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Warfarin
Stabilitas ¾ botol utuh harus disimpan pada suhu kamar dikendalikan dan dilindungi dari paparan sinar . Setelah dilarutkan, warfarin sodium secara fisik dan kimiawi stabil selama empat jam pada suhu kamar . Solusi dilarutkan tidak harus didinginkan . Jika salah satu partikel atau perubahan warna dicatat , obat harus dibuang . Solusi yang tidak terpakai juga harus dibuang . ( 1-10/06 )

Efek pH ¾ endapan A dapat membentuk dalam larutan karena pembentukan bentuk enol buruk larut warfarin pada nilai pH di bawah 8 . Pada pH 8 atau lebih tinggi , jelas stabil solusi hasil karena warfarin adalah dalam bentuk enolat larut . ( 964 )

Penyerapan ¾ Warfarin natrium ( Abbott ) 25 mg / L ditampilkan 11,7 % penyerapan ke plastik tes strip PVC dalam 24 jam . Kehadiran dextrose 5 % peningkatan tingkat penyerapan tersebut . ( 12 )

Warfarin natrium 22 mg / L dalam natrium klorida 0,9 % ( Travenol ) dalam kantong PVC dipamerkan sekitar 15% angka kerugian dalam satu minggu pada suhu kamar ( 15 sampai 20 ° C ) karena penyerapan . Namun, ketika larutan buffer dari pH awal dari 6,7-7,4 , tidak ada kerugian yang signifikan dari obat karena penyerapan diamati selama periode penelitian satu minggu . ( 536 )

Dalam studi lain, warfarin sodium 22 mg / L dalam natrium klorida 0,9 % tidak menunjukkan adanya kerugian akibat penyerapan selama infus simulasi tujuh jam melalui infus set ( Travenol ) yang terdiri dari selulosa propionat buret ruang dan 170 cm pipa PVC . ( 606 )

Obat itu juga diuji sebagai infus simulasi selama setidaknya satu jam dengan sistem pompa suntik . Sebuah jarum suntik kaca pada pompa suntik dilengkapi dengan 20 cm dari polietilen tabung atau 50 cm dari pipa Silastic . Tidak ada kehilangan obat karena penyerapan diamati dengan baik tabung . ( 606 )

Selain itu, alikuot 25 mL natrium warfarin 22 mg / L dalam natrium klorida 0,9 % yang disimpan dalam jarum suntik semua -plastik terdiri dari barel polypropylene dan polyethylene piston selama 24 jam pada suhu kamar dalam gelap . Tidak ada kerugian akibat penyerapan terjadi . ( 606 )

The penyerapan warfarin sodium 20 mg / L dalam natrium klorida 0,9 % dievaluasi dalam 100 mL PVC tas infus ( Travenol ) . Setelah delapan jam pada 20 sampai 24 ° C , 29 % dari warfarin itu hilang . Mengatur pH solusi untuk 2 atau 4 peningkatan penyerapan dalam delapan jam menjadi 49 % karena peningkatan jumlah un - terionisasi warfarin hadir dalam larutan pada nilai-nilai pH rendah . Bentuk un - terionisasi paling menguntungkan diserap oleh plastik . Konsentrasi natrium warfarin dalam larutan juga mempengaruhi pH dan , dengan demikian , tingkat penyerapan . Tabel 1 menunjukkan bahwa sebagai konsentrasi natrium warfarin berkurang , perubahan kecil dalam pH larutan terjadi. Bahkan ini pH perubahan kecil mengakibatkan tingkat sangat meningkat dari penyerapan pada kesetimbangan ( sekitar 100 jam paparan ) .
Seperti formulasi lama, baru formulasi fosfat-buffer warfarin sodium (DuPont) mengalami penyerapan ke PVC wadah dan set administrasi. Pada konsentrasi 0,02 mg / mL dekstrosa 5% dalam wadah PVC, tentang kehilangan 2,4% terjadi dalam enam jam. Dalam natrium klorida 0,9% dalam wadah PVC, kerugian itu hanya 1% dalam enam jam. Pada 0,6 mg / mL, tidak ada kerugian potensi ditemukan dalam larutan baik. Demikian pula, konsentrasi 0.02-mg/mL dipamerkan kerugian 6% di dextrose 5% dan kehilangan 2% pada natrium klorida 0,9% menjadi administrasi PVC set dalam dua jam kontak, potensi terus menurun pada empat dan enam jam kontak. Sekali lagi, konsentrasi 0.6-mg/mL tidak menunjukkan potensi kerugian akibat penyerapan dalam enam jam dalam larutan baik. Ini akan muncul bahwa konsentrasi rendah dan dextrose 5% digunakan sebagai kendaraan infus dapat meningkatkan kerugian akibat penyerapan ke PVC. (2010)

Warfarin natrium menunjukkan diabaikan (kurang dari 3%) rugi jika larutan berair pada pH 2 sampai 7 disimpan dalam kantong infus polypropylene. (770)

Warfarin natrium (Orion) 25 mg / mL natrium klorida 0,9% menunjukkan tidak ada kerugian dengan UV spektroskopi dan analisis HPLC karena penyerapan di 120 jam pada 21 ° C dalam botol kaca dan tas trilayer polypropylene (Softbag, Orion). Namun, sekitar 70% kerugian karena penyerapan terjadi di bawah kondisi ini di kantong PVC.

Dekstran 40 - AHFS 40:12

Produk ¾ dekstran 40 produk yang tersedia sebagai 10 % ( 10 g/100 ml ) suntikan di dekstrosa 5 % atau natrium klorida 0,9 % dalam wadah 500 - mL . The koloid produk dekstran disusun berat molekul rendah dekstran ( berat molekul rata-rata 40.000 ) dengan baik dekstrosa, hidro , 5 g/100 mL atau natrium klorida 0,9 g/100 mL dalam air untuk injeksi dari. (1-5/01) (4) (154)

pH ¾ pH dekstran 40 10% dextrose 5 % berkisar 3-7 . PH dekstran 40 10% natrium klorida 0,9 % berkisar 3,5-7 . ( 1-5/01 ) ( 4 )

Osmolaritas ¾ dekstran 40 10% dextrose 5 % memiliki osmolaritas dihitung dari 255 mOsm / L. Dekstran 40 10% natrium klorida 0,9 % memiliki osmolaritas dihitung dari 310 mOsm / L. ( 1-5/01 )

Sodium Konten ¾ dekstran 40 10% natrium klorida 0,9 % menyediakan 77 mEq natrium per botol 500 mL . ( 1-5/01 ) ( 4 )

Nama Dagang ( s ) ¾ Gentran , LMD , Rheomacrodex

Administrasi ¾ dekstran 40 10 % injeksi diberikan melalui intravena infus. ( 4 )

Stabilitas ¾ dekstran 40 produk tidak boleh diberikan kecuali mereka jelas . Jangka waktu penyimpanan atau eksposur terhadap fluktuasi suhu dapat menyebabkan pembentukan dekstran serpih atau kristal . Oleh karena itu , solusi harus disimpan pada suhu konstan, lebih 25 ° C , dan terlindung dari panas dan dingin yang ekstrim . Jangan gunakan dekstran solusi yang mengandung kristal . ( 1-5/01 ) Namun, jika serpih atau kristal lakukan muncul, mereka dapat dibubarkan oleh pemanasan dalam bak air pada 100 ° C atau autoklaf pada 110 ° C selama 15 menit . ( 4 ) ( 1484 ) ( 1485 ) Karena tanpa bahan pengawet antibakteri hadir , sebagian digunakan wadah harus dibuang

Streptokinase - AHFS 20:12.20

Produk ¾ Streptokinase tersedia sebagai bubuk lyophilized dalam botol 6,5 mL mengandung 250.000 , 750.000 , atau 1.500.000 IU dan di 50 - mL botol infus yang berisi 1.500.000 IU Setiap botol atau infus botol produk juga mengandung cross-linked gelatin polipeptida 25 mg , sodium l - glutamat 25 mg , dan albumin manusia 100 mg sebagai stabilisator dengan sodium hidroksida untuk mengatur pH . ( 1-6/02 )

Menyusun kembali streptokinase dalam botol atau dalam botol infus dengan 5 mL natrium klorida 0,9 % atau dextrose 5 % , mengarahkan pengencer terhadap sisi botol daripada bubuk obat . Roll dan miringkan botol lembut untuk efek pembubaran; tidak goyang , untuk menghindari pembentukan busa . Solusi dilarutkan dapat diencerkan lebih lanjut untuk administrasi , isi botol dapat diencerkan sampai 500 ml dalam botol kaca atau 50 mL dalam kantong plastik , sedangkan botol infus streptokinase mungkin memiliki tambahan 40 mL ditambahkan setelah pemulihan menghasilkan total volume dari 45 mL . ( 1-6/02 )

Unit ¾ One International Unit ( IU ) adalah setara dengan satu unit Christensen , yang merupakan jumlah streptokinase yang mengaktifkan plasminogen manusia yang memadai untuk melisiskan bekuan fibrin standar dalam waktu 10 menit secara in vitro . ( 4 )

pH ¾ pH larutan dilarutkan tergantung pada pengencer yang digunakan . ( 4 )

Nama Dagang ( s ) ¾ Streptase

Administrasi ¾ Streptokinase dikelola oleh intravena , intra - arteri , atau intrakoroner infus setelah pengenceran dengan natrium klorida 0,9 % atau dextrose 5 % , menggunakan perangkat kontrol infus volumetrik . ( 1-6/02 ) ( 4 ) Reconstituted solusi streptokinase dapat mempengaruhi keakuratan drop- menghitung perangkat infus ( baik manual dan instrumen dikendalikan ) dengan mengubah ukuran drop. Akibatnya , penggunaan perangkat kontrol infus volumetrik atau pompa jarum suntik dianjurkan untuk administrasi streptokinase . ( 4 )

Untuk menghapus kanula intravena tersumbat , streptokinase 250.000 IU yang diberikan selama 25 sampai 35 menit dalam 2 mL larutan . Obat ini ditanamkan langsung ke cannula , yang kemudian dijepit selama 2 jam , disedot , dan memerah dengan larutan natrium klorida . ( 1-6/02 ) ( 4 )

Stabilitas ¾ Streptokinase , bubuk lyophilized putih, mungkin memiliki warna kuning sedikit dalam larutan karena adanya albumin manusia . ( 4 ) botol utuh harus disimpan pada suhu kamar . Solusi dibentuk kembali harus didinginkan dan stabil selama 24 jam . ( 4 ) Namun, produsen merekomendasikan penggunaan dalam waktu delapan jam . ( 1-6/02 )

Streptokinase yang paling stabil dalam larutan pada pH 6 sampai 8 . Sejumlah kecil flokulasi dapat terjadi , solusi dengan jumlah besar flokulasi harus dibuang . Streptokinase dapat disaring melalui 0.8 - mm atau lebih besar filter. ( 1-6/02 ) ( 4 )

Streptokinase flokulasi diamati setelah transfer ke 250 - mL botol kaca dievakuasi . Flokulasi itu tertunda dalam beberapa kasus , tetapi selalu terlihat dalam waktu 10 hingga 15 menit . Meskipun filtrasi dihapus filamen , lebih flokulasi terjadi sesudahnya . Flokulasi ini dikaitkan dengan asam asetat - dapar natrium asetat hadir dalam botol kaca dievakuasi untuk pengawetan kaca selama sterilisasi .

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Com/156 Syllabus

...|[pic] |Course Design Guide | | |College of Humanities | | |COM/156 Version 7 | | |University Composition and Communication II | Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2010, 2009 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course builds upon the foundations established in COM/155. It addresses the various rhetorical modes necessary for effective college essays: narration, illustration, description, process analysis, classification, definition, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, and argumentation. In addition, requirements for research essays, including the use of outside sources and appropriate formatting, are considered. Policies Faculty and students will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject...

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...APA/MLA Worksheet (each question is worth 3 points.) Questions 1-7 can be found by reviewing the APA /MLA Overview Handout. For questions 8-13 use the Formatting MLA /APA Citations handout. For questions 14-15 use the In-Text citations handout. 1) What does MLA stand for? What does APA stand for? What is the purpose for them? Modern Language Association. American Psychological Association. The main purpose of using these guidelines provides consistency when writing papers. 2) In MLA, what goes in the upper-left hand corner of the first page of your paper? Where do the page numbers go? In APA, how do you format the first page? In the upper left hand corner of the first page you put your name, your instructor's name, course name, and due date. The page numbers go in the upper right hand corner. 3) What does in-text (parenthetical) citation refer to (use APA/MLA handout and In-text citations handout)? This method refers to placing relevant source information in parentheses after a quote or paraphrase. 4) Why do we need in-text citation? In-text citations acknowledge your source, support your argument, and help locate within the source where you got your information. 5) What is the Works Cited page and the References page for? These pages are used to list your sources that you used for your paper. 6) What are the first three rules outlined in your MLA handout under Format? Choose a standard, easy to read font. Align text to the left and do not justify...

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