvbylw`M nB‡Z, gvbyl‡`i KvQ †_‡K; gvbyl¸wji KvQ †_‡K gvbylw`‡Mi, gvbyl‡`i, gvbyl¸wji gvbylw`‡Mi, gvbylM‡Yi gvbyl¸wji, gvbyl‡`i †n gvbylMY, gvbylme

(L) me©bvg k‡ãi i~c : Avwg, Zzwg, †m

Avwg
KviK GKePb eûePb KZ©v Avwg Avgiv, Avgiv-me, Avgiv-mK‡j Kg© I Avgv‡K Avgvw`M‡K > Avgv‡`i, Avgv‡`i‡K m¤cÖ`vb KiY Avgv Øviv, Avgvi Øviv Avgv‡K w`qv Avgvw`‡Mi Øviv, Avgv‡`i Øviv, Avgv‡`i‡K > w`‡q w`‡q

40 Acv`vb m¤^Ü AwaKiY

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ Avgv nB‡Z > n‡Z Avgvi KvQ †_‡K Avgvw`M nB‡Z, Avgvw`‡Mi wbKU nB‡Z, Avgv‡`i KvQ †_‡K Avgvi, †gvi (c‡`¨) Avgvw`‡Mi > Avgv‡`i, †gv‡`i (c‡`¨) Avgv mevKvi (c‡`¨) Avgv‡Z, Avgvi g‡a¨ Avgvw`‡M‡Z, Avgvw`‡Mi g‡a¨ > Avgv‡`i g‡a¨

Zzwg
KviK GKePb KZ©v Zzwg Kg© I †Zvgv‡K m¤cÖ`vb KiY †Zvgvi Øviv, †Zvgv‡K w`qv > w`‡q Avcv`vb eûePb †Zvgiv, †Zvgiv me †Zvgvw`M‡K, †Zvgv‡`‡K, †Zvgv‡`i‡K

mš^Ü AwaKiY

†Zvgvw`‡Mi Øviv, †Zvgv‡`i Øviv, †Zvgvw`M‡K w`qv, †Zvgv‡`i w`‡q †Zvgv nB‡Z > n‡Z, †Zvgvi wbKU †Zvgvw`M nB‡Z, †Zvgvw`‡Mi wbKU nB‡Z, nB‡Z, †Zvgvi KvQ †_‡K †Zvgv‡`i KvQ †_‡K, †Zvgvw`‡Mi > †Zvgv‡`i †Zvgv mevKvi †Zvgvi Ze (c‡`¨) †Zvgvw`‡Mi > †Zvgv‡`i, †Zvgv mevKvi (c‡`¨) †Zvgvw`‡M‡Z, †Zvgvw`‡Mi g‡a¨, †Zvgvw`‡M‡Z, †Zvgvw`‡Mi g‡a¨, †Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ †Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨

†m
KviK KZ©v Kg© m¤cÖ`vb KiY Acv`vb m¤^Ü AwaKiY †m I Zvnv‡K > Zv‡K GKePb eûePb Zvnviv > Zviv, Zviv me Zvnvw`M‡K > Zv‡`‡K, Zv‡`i‡K

Zvnv Øviv, Zvnvi Øviv, Zvnv‡K w`‡q, Zvnvw`M Øviv, Zvnv‡`i Øviv, Zv‡`i w`‡q Zv‡K w`‡q Zvnv nB‡Z, Zvnvi wbKU nB‡Z, Zvi Zvnvw`M nB‡Z, Zvnvw`‡Mi wbKU nB‡Z KvQ †_‡K, Zvi KvQ †_‡K Zvnvi, Zvi, Zm¨ Zv‡`i KvQ †_‡K, Zvnvw`‡Mi, Zvnv‡`i > Zv‡`i Zvnv‡Z, Zvnvi g‡a¨ > Zv‡Z, Zvi Zvnvw`‡M‡Z, Zvnvw`‡Mi g‡a¨ g‡a¨

kãi~c

41

5.4 we‡kl‡Yi ÔZiÕ I ÔZgÕ
ÔÑZiÕ Av‡cw¶K DrKl©evPK ev AcKl©evPK cÖZ¨q Ges ÔÑZgÕ eû e¯‘ ev e¨w³i g‡a¨ GKR‡bi me©vwaK DrKl© ev AcKl©‡evaK cÖZ¨q| `yywU e¯‘ ev e¨w³i g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki‡Z ms¯‹…‡Zi wbqgvbymv‡i we‡kl‡Yi m‡½ ÔÑZiÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ nq Ges `y‡qi †ewk e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ Zzjbv †evSv‡Z we‡kl‡Yi m‡½ hy³ nq ÔÑZgÕ cÖZ¨q| †gvUK_v, ms¯‹…Z wbqg Abyhvqx `y‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki‡Z n‡j we‡kl‡Yi m‡½ ÔÑZiÕ Ges eûi m‡½ Zzjbv Ki‡Z n‡j ÔÑZgÕ †hvM nq| ÔZiÕ Ges ÔZgÕ G `ywU cÖZ¨q‡K GKÎ K‡i n‡q‡Q⎯ ÔZiZgÕ Ñ hvi A_© ÔKg-†ewkÕ| j¶Yxq ÔZviZg¨Õ kãwUI ÔZiZgÕ †_‡K ˆZwi| †hgb : ZiZg + h = ZviZg¨|

ÔZiÕ Ges ÔZgÕ -Gi cÖ‡qvM g~j we‡klY kã e„nr ¶y`ª gnr KwVb RwUj `xN© cÖk¯— ÔÑZiÕ ÔÑZgÕ Gi ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM 1. P›`ª c„w_ex A‡c¶v ¶y`ªZi| 2. wngvjq c„w_exi D”PZg ce©Z| 3. mvnviv we‡k¦i `xN©Zg mgy`ª‰mKZ| 4. K·evRvi we‡k¦i `xN©Zg mgy`‰mKZ| 5. gvjØxc evsjv‡`‡ki †P‡q ¶y`ªZi| 6. MxZv wgZv A‡c¶v AwaKZi †gavex| 7. †gNbv evsjv‡`‡ki `xN©Zg b`x| e„nËi ¶y`ªZi gnËi KwVbZi RwUjZi `xN©Zi cÖk¯—Zi Zi-†hv‡M e„nËg ¶y`ªZg gnËg KwVbZg RwUjZg `xN©Zg cÖk¯—Zg Zg-†hvM

42

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

(L) ÔZviZvg¨Õ †evSv‡Z ms¯‹…Z Cqm& (`yB‡qi g‡a¨) I Bô (eûi g‡a¨) cÖZ¨q e¨eüZ nq| †hgb : g~j we‡klY kã ¸i“ e„× ejer Cqm&-†hv‡M Mixqm& > Mixqvb elx©qm& > elx©qvb ejxqm& > ejxqvb Bô-†hv‡M Mwiô †R¨ô ewjô

we‡kl‡Yi ZviZg¨ †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ ms¯‹…Z ixwZ LuvwU evsjv‡ZI cÖPwjZ| Z‡e evsjv fvlvi wKQz wbR¯^ ixwZI Av‡Q| `y‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbvq †P‡q, PvB‡Z, A‡c¶v cÖf…wZ Abym‡M©i e¨envi nq| †hgb: †Rg&‡mi †P‡q †hv‡md †ewk ejevb| ivg A‡c¶v k¨vg eyw×gvb| eûi m‡½ Zzjbvq Ôme©v‡c¶vÕ, Ôme‡P‡qÕ, ÔmePvB‡ZÕ, ÔmK‡ji g‡a¨Õ, Ômevi PvB‡ZÕ cÖf…wZ e¨eüZ nq| †hgb: cïi g‡a¨ n¯—x me©v‡c¶v e„nr| Mv‡Qi g‡a¨ eUMvQ me‡P‡q wekvj| mePvB‡Z fv‡jv †LRyi im Avi kx‡Zi wcVv|

6. kãMVb kã GK ev GKvwaK aŸwbi mgš^‡q ˆZwi A_©‡evaK I D”PviY‡hvM¨ GKK‡K ejv nq kã| A_©vr aŸwbi A_©c~Y© wgjb NU‡j Zv‡K kã e‡j| †hgb : ÔKÕ, ÔjÕ Ges ÔgÕ wZbwU aŸwb| G aŸwb wZbwUi wgwjZ i~c n‡jv ÔKjgÕ| ÔKjgÕ Ggb GKwU e¯‘‡K †evSv‡”Q, hv w`‡q †jLv hvq| ÔKjgÕÑ ÔKÕ, ÔjÕ, ÔgÕ aŸwbmgwói wgwjZ i~c, hv A_©c~Y©| myZivs ÔKjgÕ k‡ãi ⎯ GKwU `„óvš—| k‡ãi MVb MVbMZ w`K †_‡K kã `ywU †kªwY‡Z wef³ : K. †gŠwjK kã I L. mvwaZ kã| K. †gŠwjK kã : †hme kã we‡k−lY Kiv hvq bv ev †f‡O Avjv`v Kiv hvq bv, †m¸‡jv‡K †gŠwjK kã e‡j| †hgb : Avg, eB, Kjg BZ¨vw`| †gŠwjK kã MV‡bi cÖ_g Dcvq e‡Y©i m‡½ eY© †hvM| †hgb :

kãi~c Av + g = Avg e + B = eB K + j + g = Kjg BZ¨vw`|

43

cÖm½Z D‡j−L¨ ¯^ie‡Y©i msw¶ß i~c‡K ÔKviÕ Ges e¨Äbe‡Y©i msw¶ß i~c‡K ÔdjvÕ ejv nq| mij e‡Y©i m‡½ ÔKviÕ ev ÔdjvÕ †hvM K‡i kã MVb Kiv hvq| wb‡P ÔKviÕ I ÔdjvÕ †hv‡M kã MV‡bi D`vniY cÖ`Ë n‡jv : ÔKviÕ †hvM K‡i K& + A = K, j& + Av = jv `y‡Uvi wgj‡b K + jv = Kjv Dchy©³ D`vni‡Y K&-Gi m‡½ ÔAÕ hy³ n‡q cÖ_‡g ÔKÕ n‡q‡Q Ges j&-Gi m‡½ ÔAvÕ hy³ n‡q ÔjvÕ n‡q‡Q| ÔKÕ I ÔjvÕ wgwjZ n‡q ÔKjvÕ kãwU MwVZ n‡q‡Q| D‡j−L¨ A-Gi †Kv‡bv msw¶ß i~c †bB| AÑe¨Ä‡bi m‡½ Aš—jx©b n‡q hvq| †hgb : K& + A = K, L& + A = L| ÔdjvÕ †hvM K‡i hÑdjv (¨) iÑdjv ( ª) g-djv ( ¥ ) : : : K& + h K& + i Z& + g `& + g n& + g eÑdjv ( ) : m& + e k& + e = K¨| = µ| = Z¥| = Ù| = þ| = ¯^| = k¦| D`vniY : evK¨, HK¨, AvwaK¨| D`vniY : Pµ, eµ| D`vniY : AvZ¥| D`vniY : cÙ| D`vniY : eªvþY| D`vniY : wbt¯^| D`vniY : Ak¦, wek¦|

i-Gi Av‡iKwU msw¶ß i~c n‡”Q †id [ ©]| †id e‡Y©i kx‡l© hy³ nq| †hgb : K©| D`vniY : AK©, ZK©, mZK©| L. mvwaZ kã : †hme kã‡K we‡k−lY Ki‡j Avjv`v A_©‡evaK kã cvIqv hvq, †m¸‡jv‡K mvwaZ kã e‡j| mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv †gŠwjK ev wfwË k‡ãi m‡½ wewfbœ e¨vKiwYK Dcv`vb hy³ n‡q mvwaZ kã MwVZ nq| k‡ãi A_©-ˆewP‡Î¨i Rb¨ bvbvfv‡e k‡ãi i~c-i~cvš—i mvab Kiv nq| wewfbœ A‡_© e¨env‡ivc‡hvMx K‡i †Kv‡bv kã ev kãvs‡ki m‡½ Ab¨ kã ev kãvs‡ki wgj‡b bZzb bZzb kã MwVZ n‡q _v‡K|

44

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

ÔkãMVbÕ ej‡Z mvaviYfv‡e Avgiv kã m„wói cÖwµqv‡K ey‡S _vwK| evsjv fvlv GKwU MwZkxj fvlv| we‡k¦i Hk¦h©gwÊZ Acivci fvlvi g‡Zv evsjv fvlvi kãm¤¢vi Kv‡ji MwZavivq wewfbœ Dcv‡q MwVZ bZzb bZzb kã Øviv mg„× n‡q‡Q| bZzb kãMV‡bi ixwZwm× GB cÖwµqv‡K kãMVb ejv nq| DcmM©, cÖZ¨q, mwÜ, mgvm cÖf…wZ Dcv‡q kã MwVZ nq| †hgb : 1. DcmM©‡hv‡M kã MVb : k‡ãi c~‡e© DcmM© hy³ n‡q bZzb A_©‡evaK kã MwVZ nq| †hgb : A + †Pbv cÖ + fvZ Kvi + Lvbv = A‡Pbv = cÖfvZ = KviLvbv Abv + e„wó cÖwZ + ev` Mi + wgj = Abve„wó = cÖwZev` = Miwgj

2. mwÜi mvnv‡h¨ kã MVb : ci¯úi mwbœwnZ `ywU aŸwbi wgj‡b ev cwieZ©‡b bZyb kã MwVZ nq| †hgb : we`¨v + Avjq BwZ + Avw` †bŠ + BK = we`¨vjq = BZ¨vw` = bvweK iwe + B›`ª w`K& + Aš— cwi + Q` = iex›`ª = w`Mš— = cwi”Q`

3. cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M kã MVb : kã ev avZzi c‡i cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MwVZ nq| †hgb : wgVv + AvB Pj& + Aš— wegvb + BK = wgVvB = Pjš— = ˆegvwbK Kzmyg + BZ K… + Ze¨ gby + A = KzmywgZ = KZ©e¨ = gvbe

4. mgv‡mi mvnv‡h¨ kã MVb : ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK c‡`i GKc‡` cwiYZ nIqvi gva¨‡g bZzb kã MwVZ nq| †hgb : gvZv I wcZv w`b w`b = gvZv-wcZv = cÖwZw`b wmsn wPwýZ Avmb = wmsnvmb welv` i~c wmÜz = welv`wmÜz

5. c` cwieZ©‡bi mvnv‡h¨ kã MVb : c` cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡gI bZzb kã MwVZ nq| †hgb : A½ (we‡kl¨) > Avw½K (we‡klY)| ce©Z (we‡kl¨) > cve©Z¨ (we‡klY)| G Qvov kã‰ØZ Ges cÖev`-cÖeP‡bi mvnv‡h¨I kã MVb Kiv hvq| evsjv fvlvq kã MV‡bi wbqg Rvbv _vK‡j †Kvb kã e¨vKiYMZ †Kvb †kªwY‡Z c‡o †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kiv hvq Ges eûj cÖPwjZ k‡ãi e`‡j bZzb bZzb kã MVb K‡i fve cÖKv‡ki †¶‡Î ˆewPΨ m„wó Kiv hvq| m‡e©vcwi fvlv‡K ï×fv‡e ej‡Z, co‡Z, wjL‡Z Ges fvlvi kãfvÊvi‡K mg„× Ki‡Z kãMVb m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv

kãi~c _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|

45

we‡kl‡Yi ZviZg¨ †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev e¯‘i m‡½ Aci e¨w³ ev e¯‘i we‡kl ¸Y, Ae¯’v BZ¨vw` Zzjbv Kiv hvq| Gfv‡e Zzjbvq fv‡jv-g›`, Kg-†ewk ev DrKl©-AcKl© †evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| G ai‡bi Zzjbv Kiv‡K we‡kl‡Yi ZviZg¨ e‡j| we‡kl‡Yi ZviZg¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ evsjv I ms¯‹…Z `ywU ixwZ Av‡Q| evsjv ixwZ (K) `yB‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbvq, hvi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv nq Zvi c‡i ÔA‡c¶vÕ, Ô†P‡qÕ cÖf…wZ AbymM© hy³ nq| †hgb: PvUMuvi †P‡q XvKv eo kni| iƒcv A‡c¶v †mvbv `vwg BZ¨vw`| (L) eûi g‡a¨ Zzjbvq GKwUi DrKl© ev AcKl© Rvb‡Z n‡j Ôme©v‡c¶vÕ, Ôme‡P‡qÕ, ÔmK‡ji †P‡qÕ BZ¨vw` c` ev evK¨vsk e¨eüZ nq| †hgb : G QvÎwU me‡P‡q fv‡jv| †m mK‡ji †P‡q fv‡jv †j‡L BZ¨vw`| ms¯‹…Z ixwZ (K) `yB‡qi gv‡S Zzjbvq we‡klY k‡ãi †k‡l ÔZiÕ cÖZ¨q Ges `yB‡qi †ewki gv‡S Zzjbvq ÔZgÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ nq| †hgb : evN A‡c¶v nvwZ e„nËi| Muv‡q wZwbB weÁZg| K‡qKwU `„óvš— : g~j we‡kl‡Yi kã ¶z`ª `xN© gnr e„nr cÖk¯— Zi-†hv‡M ¶z`ªZi `xN©Zi gnËi e„nËi cÖk¯—Zi Zg-†hv‡M ¶z`ªZg `xN©Zg gnËg e„nËg cÖk¯—Zg

6.1 DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMVb evsjv fvlvq Ggb KZK¸‡jv Ae¨qm~PK kãvsk Av‡Q, †h¸‡jv KL‡bvB ¯^vaxb c` wn‡m‡e ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| e¯‘Z, †hme Ae¨q-kã avZz ev bvg k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m k㸇jvi A‡_©i m‡¼vPb, m¤cÖmviY ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b mvab K‡i, H me Ae¨q kãB DcmM©bv‡g cwiwPZ| D`vniY wn‡m‡e D‡j−L Kiv hvq : †hgb ÔfvZÕ GKwU kã| Gi c~‡e© ÔcÖÕ Ae¨qwU hy³ n‡j nq ÔcÖfvZÕ⎯hvi A_© ÔcÖZy¨lÕ ev ÔcÖvZtKvjÕ| ÔbvgÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© ÔcÖÕ †hvM Ki‡j nq ÔcÖYvgÕ ⎯ hvi A_© ÔAwfev`bÕ ev Ôbg¯‹viÕ| ÔMwZÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© ÔcÖÕ †hvM Ki‡j nq ÔcÖMwZÕ ⎯ hvi A_© ÔmvgvwRK AMÖMwZÕ ev Ômg„w×Õ| GLv‡b GKB DcmM© GKvwaK A_©‡`¨vZbvi m„wó K‡i‡Q| Avevi DcmM©‡f‡` k‡ãi A_© m¤ú~Y© e`‡j †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb : ÔbvgÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© ÔmyÕ DcmM© hy³ n‡j nq ÔmybvgÕ| Ôe`Õ

46

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

DcmM© hy³ n‡j nq Ôe`bvg|Õ j¶Yxq †h ÔmybvgÕ I Ôe`bvgÕ ⎯G kã `y‡Uvi A_© m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v| Gfv‡e wewfbœ kã ev avZzi c~‡e© wewfbœ Ae¨qm~PK kãvsk hy³ n‡q bZzb bZzb kã ˆZwi K‡i| msÁv : †hme Ae¨qm~PK kãvsk avZz ev k‡ãi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVbc~e©K A‡_©i m¤úªmviY, ms‡KvPb ev cwieZ©b mvab K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K DcmM© e‡j| cÖvgvY¨ msÁv kã ev avZzi Avw`‡Z hv †hvM nq Zv‡K e‡j DcmM©| ⎯ W±i iv‡gk¦i kÕ wb‡P ÔbvgÕ g~j k‡ãi m‡½ wewfbœ DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMV‡bi GKwU †jLwPÎ cÖ`Ë n‡jv : DcmM© cÖ cwi my e` bvg (bvg) g~jkã

DcmM©‡hv‡M MwVZ kã cÖYvg cwiYvg mybvg e`bvg

Dcm‡M©i Kvh©vewj : DcmM© GKai‡bi Dcm„wó| DcmM©‡hv‡M k‡ãi †h ai‡bi cwieZ©b N‡U Zv cÖavbZ wbgœi~c : 1. bZzb A_©‡evaK kã ˆZwi nq 2. k‡ãi A‡_©i c~Y©Zv mvwaZ nq 3. k‡ãi A‡_©i m¤úªmviY N‡U 4. k‡ãi A‡_©i ms‡KvPb N‡U Ges 5. k‡ãi A‡_©i cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq| Dcm‡M©i A_©‡`¨vZKZv Dcm‡M©i wbR¯^ †Kv‡bv A_© †bB wKš—z Giv A‡_©i †`¨vZK| DcmM© Ab¨ kã ev avZzi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q bZzb kã ˆZwi ev k‡ãi A‡_©i m¤úªmviY, ms‡KvPb ev cwieZ©b NUv‡Z cv‡i| †hgb : nv A + fvZ = nvfvZ (bZzb kã) + fve = Afve (A‡_©i ms‡KvPb) cwi + c~Y© = cwic~Y© (A‡_©i m¤úªmviY) Dc + K_v = DcK_v ( A‡_©i cwieZ©b) wKš—z ÔnvÕ, ÔcwiÕ, ÔAÕ, ÔDcÕ ÑG¸‡jvi Avjv`v †Kv‡bv A_© †bB| kã ev avZzi m‡½ hy³ bv n‡j DcmM©

kãi~c

47

†Kv‡bv A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| A_©vr DcmM© ¯^vaxbfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡q A_©‡`¨vZbv m„wó Ki‡Z A¶g| wKš—z hLbB Giv avZz ev k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m, ZLbB G‡`i A_©‡`¨vZKZv kw³ m„wó nq| †hgb : ÔnviÕ kãwUi c~‡e© wewfbœ DcmM© †hv‡M A‡bK¸‡jv A_©‡`¨vZK kã MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i :

DcmM© Av Abv cÖ cwi Dc we

g~j kã

nvi

DcmM©‡hv‡M MwVZ kã Avnvi (†fvRb) Abvnvi (Dcevm) cÖnvi (wbMÖn) cwinvi (eR©b) Dcnvi (Dc‡XŠKb) wenvi (ågY)

Dc‡ii †jLwP‡Î Av, Abv, cÖ, cwi, Dc, we DcmM©¸‡jvi ¯^vaxb †Kv‡bv A_© †bB| wKš‘ G DcmM©¸‡jv ÔnviÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q A_©‡evaK GKvwaK kã ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| myZivs ejv hvq Dcm‡M©i ¯^vaxb †Kv‡bv A_© †bB wKš—z A_©‡`¨vZKZv Av‡Q| Dcm‡M©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv evsjv fvlvq DcmM© LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| DcmM© kã ev avZzi c~‡e© e‡m bZzb kã MVb K‡i Ges A‡_©i ms‡KvPb, m¤úªmviY ev cwieZ©b NUvq| DcmM© bZzb kã m„wó K‡i fvlvi kãfvÊvi‡K mg„× K‡i| e¯‘Z kãMVb I A‡_©i w`K †_‡K ˆewPΨ m„wó KivB Dcm‡M©i KvR| DcmM© A_©nxb n‡jI G‡`i mv_©K cÖ‡qv‡M fvlvi Af¨š—ixY kw³ I Hk¦h© e„w× cvq| Dcm‡M©i †kªwYwefvM DcmM© wZb cÖKvi| †hgb : 1. evsjv DcmM©, 2. Zrmg (ms¯‹…Z) DcmM© I 3. we‡`wk (ˆefvwlK) DcmM©|

1. evsjv DcmM© evsjv DcmM© †gvU GKzkwU : A, ANv, AR, Abv, Av, Avo, Avb, Ave, BwZ, Dbv (Dbv), K`, Kz, wb, cvwZ, we, fi, ivg, m, mv, my, nv|

48 evsjv DcmM©‡hv‡M kã MVb : DcmM© A ANv AR Abv Av Avo Avb Ave BwZ Db (Dbv) K`& Kz wb cvwZ we fi ivg m mv my nv D`vniY

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

AKvR, AwPb, ARvbv, ALywk, A‡Pbv, Awgj, AKvj, A‡ejv, Abo| ANvPÊx, ANvivg| ARcvovMuv, ARg~L, ARcyKzi| © Abve„wó, Abv`i, Abv`vq, Abvm„wó, AbvPvi, Abvgy‡Lv, Abv`i, Abv`vq| AvKuvov, Av‡avqv, Avjywb, Avgvcv, AvNvUv, AvKvU, AvKvj, AvKvVv| Avo‡Pv‡L, Avobq‡b, Avocvjv, Avo ¶¨vc¨v, Avo‡Kvjv, AvoMov| Avb‡Kviv, AvbPvb, Avbgbv| AveQvqv, AveWvj| BwZKZ©e¨, BwZc~‡e©, BwZK_v, BwZnvm| DbcuvRy‡i, Dwbk, Dbel©v| K`‡ej, K`h©, K`vKvi| KzAf¨vm, KzK_v, Kzm½, KzbRi, KzKvg, Kzhk| wbLuyZ, wb‡LuvR, wbLiPv, wbfvuR, wb‡iU, wbjvR, wb‡Uvj, wb‡iU| cvwZKvK, cvwZnuvm, cvwZ‡jey, cvZKzqv| wef~uB, wedj, wec_, we‡`k, we‡Rvo| ficyi, fi‡cU, fi`ycyi, fimܨv, fiw`b, fimuvS| ivgQvMj, ivg`v| mwVK, mie, mjvR, mUvb, m‡Rvi, m‡L`, mÁvb| mv‡Rvqvb, mvwRiv| myLei, myw`b, mybRi, mybvg, my‡WŠj| nvwc‡Z¨k, nvfv‡Z, nvN‡i, nvûZvk|

kãi~c ev‡K¨ evsjv DcmM©hy³ k‡ãi cÖ‡qvM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. A ANv AR Abv Av Avo Avb Ave BwZ : †jvKwU Avgvi A‡Pbv| : ANvivg e‡jB †m Ggb KvÊ K‡i e‡m‡Q| : ARcvovMuv‡q wk¶vi Av‡jv Qwo‡q w`‡Z n‡e| : Abve„wó‡Z G eQi dm‡ji we¯—i ¶wZ n‡q‡Q| : Av‡avqv †c−‡U Lvevi †L‡Z †bB| : wgZv wiZvi w`‡K Avo‡Pv‡L ZvwK‡q Av‡Q| : mš—v‡bi Rb¨ gv‡qi gb memgqB AvbPvb K‡i| : Avov‡j AveWv‡j Kv‡iv mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z †bB| : BwZnvm †_‡K mK‡jiB wk¶v †bIqv DwPZ| : ÔDbvfv‡Z `ybv ej|Õ : K`‡e‡j cÖPzi wfUvwgb Av‡Q| : Kzm½ Kzdj e‡q Av‡b| : †g‡qwUi m~wPKg© LyeB wbLuyZ| : wS‡ji R‡j cvwZnuvm †f‡m †eov‡”Q| : mvabv KL‡bv wed‡j hvq bv| : GLb fi`yci, GKUz c‡i †ei nI| y : ivgQvM‡ji ev”PvUv wZwos wewos K‡i jvdv‡”Q| : mwVK Dˇi wUKwPý `vI| : jovB‡q wRZ‡Z n‡j mv‡Rvqvb †jvKB cÖ‡qvRb| : mrKg© mybvg e‡q Av‡b| : nvfv‡Z †Q‡jUvi Rb¨ gv‡qi KZ nvwc‡Z¨k|

49

10. Db/Dbv 11. K`& 12. Kz 13. wb 14. cvwZ 15. we 16. fi 17. ivg 18. m 19. mv 20. my 21. nv

2. Zrmg ev ms¯‹…Z DcmM© evsjv fvlvq eû ms¯‹…Z kã AweK…Zfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q| †mB m‡½ Zrmg DcmM©I ms¯‹…Z k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m bZzb kã ˆZwi K‡i A‡_©i ms‡KvPb ev m¤úªmviY NUv‡”Q| D‡j−L¨ LuvwU evsjv DcmM© †hgb LuvwU

50

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

evsjv k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m, †Zgwb Zrmg DcmM©I Zrmg (ms¯‹…Z) k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m| Zrmg ev ms¯‹…Z Dcm‡M©i msL¨v wekwU : cÖ, civ, Ac, mg, wb, Aby, Ae, wbi, `yi, we, Awa, my, Dr, cwi, cÖwZ, AwZ, Awc, Awf, Dc, Av| Zrmg ev ms¯‹…Z DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMVb : DcmM© cÖ civ Ac mg& wb Aby Ae wbi& `yi& we Awa my Dr cwi cÖwZ Awf AwZ Awc Dc Av : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : D`vniY cÖKvk, cÖfvZ, cÖPjb, cÖMwZ, cÖnvi, cÖZvc, cÖfve, cÖ‡Póv, cÖ‡ek, cÖPvi, cÖkvLv, cÖ`vb| civgk©, civaxb, civµg, civKvôv, civqY, civRq, civfe| Acgvb, AcKvi, AcPq, Acev`, AcKg©, Ace¨q, Achk, Ace¨vL¨v, AcmviY, Acg„Zz¨| mgv`i, mgvMZ, m¤§yL, m¤ú~Y©, msev`, mshg, m¤§vb, mgwaK| wb_i, wbevm, wbMg, wbPq, wbe„wË, wbeviY, wb`vN, wbM~p, wb®‹jyl, wb®‹vg| AbyZvc, AbyMÖn, AbyMvgx, AbyR, AbyPi, Abyev`, Abyi~c, AbyKiY, AbymiY, Aby¶Y| AeKvk, Aemi, AeÁv, Aegvbbv, AeMZ, AeMvnb, Ae‡iva, AeZiY, Ae‡ivnY| wbi¶i, wbRx©e, wbin¼vi, wbav©iY, wb‡`©k, wbY©q, wbf©q, wbM©Z, wbev©mb, wbix¶Y, wbi¼zk| `yfvM¨, `y`©kv, `yb©vg, `yjf, `yMg, `yR©q, `yN©Ubv, `yw`©b, `ybx©wZ, `yej, `y‡h©vM| © © © © weRq, wec¶, weÁvb, weï×, weﮋ, weeY©, wek„•Lj, wedj, wePiY, we‡¶c, weKvi, wech©q| AwaKvi, AwacwZ, Awaevmx, AwaKZ©v, Awa‡ekb, Awael©, AwabvqK, AwaKZ©v, Awaôvb| myKÉ, myKw… Z, mybxj, myMg, myjf, myKwVb, myaxi, myPZzi, myig¨, mywbcyY, my`~i, myPwiÎ| Drme, Drw¶ß, D`MÖxe, D‡Ëvjb, DËß, Drdzj−, DrmyK, Drcv`b, D”PviY, D‡Ïk¨| cwicK¡, cwic~Y©, cwigvY, cwi‡kl, cwimxgv, cwikªg, cwiZvc, cwiPvjK, cwi`k©b| cÖwZ`vb, cÖwZKvi, cÖwZwµqv, cÖwZev`, cÖwZ‡ekx, cÖZx¶v, cÖwZg~wZ©, cÖwZaŸwb, cÖwZw`b| Awfe¨w³, AwfÁ, Awff‚Z, Awfavb, Awfbq, Awfhvb, Awfmvi, AwfgyL, Awfev`b| AwZKvq, AZ¨vPvi (AwZ + AvPvi), AwZkq, AwZµg, AwZwi³, AZ¨š— (AwZ + Aš—)| AwcwbwnZ, AwcwbwnwZ, Awcavb| DcKvi, DcK~j, DcKÉ, DcØxc, Dceb, DcMÖn, DcmvMi, Dc‡bZv, Dcbqb (ˆcZv)| AvKÉ, AvgiY, Avmgy`ª, Avi³, Avfvm, Av`vb, AvMgb, AvMÖn, Avnvi, Avi³|

kãi~c ev‡K¨ Zrmg ev ms¯‹…Z DcmM©h³ k‡ãi cÖ‡qvM y cÖ civ Ac mg& wb Ae Aby wbi `yi we my Dr Awa cwi cÖwZ Dc Awf Awc AwZ Av : : : : : : ÔcÖfv‡Z DwVj iwe †jvwnZ eiY|Õ ÔcivR‡q W‡i bv exi|Õ Ace¨q `vwi`ª¨ †W‡K Av‡b| AwZw_ mgv`‡i Kvc©Y¨ AbywPZ| GLbB e„wó bvg‡e, Zv‡K †h‡Z wbeviY Ki| mgv‡Ri Kj¨v‡Y cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB Ae`vb ivLv DwPZ |

51

: AbyMn K‡i GKUz evB‡i Avmyb| Ö : ¸iyR‡bi wb‡`©k Agvb¨ K‡iv bv| : `yRb weØvb n‡jI cwiZ¨vR¨| © : : : : : : : : : : : j¶ cÖv‡Yi wewbg‡q Avgiv weRq wQwb‡q G‡bwQ| myRjv-mydjv km¨-k¨vgjv Avgv‡`i GB evsjv‡`k| Pvwl‡`i N‡i N‡i bev‡bœi Drme| wb‡Ri AwaKvi wb‡R‡KB ey‡S wb‡Z n‡e| wnsmvi cwiYvg KL‡bvB fv‡jv nq bv| Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev` Ki‡Z n‡e| DcKvixi DcKvi ¯^xKvi Kiv DwPZ| dinv` mv‡ne GKRb AwfÁ wk¶K| AwcwbwnwZ aŸwb cwieZ©‡bi GKwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ wbqg| el©vKv‡j AwZwi³ e„wócvZ nIqvB ¯^vfvweK| AvKÉ †fvR‡b ¯^v¯’¨nvwb N‡U|

Abykxjbx
1| DcmM© Kv‡K e‡j? D`vniY `vI| 2| Dcm‡M©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kx? D‡j−L Ki| 3| DcmM© Kq cÖKvi I Kx Kx| 4| evsjv DcmM© KqwU? †h‡Kv‡bv cuvPwU evsjv DcmM© Øviv wZbwU K‡i kã ˆZwi Ki|

52

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ 5| Zrmg ev ms¯‹…Z DcmM© ej‡Z Kx †evS? Zrmg ev ms¯‹…Z DcmM© KqwU I Kx Kx? 6| cuvPwU we‡`wk Dcm‡M©i cÖ‡qvM †`wL‡q evK¨ iPbv Ki| 7| cuvPwU Aviwe I cuvPwU dviwm Dcm‡M©i Øviv GKwU K‡i kã ˆZwi Ki|

Kg©-Abykxjb
1| cÖ, Kvi, cÖwZ, Ae, Av, Awf, Aby, wd, A, Abv, ei, ivg, nv, Kg⎯ DcmM©¸‡jv wb‡Pi Q‡K mwVK †kªwY‡Z web¨¯— Ki| evsjv DcmM© Zrmg (ms¯‹…Z) DcmM© we‡`wk DcmM©

6.2 cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M kãMVb
K…r I Zw×Z `yai‡bi cÖZ¨qB kã MV‡bi mnvqK| Ôhv c‡i hy³ nq Zv-B cÖZ¨q|Õ myZivs †h eY© ev eY©mgwó avZz ev cÖvwZcw`‡Ki m‡½ hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i Zv-B cÖZ¨q| fvlvi mg„w× k‡ãi Dci wbf©ikxj| †h fvlvq hZ †ewk kã Av‡Q, †m fvlv ZZ †ewk mg„×| evsjv fvlvq kã MV‡bi GKwU Ab¨Zg ixwZ n‡”Q cÖZ¨q| wKš—z cÖZ¨‡qi wb‡Ri †Kv‡bv ¯^vaxb A_© †bB| msÁv : †h eY© ev eY©mgwó avZz ev k‡ãi c‡i hy³ n‡q bZzb A_©‡evaK kã MVb K‡i, Zv‡K cÖZ¨q e‡j| W±i gyn¤§` knx`yj−vn&i g‡Z, avZz ev k‡ãi DËi wfbœ wfbœ A‡_© †h eY© ev eY©mg~n hy³ nBqv kã cÖ¯—zZ nq, Zvnvw`M‡K cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb : nvZ + Av = nvZv; gby + A = gvbe; √Pj& + Aš— = Pjš—; √K… + AK = KviK| GLv‡b, Ô AvÕ, ÔAÕ, ÔAš—Õ, Ges ÔAKÕ -G¸‡jv cÖZ¨q| ÔnvZÕ, ÔgbyÕ bvg-cÖK…wZ Ges Pj&Õ, ÔK…Õ wµqvcÖK…wZ| cÖZ¨‡qi †kªwYwefvM : cÖZ¨q cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v : 1. K…r cÖZ¨q I 2. Zw×Z cÖZ¨q|

K…r cÖZ¨q : avZzi c‡i †h cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i, Zv‡K K…r cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb : √ai& + Av = aiv √Wze& + Dix = Wzeix y √`„k& + h = `„k¨ BZ¨vw`|

kãi~c Zw×Z cÖZ¨q : k‡ãi c‡i †h cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i Zv‡K Zw×Z cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb : evN + Av = evNv †mvbv + Avwj = †mvbvwj mßvn + BK = mvßvwnK BZ¨vw`|

53

K…r cÖZ¨q Ges Zw×Z cÖZ¨‡qi g‡a¨ Avevi fvM i‡q‡Q : K…r cÖZ¨q `ycÖKvi| h_v : K. ms¯‹…Z K…r cÖZ¨q I L. evsjv K…r cÖZ¨q| Zw×Z cÖZ¨q wZb cÖKvi| h_v : K. ms¯‹…Z Zw×Z cÖZ¨q; L. evsjv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q I M. we‡`wk Zw×Z cÖZ¨q| K. ms¯‹…Z K…r cÖZ¨q : ms¯‹…Z wbqgvbyhvqx H fvlvi avZzi m‡½ †hme ms¯‹…Z cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MwVZ nq, Zv‡`i ms¯‹…Z K…r cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb : √K… + Ze¨ = KZ©e¨; √`„k& + Ab = `k©b BZ¨vw`| evsjv K…r cÖZ¨q : ms¯‹…Z ev Zrmg avZz weewR©Z evsjv avZzi m‡½ cÖvK…Z fvlv †_‡K AvMZ †hme cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MwVZ nq, Zv‡`i evsjv K…r cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb : √ bvP& + Ab = bvPb; √Wze& + Aš— = Wzeš— BZ¨vw`| ms¯‹…Z Zw×Z cÖZ¨q : †h Zw×Z cÖZ¨q ms¯‹…Z ev Zrmg k‡ãi m‡½ hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i, Zv‡K ms¯‹…Z Zw×Z cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb : gby + ò = gvbe; †jvK + wòK = †jŠwKK BZ¨vw`| evsjv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q : evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ ms¯‹…Z I we‡`wk cÖZ¨q e¨ZxZ evwK cÖZ¨q¸‡jv‡K evsjv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb : evN + Av = evNv; Ni + Avwg = Nivwg BZ¨vw`| we‡`wk Zw×Z cÖZ¨q : k‡ãi †k‡l †hme we‡`wk cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i, Zv‡`i we‡`wk Zw×Z cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb : Wv³vi + Lvbv = Wv³viLvbv, awo + evR = awoevR BZ¨vw`|

L.

K. L. M.

cÖZ¨‡qi gva¨‡g kãMV‡bi †¶‡Î ÔcÖK…wZÕ I ÔcÖvwZcw`KÕ G `ywU welq m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| cÖK…wZ : kã ev avZzi g~jB n‡”Q cÖK…wZ| A_©vr Ô†gŠwjK k‡ãi †h Ask‡K Avi †Kv‡bvfv‡eB we‡k−lY Kiv m¤¢e bq, Zv‡K ejv nq cÖK„wZ|Õ A_ev, fvlvq hvi we‡k−lY m¤¢e bq, Ggb †gŠwjK kã‡K cÖK…wZ e‡j| kã wKsev c` †_‡K cÖZ¨q I wefw³ AcmviY Ki‡j cÖK…wZ Ask cvIqv hvq| cÖK…wZ `ycÖKvi| h_v : (K) wµqv-cÖK…wZ ev avZz , (L) bvg-cÖK…wZ ev msÁv cÖK…wZ|

54

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

(K) wµqv-cÖK…wZ : cÖZ¨q-wb®úbœ k‡ãi we‡k−l‡Y †gŠwjK fve-†`¨vZK †h Ask cvIqv hvq, Zv hw` Ae¯’vb, MwZ ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖKv‡ii wµqv †evSvq, Zv‡K wµqv-cÖK…wZ e‡j| †hgb : √Pj&, √co&, √ivL&, √`„k&, √K… cÖfw… Z wµqv-cÖK…wZ| [Pjš— = Pj& (wµqv-cÖK…wZ) + Aš— (cÖZ¨q)] (L) bvg-cÖK…wZ : cÖZ¨q-wb®úbœ k‡ãi we‡k−l‡Y †gŠwjK fve-†`¨vZK †h Ask cvIqv hvq, Zv hw` †Kv‡bv `ªe¨, RvwZ, ¸Y ev †Kv‡bv c`v_©‡K †evSvq, Zv‡K bvg -cÖK…wZ e‡j| †hgb : gv, Puv`, MvQ, cÖf…wZ bvg-cÖK…wZ| nvZj = nvZ ( bvg-cÖK…wZ) + Aj (cÖZ¨q) ] cÖvwZcw`K : wefw³nxb bvg kã‡K cÖvwZcw`K e‡j| †hgb : nvZ, eB, Kjg, gvQ BZ¨vw`| cÖZ¨q m¤ú‡K© ÁvZe¨ 1. wµqvevPK kãg~‡ji †¶‡Î avZz wPý (√) e¨eüZ nq| †hgb : √Pj& + Aš— = Pjš—; √cV& + AK = cvVK| 2. ÔavZzÕ I ÔcÖZ¨qÕÑDfq‡K GKm‡½ D”PviY Kivi mgq avZzi Aš—¨aŸwb Ges cÖZ¨‡qi Avw`aŸwb A‡bK †¶‡Î ci¯ú‡ii cÖfv‡e mgZv cÖvß nq| †hgb : √Kuv`& + bv = Kvbœv; √iuva& + bv = ivbœv| Dwj−wLZ D`vni‡Y avZzi Aš—¨aŸwb Ô`&Õ I Ôa&Õ cÖZ¨‡qi Avw`aŸwb ÔbÕ-Gi mgZv cÖvß n‡q‡Q| K…r Ges Zw×Z cÖZ¨‡qi msL¨v A‡bK| wb‡P cª‡qvRbxq wKQymsL¨K cÖZ¨‡qi gva¨‡g kã MV‡bi D`vniY cÖ`Ë n‡jv : K. ms¯‹…Z K…r cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M kãMVb 1. A (AP&) √cV& + A = cvV 2. Abxq (Abxqi&) √K… + Abxq = KiYxq √¯§„ + Abxq = ¯§iYxq 3. wZ (w³) √K… + wZ = K…wZ √wR + A = Rq √cv + Abxq = cvbxq √`„k& + Abxq = `k©bxq √K…l& + wZ = K…wó √`„k& + wZ = `„wó

√K…Z& + wZ = KxwZ©

L. evsjv K…r cÖZ¨q
1. A √Kuv`& + A = Kuv` √ai& + A = ai √Pj& + A = Pj √co& + A = co √Kuv`& + Ab = Kuv`b √bvP& + Ab = bvPb

2. Ab > Ib

kãi~c 3. AvBZ 4. Avwb √WvK& + AvBZ = WvKvBZ > WvKvZ √R¡vj& + Avwb = R¡vjvwb √†me& + AvBZ = †mevBZ > †mev‡qZ √Lv + DKv = LvDKv > †L‡Kv √KvU& + wZ = KvUwZ

55

√SuvK& + Avwb = SuvKvwb √wbo& + Avwb = wbovwb

5. DK, DKv √wgk& + DK = wgïK 6. wZ √DV& + wZ = DVwZ √NvU& + wZ = NvUwZ

K. ms¯‹…Z Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
1. A (ò, AY&) gby + A = gvbe `by + A = `vbe gay + A = gvae

2. Avqb (òvqb&, dK&) bi + Avqb = bvivqY Øxc + Avqb = ˆØcvqb ivg + Avqb = ivgvqY 4. BK (wòK, VK&) 5. C (Bb, Bbx) 6. Cq (òxq, Q) Rj + Cq = Rjxq 7. Z¡ gvZ… + Z¡ = gvZ…Z¡ AvZ¥b& + Cq = AvZ¥xq gvbe + Cq = gvbexq gbyl¨ + Z¡ = gbyl¨Z¡ åvZ… + Z¡ = åvZ…Z¡ i~c + evb = i~cevb ivóª + Cq = ivóªxq A¶i + BK = Av¶wiK BwZnvm + BK = HwZnvwmK ab + C = abx myL + C = myLx el© + BK = evwl©K n¯— + C = n¯—x

8. evb (eZzc&)

ab + evb = abevb

Ávb + evb = Ávbevb

9. gvb& (gr, gZzc&) eyw× + gvb& = eyw×gvb ax + gvb& = axgvb kw³ + gvb& = kw³gvb

L. evsjv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
1. AK 2. Aj †Xvj + AK = †XvjK nvZ + Aj = nvZj †bvj + AK = †bvjK `xN + Aj = `xNj †Pvi + Av = †Pviv Kvb + AvB = KvbvB †Mvj + AK = †MvjK

kxZ + Aj = kxZj MvQ + Av = MvQv †evb + AvB = †evbvB

3. Av KuvP + Av = KuvPv 4. AvB wbg + AvB = wbgvB 5. AvBZ > AvZ&

†mev + AvBZ = †mevBZ

m½ + AvBZ = mv½vBZ>mv½vZ aybv + AvwP = aybvwP

6. AvwP †eO& + AvwP = †eOvwP 7. Avb& > Av‡bv 8. Avwb

Nvg + AvwP = NvgvwP

RyZv + Avb& = RyZvb > RyZv‡bv

†eZ + Avb& = †eZvb > †eZv‡bv †Pve + Avwb = †Pvevwb

Zj + Avwb = Zjvwb

bvK + Avwb = bvKvwb

56 9. Avwg 10. Avi& cvKv + Avwg = cvKvwg Kvg + Avi = Kvgvi †Q‡j + Avwg = †Q‡jwg Kzg + Avi = Kzgvi

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ BZi + Avwg = BZivwg

Pvg + Avi = Pvgvi KvÊ + Avix = KvÊvix ; KvÊvwi

11. Avix ; Avwi 12. Dqv > I 13. gq

Kuvmv + Avix = Kuvmvix; Kuvmvwi MvQ + Dqv = MvQyqv > †M‡Qv

Muv + Dqv = MuvDqv > †Mu‡qv Rj + gq = Rjgq

Kv`v + gq = Kv`vgq

Ni + gq = Nigq

M. we‡`wk Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
1. Avbv, Avwb 2. Lvbv 3. †Lvi evey + Avbv = eveyqvbv mv‡nwe + Avbv = mv‡nweqvbv bRi + Avbv = bRivbv

gyw` + Lvbv = gyw`Lvbv Nyl + †Lvi = Nyl‡Lvi

Qvcv + Lvbv = QvcvLvbv †bkv + †Lvi = †bkv‡Lvi nvivg + †Lvi = nvivg‡Lvi

4. Mi > Ki 5. wMwi

Kvwi + Mi = KvwiMi, KvwiKi

Rv`y + Mi = Rv`yMi, Rv`yKi †Kivwb + wMwi = †KivwbwMwi

evey + wMwi = eveywMwi

gy‡U + wMwi = gy‡UwMwi

kãi~c

57

Abykxjbx
1| cÖZ¨q Kv‡K e‡j? cÖZ¨q Kq cÖKvi I Kx Kx ? cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKv‡ii `ywU K‡i D`vniY `vI| 2| K…r cÖZ¨q I Zw×Z cÖZ¨q Kv‡K e‡j? cÖ‡Z¨KwUi `ywU K‡i D`vniY `vI| 3| cÖK…wZ Kv‡K e‡j? cÖK…wZ Kq cÖKvi I Kx Kx? D`vniYmn eywS‡q `vI| 4| wb‡Pi k㸇jvi cÖK…wZ I cªZ¨q wbY©q Ki : Avaywj, Dw³, Doš—, HwZnvwmK, IKvjZbvgv, KZ©e¨, KviK, K…lK, †Ljbv, †L‡Kv, †Q‡jwg, R¨vš—, †R‡j, Rwg`vi, `k©b, cvVK, cvbmv, †evgvi“, eveyqvbv, †fŠ‡MvwjK, wgZvwj, wgïK, †gŠwLK, iuvaywb, †ikgx, †j‡Vj, †jŠwKK, mI`vMi, muvZvi“, mvcy‡o, nj‡`, nvUz‡i|

Kg©-Abykxjb
1. GKwU †cv÷vi †ccv‡i wb‡Pi msÁv¸‡jv mvBb †cb Øviv wjwce× Ki| cÖZ¨q :

K…r cÖZ¨q : Zw×Z cÖZ¨q : cÖK…wZ :

wµqv-cÖK…wZ : bvg-cÖK…wZ : 2. cÖ`Ë k㸇jvi cÖZ¨‡qi bvgmn cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨q wbY©q K‡i wb‡`©kg‡Zv wb‡Pi Q‡K mvRvI : cÖ`Ë kã `k©bxq †`kxq Mš—e¨ D”PZi bxwjgv cÖK…wZ + cÖZ¨q cÖZ¨‡qi bvg

58

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

7. evK¨
7.1 ev‡K¨i mvaviY MVb : D‡Ïk¨ I we‡aq n¨vcx GKwU cyZzj evbv‡Z Pvq| KvwKgv ejvB‡K Lye fv‡jvevm‡Zb| jvB‡eªwi RvwZi mf¨Zv I DbœwZi gvb`Ê| ZLb Avgvi eqm †Z‡iv eQ‡ii †ewk bq| Zzwg wK wjL‡Z PvI dz‡ji g‡Zv KweZv? fvlvi g~j DcKiY evK¨| Dc‡ii evK¨¸‡jv‡Z c~Y©v½ I A_©cY© e³e¨ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| ci¯úi ~ m¤úK©hy³ GKvwaK c` GK‡Î wgwjZ nIqvi Kvi‡YB e³e¨ ¯úó I cwic~Y©fv‡e cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| D‡j−L¨ cÖwZwU ev‡K¨i wewfbœ c‡`i g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤^Ü ev Aš^q †hgb Av‡Q, †Zgwb Av‡Q MVbMZ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv Ges e³‡e¨i A_©enZv| myZivs †Kv‡bv fvlvq †h Dw³i mv_©KZv Av‡Q Ges MV‡bi w`K †_‡K hv ¯^qsm¤c~Y©, †m ai‡bi GKK Dw³B e¨vKiY kv‡¯¿ evK¨ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| msÁv : †h myweb¨¯— c`mgwó Øviv †Kv‡bv wel‡q e³vi g‡bvfve m¤ú~Yi~‡c cÖKvwkZ nq, Zv‡K evK¨ © e‡j| hw` ejv nq ⎯ 1. Ô†gŠwj GKwU ... |Õ 2. ÔPvI g‡Zv KweZv dz‡ji wK wjL‡Z Zzwg?Õ 3. ÔgvQ¸‡jv AvKv‡k D‡o †eov‡”Q|Õ G¸‡jv ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ c‡o bv| KviY Ô†gŠwj GKwUÕ ej‡j g‡bi fve Am¤ú~Y© †_‡K hvq| ÔPvI g‡Zv KweZv dz‡ji wK wjL‡Z Zzwg?Õ G‡¶‡Î Awš^Z c`¸‡jv LyeB wehy³| Avi ÔgvQ¸‡jv AvKv‡k D‡o †eov‡”Q|Õ Ñ ej‡j A_©MZ I fveMZ mgš^‡qi Afve cwijw¶Z nq| KviY, gvQ KL‡bv AvKv‡k Do‡Z cv‡i bv| D`vniY¸‡jv evK¨ wn‡m‡e mv_©K n‡e hLb ejv n‡e ⎯ 1. †gŠwj GKwU cyZzj evbv‡Z Pvq| 2. Zzwg wK dz‡ji g‡Zv KweZv wjL‡Z PvI? 3. cvwL¸‡jv AvKv‡k D‡o †eov‡”Q| evK¨‡K m¤ú~Y© Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb AvKv•¶vi wbe„wË| Avi mymsnZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb †hvM¨Zv I AvmwË| myZivs GKwU mv_©K ev‡K¨i wfwË AvKv•¶v, †hvM¨Zv I AvmwËi Ici cÖwZwôZ| GB wZbwU

evK¨

59

wel‡qi †Kv‡bv GKUvi Afve NU‡j evK¨ wbi_©K n‡q c‡o| myZivs mv_©K ev‡K¨i wZbwU ¸Y _vKv Avek¨K| †hgb : 1. AvKv•¶v; 2. †hvM¨Zv; 3. AvmwË| 1. AvKv•¶v : ev‡K¨i A_© cwi®‹vifv‡e †evSvi Rb¨ GK c‡`i ci Ab¨ c` †kvbvi †h B”Qv Zv-B AvKv•¶v| †hgb : ÔAvwg wM‡q †`LjvgÕ⎯ G‡Z AvKv•¶vi wbe„wË nq bv| hLb ejv nq ⎯ ÔAvwg wM‡q †`Ljvg Zviv P‡j †M‡Q|Õ GLb GwU GKwU evK¨ n‡jv| †Kbbv G K_v ejvi c‡i Avi wKQz Rvbvi AvKv•¶v _v‡K bv| 2. †hvM¨Zv : ev‡K¨i ga¨Kvi c`mg~‡ni Aš—M©Z Ges fveMZ wgje܇bi bvg †hvM¨Zv| el©vKv‡j AwZwi³ e„wócv‡Z eb¨v nq| GwU GKwU †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ evK¨| wKš‘ ÔMÖx®§Kv‡j cÖLi †iŠ‡`ª eb¨v nq|Õ ⎯ ej‡j evK¨wU AmsjMœ g‡b n‡e Ges fve cÖKv‡ki †hvM¨Zv nviv‡e| KviY cÖLi †iŠ‡`ª KL‡bv eb¨v nq bv| 3. AvmwË : ev‡K¨i c`¸‡jv‡K mwVK RvqMvq mwbœweó Kivi bvg AvmwË| A_ev, ev‡K¨i A_©m½wZ i¶vi Rb¨ myk„•Lj c`web¨vmB AvmwË| QzwU‡Z XvKv Zviv cy‡Rvq hv‡eb⎯ G‡Z GKwU m¤ú~Y© ev‡K¨i me¸‡jv c`B Av‡Q, wKš‘ AvmwËi Afv‡e evK¨ nqwb| c`¸wj A_©m½wZ i¶v K‡i wVKg‡Zv mvRv‡jB evK¨ n‡e| Zviv cy‡Rvi QzwU‡Z XvKv hv‡eb| mvaviYZ cÖwZwU ev‡K¨i `ywU cÖavb Ask _v‡K : 1. D‡Ïk¨ I 2. we‡aq 1. D‡Ïk¨ : ev‡K¨i †h As‡k hvi m¤ú‡K© wKQy ejv nq, Zv‡K D‡Ïk¨ e‡j| 2. we‡aq : ev‡K¨ D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© hv ejv nq, Zv‡K we‡aq e‡j| †hgb : k¨vgv ¯‹z‡j hvq| GLv‡b Ôk¨vgvÕ D‡Ïk¨ Ges Ô¯‹z‡j hvqÕ we‡aq| KviY evK¨wU‡Z Ôk¨vgvÕ m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q| ZvB Ôk¨vgvÕ c`wU D‡Ïk¨| we‡aq n‡”Q ev‡K¨i Ô¯‹z‡j hvqÕ AskwU| KviY Ô¯‹z‡j hvqÕ K_vwU k¨vgv m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q| we‡aq As‡k Aek¨B GKwU mgvwcKv wµqv _v‡K| fvlvi †mŠ›`h© ea©‡b wKsev e³‡e¨i ¯úóZvi Rb¨ evK¨ m¤úªmvi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb nq| evK¨‡K m¤úªmvwiZ Ki‡Z n‡j Zvi D‡Ïk¨ I we‡a‡qi c~‡e© Ges c‡i †m¸‡jvi cwi‡cvlK wn‡m‡e bvbviKg kã †hvM Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e D‡Ïk¨ I we‡aq m¤úªmvi‡Yi i‡q‡Q KwZcq wbqg| mvaviYZ ev‡K¨i KZ…©KviKB g~j D‡Ïk¨ nq| D‡Ïk¨wU we‡kl¨ c` n‡j we‡klY ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv c` ev c`mgwó Øviv D‡Ï‡k¨i m¤úªmviY Kiv hvq| c¶vš—‡i, mgvwcKv wµqvB we‡aq As‡ki g~j|

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evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

D‡Ïk¨ I we‡a‡qi m¤úªmviY ev‡K¨ ÔD‡Ïk¨Õ cÖ_‡g I Ôwe‡aqÕ c‡i e‡m| evK¨ `xN© n‡j D‡Ïk¨ I we‡aq m¤úªmvwiZ nq| †hgb: D‡Ï‡k¨i m¤úªmviY m¤úªmviY iwK‡ei AZ¨vPvix we‡a‡qi m¤úªmviY D‡Ïk¨ gqbv wZwb m¤úªmviY fv‡jv Rvg¸‡jv †hfv‡eB †nvK we‡aq †L‡q †d‡j‡Q AvR Avm‡eb D‡Ïk¨ fvB ivRv we‡aq G‡m‡Q wbnZ n‡q‡Q

7.2 ev‡K¨i MVbMZ †kªwYwefvM (mij, RwUj I †hŠwMK evK¨) MVbMZ w`K †_‡K evK¨ wZb cÖKvi| h_v : 1. mij evK¨; 2. RwUj ev wgkª evK¨ I 3. †hŠwMK evK¨|

1. mij evK¨ †h ev‡K¨ GKwUgvÎ KZ©v (D‡Ïk¨) Ges GKwUgvÎ mgvwcKv wµqv (we‡aq) _v‡K, Zv‡K mij evK¨ e‡j| †hgb : dyj dz‡U‡Q| †Q‡jiv †Ljv K‡i| GLv‡b ÔdzjÕ Ges Ô†Q‡jivÕ KZ©v ev D‡Ïk¨ Ges Ôdz‡U‡QÕ, Ô†Ljv K‡iÕ mgvwcKv wµqv ev we‡aq| 2. RwUj ev wgkª evK¨ †h ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ GKwU cÖavb evK¨ _v‡K Ges GKvwaK evK¨‡K cÖavb ev‡K¨i Ici wbf©ikxj †`Lv hvq, Zv‡K RwUj ev wgkª evK¨ e‡j| A_ev, Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, †h ev‡K¨ GKwU cÖavb LÊev‡K¨i GK ev GKvwaK AvwkªZ evK¨ ci¯úi mv‡c¶fv‡e e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K RwUj ev wgkª evK¨ e‡j| †hgb : †h cwikªg K‡i, †mB myL jvf K‡i| whwb mrc‡_ P‡jb, wZwb myLx nb| AvwkªZ evK¨ †h cwikªg K‡i, whwb mrc‡_ P‡jb, cÖavb LÊ evK¨ †mB myL jvf K‡i| wZwb myLx nb|

evK¨

61

3. †hŠwMK evK¨ ci¯úi wbi‡c¶ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK mij ev RwUj evK¨ wgwjZ n‡q hLb GKwU m¤ú~Y© evK¨ MVb K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K †hŠwMK evK¨ e‡j| †hgb : wZwb A_©kvjx wKš—z wkw¶Z bb| wn‡gj wbqwgZ cov‡kvbv K‡i ZvB †m cÖ_g nq| †hŠwMK ev‡K¨i Aš—M©Z wbi‡c¶ evK¨¸‡jv I, Ges, wKš—z, A_ev, A_P, wKsev, eis, Z_vwc, myZivs, AZGe, †h‡nZz, †hb cÖf…wZ Ae¨q‡hv‡M mshy³ _v‡K| evK¨ MV‡bi wbqg evK¨ MwVZ nq kã w`‡q Ges ev‡K¨i Aš—M©Z cÖ‡Z¨KwU kã‡K ejv nq c`| ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ cÖ‡Z¨KwU kã ev c` mvRv‡bvi mywbw`©ó wbqg Av‡Q| ev‡K¨ c` ms¯’vcbvi G c×wZ‡KB ev‡K¨i c` ms¯’vcb ixwZ ev c`µg ejv nq| fvlvi ï× I mv_©K cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ c` ms¯’vcb ixwZ m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| ev‡K¨ c‡`i G‡jv‡g‡jv e¨envi n‡j g‡bi fve mv_©Kfv‡e cÖKvwkZ nq bv| †hgb : ÔfvB `yB Avgiv hvB XvKvÕ ej‡j †Kv‡bv A_© †evSv hvq bv, wKš—z H k㸇jv Gfv‡e c`µg Abyhvqx mvRv‡j A_© ¯úó n‡q I‡V| †hgb : ÔAvgiv `yB fvB XvKv hvB|Õ ev‡K¨ c` emv‡bvi KwZcq cÖPwjZ wbqg GLv‡b †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| †hgb : 1. ev‡K¨ me‡P‡q cÖPwjZ c`web¨vm n‡”Q KZ©v cÖ_‡g, Kg© gv‡S Ges wµqv †k‡l| †hgb : Avwg eB cwo| †K evwo hvq| 2. wµqv we‡klY wµqvi Av‡M e‡m| †hgb : ivbv WzK‡i Kuv`‡Q| iwnZ `ª“Z nuvU‡Q| 3. ev‡K¨ Kg© _vK‡j wµqv we‡klY K‡g©i Av‡M e‡m| †hgb : gvgyb bxi‡e eB co‡Q| wk¶K †Rv‡i PveyK Kl‡Qb| 4. mgqevPK I ¯’vbevPK c` K‡g©i Av‡M e‡m| †hgb : Kvj K‡jR eÜ wQj| Avwg e„n¯úwZevi XvKv hve| 5. bv-†evaK Ae¨q AmgvwcKv wµqvi c‡i e‡m| †hgb : Avwg LvBwb| †K cov †k‡Lwb? 6. cÖkœ‡evaK me©bvg wµqvi Av‡M e‡m| †hgb : Avcwb Kx Pvb? AvKv‡k Kx †`LQ?

62 7. we‡aq we‡klY we‡k‡l¨i c‡i e‡m| †hgb : †Q‡jUv eyw×gvb| gvbylwU †evKv| 8. we‡kl we‡kl †¶‡Î m¤^Ü c` we‡k‡l¨i c‡iI e‡m| †hgb : gyLwU †Zvgvi wKš—z my›`i| cÖvY Zvi Lye k³|

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, GB c`web¨vm AcwieZ©bxq welq bq| e³vi g‡bvfve, ejvi we‡kl aviv ev ÷vBj I cvwicvwk¦©K welqvw`i Ici wbf©i K‡i c`web¨vm ixwZ †Kgb n‡e|

Abykxjbx
1| evK¨ ej‡Z Kx †evS? GKwU mv_©K evK¨ MV‡bi †¶‡Î Kx Kx ¸Y ev ˆewkó¨ _vKv Avek¨K? D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Ki| 2| D‡Ïk¨ I we‡aq Kv‡K e‡j? D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Ki|

Kg©-Abykxjb
1| GKwU mv_©K ev‡K¨i ÔAvKv•¶vÕ, Ô†hvM¨ZvÕ I ÔAvmwËÕ ¸‡Yi Av‡jvPbv GKwU †cv÷v‡i cwimw¾Z Ki|

63

8. weivgwPý
8.1 Kgv I EaŸ©Kgvi e¨envi wjwLZ ev‡K¨ †Q` ev weivg †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ †hme wPý e¨envi Kiv nq, Zv‡`i mvaviYZ †Q`wPý ev weivgwPý ejv nq| ev‡K¨i A_© wVK wVK †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ GK ev GKvwaK RvqMvq Aí mgq wKsev †ewk mgq _vgvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| GQvov ev‡K¨i †k‡l †Zv Aek¨B _vg‡Z nq| GB _vgvi mvaviY bvg weivg| Avgiv hLb K_v ewj, ZLb GKwU ev‡K¨i meUzKz Ask GK wbk¦v‡m D”PviY Ki‡Z cvwi bv| dzmdz‡m evqy-m‡qi ev dzmdzm‡K wekªvg †`Iqvi Rb¨ k¦vmhš¿ gv‡S gv‡S _v‡g| Z‡e GB _vgvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q GKwU wbq‡gi avivevwnKZv| †Kbbv, bv †_‡g GKbvMv‡o weivgnxbfv‡e K_v e‡j †M‡j A‡_©i wecwË NU‡Z cv‡i| †hgb : ÔZzwg ILv‡b †h‡qv bv †M‡jB MʇMvj n‡e|Õ evK¨wU‡Z †h fve cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Zv g~jZ †mLv‡b †M‡jB MʇMvj n‡e| wKš‘ evK¨wU‡Z hw` cÖ‡qvRbxq weivgwPý e¨envi Kiv nq Zvn‡j A_©wUB cv‡ë hvq : Zzwg ILv‡b †h‡qv, bv †M‡jB MʇMvj n‡e| Avevi weivgwPý Ab¨fv‡e web¨¯— Ki‡j A‡_©i †¶‡Î we‡kl cwieZ©b N‡U : Zzwg ILv‡b †h‡qv bv, †M‡jB MʇMvj n‡e| †h‡Kv‡bv fvlvq †jL¨-i~‡c weivg wP‡ýi e¨envi Acwinvh©| myZivs †jLvi †¶‡Î e³e¨‡K h_vh_fv‡e cÖKvk Ges Zvi A_©‡K my¯úófv‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ †hme wPý e¨eüZ nq, †m¸‡jv‡K †Q` ev weivgwPý e‡j| weivgwPý e³e¨‡K ev †jLvi fvlv‡K †evaMg¨ my¯úó I myweb¨¯— K‡i| †Q` ev weivgwP‡ýi KvR : 1. ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ c`¸”Q‡K fve Abymv‡i A_©en Kiv| 2. evK¨vsk msMÖw_Z I c„_K Kiv| 3. ev‡K¨i mgvwß wb‡`©k Kiv|

64

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

weivgwP‡ýi cwiPq : evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ weivgwPý¸‡jvi bvg, AvKvi I weiv‡gi mgq D‡j−L K‡i wb‡P GKwU ZvwjKv †`Iqv n‡jv : µwgK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Kgv †mwg‡Kvjb `uvwo ev c~Y©‡”Q` wRÁvmv ev cÖkœ‡evaK wPý we¯§q wPý †Kvjb †Kvjb W¨vk W¨vk nvB‡db B‡jK ev †jvc wPý D×…wZ wPý eª¨v‡KU ev eÜbx wPý weivgwP‡ýi bvg AvK…wZ , ; | ? ! : :Ñ — ⎯ , ÒÓ ( ) {} [] 13 14 15 16 17 18 avZz †`¨vZK wPý cieZx© i~c‡evaK wPý c~e©eZx© i~c‡evaK wPý mgvb wPý eR©b wPý ms‡¶cY wPý √ < > = ... . weiwZKvj 1 (GK) ej‡Z †h mgq jv‡M| 1 (GK) ejvi wظY mgqKvj| 1 (GK) †m‡KÛ Kvj cwigvY| H H H H H †Kv‡bvi~c weiwZi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| H 1 (GK) ej‡Z †h mgq jv‡M| †Kv‡bv i~c weiwZi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| H H H H H H H H

eZ©gvb Aa¨v‡q Kgv (,) I EaŸ© (Õ) m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :

weivgwPý

65

1. Kgv (,) : Kgv-†K evsjvq cv`‡”Q` ejv nq| Kgvi g~j KvR c~Y© GKwU evK¨‡K fvevbymv‡i GKvwaK As‡k fvM Kiv| †h‡Kv‡bv iPbvq `uvwo (|) Qvov Ab¨ me weivgwP‡ýi g‡a¨ Kgvi e¨envi me‡P‡q †ewk| cÖKv‡k mswk−ó c‡`i ci wb‡Pi w`‡K e¨eüZ nq| iPbvi aib Ges fve cwiùzU‡b †jL‡Ki AvKv•¶vi Dc‡i Kgvi e¨envi wbf©ikxj| Kgv (,)-i weiwZKvj 1 (GK) ej‡Z hZUzKz mgq cÖ‡qvRb ZZUzKz cwigvY| Kgv (,) e¨env‡ii mvaviY ˆewkó¨ 1. ev‡K¨ A_©-wefvM †`Lvevi Rb¨ †hLv‡b ¯^í weiwZi cÖ‡qvRb, †mLv‡b Kgv e¨eüZ nq| †hgb : DbœwZ PvI, DbœwZ cv‡e cwikª‡g| 2. ev‡K¨ GKB c`wewkó GKvwaK kã cvkvcvwk e¨eüZ n‡j †kl c`wU Qvov evwK¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GK ev GKvwaK Kgv e¨envi K‡i GKRvZxq c`‡K c„_K Kiv nq| †hgb : we‡kl¨ c‡`i c‡i : mvjvg, eiKZ, iwdK, ReŸvi ⎯ gvZ…fvlvi gh©v`v i¶vq Av‡Z¥vrmM© K‡i‡Qb| Kgvi D`vniY : we‡klY c‡`i c‡i Kgvi D`vniY : mr, webqx, Aa¨emvqx, cwikªgx QvÎivB Rxe‡b mvdj¨ jvf K‡i| me©bvg c‡`i c‡i Kgvi D`vniY : Zzwg, Avwg, †m⎯Avgiv wZbRbB XvKv hve| wµqvc‡`i c‡i Kgvi D`vniY : G‡jb, †`L‡jb, P‡j †M‡jb| 3. GKRvZxq GKvwaK evK¨ ev evK¨vsk cvkvcvwk e¨eüZ n‡j Kgv e¨envi K‡i Zv‡`i Avjv`v Ki‡Z nq| †hgb : wn‡gj N‡i XzKj, eBcÎ ivLj, RvgvKvco Qvoj, Zvici wekªvg wbj| 4. cÖZ¨¶ Dw³i c~‡e© Kgv e‡m| †hgb : mybxj ejj, ÔAvgvi evev evwo †bB|Õ 5. m‡¤^vab c‡`i c‡i Kgv e‡m| †hgb : wekvLv, Gw`‡K G‡mv| 6. RwUj ev‡K¨i Aš—M©Z cÖ‡Z¨K LÊev‡K¨i c‡i ÔKgvÕ e‡m| †hgb : hv‡`i eyw× †bB, ZvivB †Kej G K_v wek¦vm K‡i| 7. Dcvwaµ‡gi g‡a¨ ÔKgvÕ e¨eüZ nq| A_©vr Kv‡iv bv‡gi †k‡l GKvwaK wWwMÖ _vK‡j Kgv e‡m| †hgb : dqmvj Avn‡g`, GgG, wcGBPwW| 2. EaŸ©Kgv (Õ) : hZ¸‡jv weivgwPý Av‡Q Zb¥‡a¨ GwU GKwU e¨wZµgagx© weivgwPý| EaŸ©Kgv c‡`i ga¨eZx© †Kv‡bv GKwU e‡Y©i Ic‡i RvqMv `Lj K‡i †bq| EaŸ©Kgvi †Kv‡bv weiwZKvj †bB| GB wPý‡K ÔB‡jKÕ ev Ô†jvcwPýÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| EaŸ©Kgvi e¨envi eZ©gv‡b LyeB K‡g †M‡Q| Z‡e cy‡iv‡bv evsjv iPbvq, we‡klZ wµqv I me©bvg c‡`i msw¶ß-i~‡c e¨vcK nv‡i EaŸ©Kgv e¨eüZ n‡Zv| wb‡P EaŸ©Kgv e¨env‡ii KwZcq †¶Î D`vniYmn †`Lv‡bv n‡jv : 1. EaŸ©Kgvi cy‡iv‡bv e¨envi m¤ú‡K© ejv cÖ‡qvRb †h evsjv fvlvi mvayixwZi wµqv, me©bvg Ges wKQz msL¨vk‡ã PwjZixwZi msw¶ß-i~c wb‡`©k Ki‡Z EaŸ©Kgvi e¨envi n‡Zv| †hgb :

66 wµqvi D`vniY : mvayixwZ (wµqvi `xN©i~c) nB‡Z Dc‡i KwiqvwQ me©bv‡gi D`vniY : mvayixwZ (me©bv‡gi `xN©i~c) Zvnvi Zvnv‡`i msL¨vk‡ãi D`vniY : mvay msL¨vk‡ãi c~Y©i~c `yBwU GKkZ `yÕwU GKkÕ ZvÕi ZvÕ‡`i nÕ‡Z Õc‡i KÕ‡iwQ

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

PwjZixwZ (wµqvi msw¶ßi~c)

PwjZixwZ (me©bv‡gi msw¶ßi~c)

PwjZ msL¨vk‡ãi i~‡c EaŸ©Kgv

2. AmgvwcKv wµqvi †¶‡Î EaŸ©Kgv : AmgvwcKv wµqvi †¶‡Î A_©weåvwš— NUvi Avk¼v _vK‡j †m †¶‡Î EaŸ©Kgvi e¨envi nq| †hgb : ÔZzwg †Kgb KÕ‡i Mvb K‡iv †n ¸Yx|Õ 3. AãmsL¨v ms‡¶c‡Y EaŸ©Kgv : wKQzmsL¨K AãmsL¨v wewfbœ Kvi‡Y GZUvB Zvrch© gwÊZ I mycwiwPZ _v‡K †h ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ Zv cy‡ivUv bv wj‡LI †evSv‡bv hvq| †hgb : Õ52-i fvlv Av‡›`vjb| Õ71-Gi gyw³hy×| weivgwPý cÖ‡qv‡Mi KwZcq bgybv 1. †i cw_K †i cvlvY ü`q cw_K wK †jv‡f GZ ·¯— †`ŠovB‡ZQ wK Avkvq LwÊZ wki ek©vi AMÖfv‡M we× Kwiqv jBqv hvB‡ZQ G wk‡i nvq G LwÊZ wk‡i †Zvgvi cÖ‡qvRb wK weivgwP‡ýi cÖ‡qvM : †i cw_K! †i cvlvY ü`q cw_K! wK †jv‡f GZ ·¯— †`ŠovB‡ZQ? wK Avkvq LwÊZ wki ek©vi AMÖfv‡M we× Kwiqv jBqv hvB‡ZQ? G wk‡i nvq! G wk‡i †Zvgvi cÖ‡qvRb wK? 2. Avwg cÖ_‡g Zvnv‡K wPwb‡Z cvwijvg bv Zvnvi †m Szwj bvB Zvnvi †m j¤^v Pyj bvB Zvnvi kix‡i c~‡e©i g‡Zv †m †ZR bvB Ae‡k‡l Zvnvi nvwm †`wLqv Zvnv‡K wPwbjvg Kwnjvg wK †i ingZ K‡e Avwmwj?

weivgwPý weivgwP‡ýi cÖ‡qvM :

67

Avwg cÖ_‡g Zvnv‡K wPwb‡Z cvwijvg bv| Zvnvi †m Szwj bvB, Zvnvi †m j¤^v Pyj bvB, Zvnvi kix‡i c~‡e©i g‡Zv †m †ZR bvB| Ae‡k‡l Zvnvi nvwm †`wLqv Zvnv‡K wPwbjvg| Kwnjvg, ÒwK †i ingZ, K‡e Avwmwj?Ó 3. †h kã‡K fv‡jvev‡m Lye kã‡K Av`i K‡i K‡i †h Lye myL cvq †mB n‡Z cv‡i Kwe Kweiv †Mvjv‡ci g‡Zv my›`i my›`i K_v e‡jb Puv‡`i g‡Zv ¯^cœ †`‡Lb ZzwgI †Mvjv‡ci g‡Zv my›`i K_v ej‡Z PvI Puv‡`i g‡Zv ¯^cœ †`L‡Z PvI †Zvgvi hw` k‡ãi R‡b¨ Av`i-fv‡jvevmv bv _v‡K Zvn‡j cvi‡e bv Zzwg †Mvjv‡ci g‡Zv jvj MÜfiv K_v ej‡Z Puv‡`i g‡Zv †R¨vrmœvfiv ¯^cœ †`L‡Z weivgwP‡ýi cÖ‡qvM : †h kã‡K fv‡jvev‡m Lye, kã‡K Av`i K‡i K‡i †h Lye myL cvq, †mB n‡Z cv‡i Kwe| Kweiv †Mvjv‡ci g‡Zv my›`i my›`i K_v e‡jb, Puv‡`i g‡Zv ¯^cœ †`‡Lb| ZzwgI †Mvjv‡ci g‡Zv my›`i K_v ej‡Z PvI, Puv‡`i g‡Zv ¯^cœ †`L‡Z PvI? †Zvgvi hw` k‡ãi R‡b¨ Av`i-fv‡jvevmv bv _v‡K, Zvn‡j cvi‡e bv Zzwg †Mvjv‡ci g‡Zv jvj MÜfiv K_v ej‡Z, Puv‡`i g‡Zv †R¨vrmœvfiv ¯^cœ †`L‡Z|

Abykxjbx
1| weivg wPý Kv‡K e‡j? Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kx? 2| evsjv fvlvi evK¨MV‡b e¨eüZ weivgwPýmg~‡ni bvg, AvK…wZ Ges Zv‡`i weiwZi mgq mxgv D‡j−Lc~e©K GKwU weeiYx ˆZwi Ki|

Kg©-Abykxjb
1| cÖ`Ë weivg wPý¸‡jvi ÔAvK…wZÕ I weiwZKvj wb‡Pi Q‡K wjwce× Ki : weivgwPý Kgv †mwg‡Kvjb `uvwo †Kvjb W¨vk nvB‡db cÖkœ‡evaK wPý we¯§q wPý avZz †`¨vZK wPý AvK…wZ weiwZKvj

68

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

9. evbvb
9.1 evbv‡bi wbqg : YZ¡ I lZ¡-weavb fvlv cÖengvb I cwieZ©bkxj| cÖwZwU fvlvi †¶‡ÎB mywbqwš¿Z I myk„•Lj evbvbc×wZi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©| evM&aŸwb‡K eY© ev ni‡di mvnv‡h¨ wjwLZ i~c †`Iqvi cÖwµqvB n‡”Q evbvb| evbvb g~jZ kãga¨¯’ eY©mg~‡ni we‡k−lY ev avivevwnK eY©bv n‡jI evbvbixwZ e¨vKi‡Yi GKwU AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq| †Kv‡bv fvlvi †gŠwjK k‡ãi MvVwbK i~c Kx ai‡bi n‡e wKsev †hŠwMK kã MV‡bi †¶‡Î evbv‡bi wbq‡g †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b Avm‡e wK bv, Zv Rvbvi GKgvÎ Dcvq evbvb ixwZ| GKB k‡ãi GKvwaK evbvb weåvwš—i m„wó K‡i| evsjv fvlv nvRvi eQ‡ii cyi‡bv| evsjv fvlvq `xN©Kvj a‡i evbv‡bi †Kv‡bv mywba©vwiZ wbqg bv _vKvq GKB k‡ãi GKvwaK evbvb P‡j G‡m‡Q| evsjv evbv‡bi wbqg †eu‡a †`Iqvi †¶‡Î cÖ_g D‡`¨vMx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq| 1936 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖ¯—vweZ Ôevsjv evbv‡bi wbqgÕ ÑGi cÖ_g ms¯‹iY Ges 1937 mv‡j wØZxq ms¯‹iY cÖKvwkZ nq| evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯—K †evW© 1988 mv‡j evsjv evb‡bi GKwU bxwZgvjv cÖYqb K‡i| cieZx©Kv‡j evsjv GKv‡Wgx ÔcÖwgZ evsjv evbv‡bi wbqgÕ cÖYqb K‡i| G wbqg cÖKvwkZ nq 1992 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m| fvlvi mvgwMÖK k„•Ljv i¶v Kivi Rb¨ evbv‡bi wbqg Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| evsjv fvlvi kãfvÊvi eûw`b a‡i bvbv DrmRvZ k‡ãi mgv‡e‡k M‡o D‡V‡Q| DrmMZ w`K †_‡K evsjv fvlvi kãmg~n Zrmg, Aa©-Zrmg, Z™¢e, †`wk I we‡`wk⎯GB cÖavb cuvPwU fv‡M wef³| G cuvP ai‡bi k‡ãi g‡a¨ ÔZrmgÕ, ÔAa©-ZrmgÕ I ÔZ™¢eÕ kã ms¯‹…Z DrmRvZ| †`wk k㸇jv cÖvK&Avh©, `ªvweo, Aw÷ªK cÖf…wZ Abvh© RvwZi fvlv †_‡K G‡m‡Q| we‡`wk ev ˆefvwlK kãmg~n Aviwe, dviwm, cZzwM©R, ZzwK©, Bs‡iwR, divwm, Ij›`vR cÖf…wZ fvlv †_‡K AvMZ| YZ¡-weavb I lZ¡-weavb Av‡jvPbvi †¶‡Î Zrmg kã m¤ú‡K© D‡j−L Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h Ôms¯‹…Z †_‡K mivmwi †hme kã evsjv fvlvq G‡m‡Q, †m¸‡jvB Zrmg kã| ÔZrÕ ej‡Z †evSvq Ôms¯‹…ZÕ| A_©vr hv ms¯‹…‡Zi g‡Zv Zv-B Zrmg| evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ k㸇jvi g‡a¨ †hme kã Zrmg †Kej †m¸‡jvi evbv‡b g~a©b¨-Y Ges g~a©b¨-l e¨eüZ nq| Zrmg k‡ãi evbv‡b g~a©b¨-Y I g~a©b¨-l cÖ‡qv‡Mi we‡kl wbqg i‡q‡Q| j¶Yxq †h, `š—¨-b Ges g~a©b¨-Y -Gi g‡a¨ aŸwbMZ ev D”PviYMZ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †bB| Z`ªƒc `š—¨-m Ges g~a©b¨ l-Gi g‡a¨I aŸwbMZ ev D”PviYMZ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †bB| wKš‘ evbv‡bi †¶‡Î G‡`i mywbw`©ó cÖ‡qvMwewa ev e¨envi i‡q‡Q| evbv‡bi †¶‡Î Kxfv‡e `š—¨-b g~a©b¨-Y n‡q hvq Ges Kxfv‡e `š—¨-m g~a©b¨-l n‡q hvq Zv Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb|

evbvb

69

YZ¡-weavb †h ixwZ Abymv‡i evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ Zrmg k‡ãi evbv‡b `š—¨-b -Gi cwie‡Z© g~a©b¨-Y e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K YZ¡-weavb e‡j| A_ev, Zrmg k‡ãi evbv‡b g~a©b¨-Y-Gi mwVK e¨env‡ii wbqg‡K YZ¡-weavb e‡j| †hgb : FY, Z…Y, niY, KiY, PiY, fvlY, f‚lY, †kvlY, j¶Y BZ¨vw`| YZ¡-weav‡bi wbqgvewj 1. Zrmg k‡ã F, i, l ⎯GB wZbwU e‡Y©i c‡i Ges F-Kvi, i-djv, †id, ¶-Gi c‡i g~a©b¨-Y e¨eüZ nq| †hgb : (K) F ev F-Kvi (