...Theories of Development and Application General Psychology, PSY101 Theories of Development and Application Understanding the theories of development is key in psychology. Everyone proceeds through specific areas of change and growth in key areas as they go through life. Whatever path is taken during life, understanding theories of development will assist us in motivating and guiding others, as well as understanding ourselves. The following theories of development will be applied to this author’s personal life experience: Jean Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development, Developmental Stage Theory of Erik Erikson, Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development, and Developmental Milestone: Motor Development will all be briefly explained. This author will provide examples of ways thinking has shifted to indicate entering the Formal Operational Thought stage. One stage of Erik Erikson’s Developmental Stage Theory will be chosen and will be applied to this author’s personal life. One decision this author made that was based on Kohlberg’s three levels of moral development will be described. Finally, based on a child this author has known, the description of this child has progressed from rolling over, sitting, standing and walking. This is also known as the four developmental milestones. Jean Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget is a psychologist who “identified stages of mental development, called Schema, and established the fields of...
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...to « Game Theory », and its applications. ! ! ! ! IBMEC - EM Strasbourg Business School ! ! ! ! ! ! ! GAME THEORY "1 SUMMARY ! ! ! ! ! A brief introduction to the origins of the Game Theory……………..…3 What is a game ?………………………………………………………….……4 What is the purpose of a game ?……………………………………….….….….4 What defines a game ?…………………………………………….…….…….….4 Typology of the actual know games………………………….……….……….…4 How can we represent a game ?……………………….………….………….…..5 Strategies and actions in a game…………………….………………….…..6 Dominant/Dominated Strategies…………………….……………………….….6 Mixed Strategies……………………………………………………………….…6 Notion of The Pareto Optimum…………………………………………………7 A complete, concrete (and classic) example : The Prisoner’s Dilemma………….7 Commitment & Credibility………………………………………………………8 A concrete example of a commitment problem…………………………………9 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….10 Sources………………………………………………………….…………..…11 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! GAME THEORY "2 A/ A brief introduction to the origins of the Game Theory… ! What is Game Theory ? It is the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers. An alternative term would probably be Interactive Decision Theory. Even if this concept is, basically, pure economics, today we can see it in various range of application, from political science to psychology, logic or biology. The first thing that we should question ourselves, speaking of Game Theory, is probably...
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...The Application of Equity Theory in Business Today Research Paper Marcy Adams Organizational Behavior and Theory, Bus 7000 Professor Bryan Forsythe October 15, 2012 “That’s why you get paid the big bucks!” A phrase often head in all levels of management may actually hold theoretical meaning as opposed to what was often thought as simply an excuse to get out of performing a task. Unfortunately, implications of such could be the demonstration of a much deeper feeling in inequity that could ultimately damage the motivation of an entire organization. As defined, an organization is a collection of people who work together to achieve a variety of goals (Understanding & Managing Organizational Behavior, p 1). Organizational behavior is the actions and attitudes of those people within the organization (Understanding & Managing Organizational Behavior, p 1). The attitude of an individual determines the job satisfaction or dissatisfaction, commitment to the organization and overall involvement. Attitude can be influenced by internal factors, external factors and perception. First developed by John Stacey Adams in 1963, Equity theory attempts to explain the relationship between how fairness and unfairness correspond to a persons satisfaction. It asserts that employees seek a need to maintain balance between their inputs and outputs, all in comparison to that of a “referent” other (McShane & Von Gilnow p.151)...
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...Application of Nursing Theory Nurses have to make numerous decisions on a day to day basis. Some are simple decisions and other issues are more complex and require guidance to make decisions. Nursing theory is one way for nurses to make decisions based on problems or situations they face. As Cody (2003) states, “one learns to practice nursing by studying nursing theories” (pg. 226). This statement can be applied to problem solving and decision making. By using theory, nurses can apply concepts to solve problems, since practice is derived from theory. It is also noted by Cody (2003), that “nursing practice will be transformed to the betterment of humankind when all nursing practice is fully autonomous and guided predominantly by nursing theory” (pg. 230). This includes all aspects of nursing including nursing leadership, nursing education, nursing informatics and health policy. The middle range nursing theory of nursing intellectual capital is one that was developed to understanding how nursing knowledge within healthcare organizations influences patient and organizational outcomes (Covell, 2008). It is comprised of two mutually supporting concepts of nursing human capital and nursing structural capital. Nursing human capital is influenced in the workplace by nurse staffing and employer support for continuing professional development and is directly related to patient and organizational outcomes. The nursing structural capital is directly related to patient outcomes (Covell...
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...Running head: APPLICATION OF THEORY Application of Theory Cindy Perdue-Tufts Chamberlain College Theoretical Basis for Advanced Nursing NR-501 Dr. Mikel Hand December 8, 2013 Application of Theory Today, the use of modern nursing theory continues to advance and distinguish nursing practices from other care professions. Each theory has its own unique and qualifying characteristics. The objective of this paper serves two purposes. The first is to analyze one middle-range nursing theory, (transition theory), demonstrating how its attributes, specifically effective discharge processes are serving to generate beneficial outcomes for both congestive heart failure (CHF) patients at or above the age of 65 and the healthcare system as a whole. The second is demonstrate the advantages of incorporating effective discharge processes into home health care (HHC) nursing practices so that CHF patients 65 and older are better served. To meet these objectives this writer will delineate findings from factual scholarly literature and research studies, while providing existing shortcomings within the HHC this writer works for, in an effort to demonstrate why implementing effective discharge processes within the HHC, would in fact improve outcomes for CHF patients 65 and older. Transition theory clarifies the processes of transition that are involved with passage from one life phase to another involving changes in health that lead-up to a period of vulnerability. Afaf Meleis,...
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...Christina Bowman American Intercontinental University Unit 4 Individual Project BUSN300 – Lower Division Capstone July 1, 2012 Abstract This paper will talk about two theories that companies uses, the first one is employee empowerment culture, also known as the motivation theory. The second one is the theory of penetration pricing. Application of Theories Introduction The paper will define the use of two theories that McDonalds uses to produce employee empowerment and penetration pricing. It will give reasons for using these theories and how they will lead to specific actions on the part of the company. It will show the results achieved by using these methods. This paper will also speak on how I would have addressed these situations if I was the senior manager. Definition of the Theories Employee empowerment culture is another name for motivation theory. The meaning is that the employees are involved in the decision making. The theory of penetration pricing is the pricing technique of setting a relatively low entry price, a price that maybe lowers than the normal market price. It is written that the most important resource to an organization is the people. People ensure the interaction of the financial, industrial, and other resources so that the organization may function. According to Hunt (n.d.) there are experienced managers that have realized the financial reward do not always encourages employees and that there are many non-financial motives that...
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...Spencer Rohatynski Professor Zang Theory Application Paper December 3, 2015 The Perfect Combination “The human mind is everywhere one, and the same in that it has the same capacities.” Strauss uses the article “‘Primitive’ Thinking and the ‘Civilized’ Mind” to get a vast, relatable, and timely point across to readers. He discusses his thoughts on the differences between the ‘primitive’ mind, and the ‘civilized’ mind... The reason this article resonates so deeply with me, is because it relates to our current culture, and lifestyles in a way that is so obviously correct. I’ll be using this paper to discuss the relation between Strauss’ article, and our lives. Strauss would describe our current minds, as ‘civilized’ minds, as a scientific way of thinking. Strauss says, “It’s a step by step way of thinking, trying to give explanations for very limited phenomena, and then moving on quickly to a new phenomenon.” A kind of thinking focused on numbers, length, things that are able to be measured, like Instagram likes or Facebook comments. Strauss stated, that “We only use enough mental power for what is needed by our profession…” In our lives we do what is needed, and no more. Strauss says what we lack though, is the Savage mind, or a ‘primitive’ way of thinking. A type of thinking focused more on feelings, descriptions, and observations. He says, “We use more mental power, but considerably less of our sensory perceptions.” We’re no longer as aware as we once were, no longer as...
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...Title: Application of Cognitive Continuum theory to decision making by nurse managers Student Name: Institutional Affiliation: 10th October, 2014 Introduction Decision making may in this case be expressed as a route of selecting an alternative that is more likely to facilitate the achievement of organizational or individual goals (Bjork & Hamilton, 2011). The nursing practice has moved towards full evidence-based implementation of care which as a result enhanced the call for proper creation of decision within nursing. However, numerous nursing theories have been developed to support increased rational analysis and decision making in the nursing practice. The theory of cognitive continuum is in this case a vivid middle-range theory developed Hammond. The theory basically shows how judgment situations are linked to cognition. Additionally, six of the decision making modes which are based on the cognition and judgment, are described in the theory (Custers, 2013). The cognitive continue part of the theory shifts from suspicion to examination whereas the judgment varies from worse-planned to well-planned (Dhami & Thomson, 2012). Indeed, this study seeks to launch how the theory of cognitive continuum strategy may be useful in helping nurse managers make critical decisions. The paper includes the following sections: statement of the nurse manager decision making issue; and description of how the theory of cognitive continuum theory may be employed to determine the issue...
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...Motivational Theories and Applications Professor Teri Michael Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for MGM 335 Organizational Behavior Principles By Deborah Cantin CTUO January 20, 2014 Motivational Theories and Applications This paper introduces three motivational theories with models. Each one provides a different method for motivating individuals in the workplace. We also discuss how Myers-Briggs (MBIT) factors into motivation. Employees need motivation based on their psychological and physical needs according to Abraham Maslow, Fredrick Herzberg, and the use of Myers-Briggs to identify individual behavioral traits. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs According to Kendra Cherry, “Abraham Maslow was born on April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York” (Cherry, n.d.). Mr. Maslow was the first of seven children. His parents were Jewish and moved from Russia. He was a rather lonely boy who spent his childhood reading books. Mr. Maslow thirsted for more in-depth knowledge so he went on to study law at the City College of New York. During his time there, he married Bertha Goodman his first cousin. During his studies at the University of Wisconsin, he decided to study psychology. He found a mentor named Harrow Harlow who later became his doctoral advisor. Mr. Maslow went on to earn three psychology degrees from the University of Wisconsin. The three degrees included: a bachelors in 1930, a master’s in 1931, and a doctorate in 1934” (Cherry, n.d.). The...
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...1.Scientific Management Theory: Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), the Father of Scientific Management, assumed that labor is not the cause of most problems in business and it is only the management which can provide solutions to the problems of the business. His principles were: 1. Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work to replace the old rule-of-thumb method. 2. Scientifically select and then,teach and develop the worker. 3. Heartily co-operate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles of the science that has been developed. 4. Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management does all work for which it is better suited than the workers. EXAMPLE: In many ways McDonalds, Kentucky Fried Chicken(KFC) are the archetypical examples of organizations employing Scientific Management in production. Within this restaurant chain, uniformity is complete; no matter what country we are in every branch of McDonalds is the same, as the methods they use to prepare food, clean floors, promote staff and lock up on closing. It is this ability to efficiently supply standard food and service throughout the world that has allowed McDonalds to become the biggest restaurant chain on the planet. Frank and Lilian Gilbreth, this couple invented a device called microchronometer and has contributed to eliminate unnecessary body movements of labors and thus save time. Using Gilbreth’s techniques...
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...Game Theory Application on Pricing Strategies Used by the Retail Supermarket Industry Everyday low pricing (EDLP) and High-Low Pricing are the most popular pricing strategies used by companies in the retail supermarket industry. In this part of the project, the two pricing strategies are analyzed using a game-theoretic framework and compared to the observed behavior of supermarket within the industry. First, the definitions of both strategies are provided to better understand the analysis. Everyday low pricing (EDLP) is a pricing strategy that provides consumers with low prices without the need of using of coupons or waiting for sales price events. This strategy was started by Wal-Mart and Procter & Gamble and it is believed that EDLP saves retailers the time and expense of applying short-term promotional pricing, as well as, the cost of distributing and processing of coupons. Companies who often adopted this strategy also believed that it creates shopper loyalty. (Barron's Educational Series, Inc., 2000) The basic premises that suppliers are basing on when using EDLP are the following: * Steady, competitive prices will lead to even demand for products. * Inventory and other logistical costs will drop due to effective management of product flows. * There will be reduction of promotional costs and other forms of trade. * The costs of saving due to consistent demand and better management of inventory will result to lower final price of the products. (Hurwich...
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...Adrian Kyle When operating as a “lower level” employee in today’s system one wouldn’t necessarily be able to tell whether or not managers were aware of any sort of theories concerning their job description and how they might interact with the people under their authority. It seems that many people who start businesses these days never actually studied business, and are only concerned with learning tricks that will keep their business open and thriving regardless of human capital or employees. The people who have to deal with the ins and outs of the business on a day to day basis have never been high on the list of priorities for employers I have been involved with personally. I found two of the management theories in chapter ten of our text to be more intriguing than the others, and find it incredible how simple it could be to apply them in any workplace. McGregor’s theory has two components, Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is a somewhat offensive theory that illustrates the fact that the manager who would put it into action sees the employees under them as the “other”, and has forgotten that they are also employed by someone and were not always a manger. So obviously I agree with Theory Y. Theory Y states that people generally enjoy, or want to work, can work toward goals they believe in, or are committed to, that they are motivated by potential reward and personal goals, that they want to be trusted with responsibility, that they are capable of imaginative problem...
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...M & A Valuation Theories and Application The leading methods used in the valuation of a firm for the purpose of merger analysis are 1) the comparable companies or the comparable transactions approach; 2) the discounted cash flows spreadsheet method which will, probably, be the most familiar to you as it does not differ that much from the capital budgeting methods of analysis using Net Present Value (NPV); and 3) the formula approach. In the comparable companies approach, a number of market ratios--such as market value of equity over sales, market value of equity over book value per share, P/E ratio--are calculated for several similar companies, preferably from the same industry. (To decide on the comparability issues, we should consider size, similarity of the products, age of the companies, and recent trends in sales.) Based on these individual companies' ratios, we then compute the average ratios and apply those, to determine the estimated market value of the target company. It's rather simple, and based on common sense. The comparable transactions analysis applies a similar type logic to answer this single-most-important question: how much to offer? To do the analysis, we would collect the data for the companies involved in the same type of merger transactions, and then use this market information as the basis for negotiations. Please notice that we use not the market price of stock after the announcement of the bid, but the actual price paid! Both discounted...
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...Theory Application - City of God City of God is based on the true story of slum gangs outside of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil during the 1960’s and 1970’s. The movie is told from the viewpoint of Rocket, a poor fishmonger’s son, who longs to become a photographer one day and leave the violent and corrupt area. The film opens with Rocket standing in the street between the police and a gang. The movie then flashes back 10 years to tell the story of how he got there. Three hoods called “The Tender Trio” rob local businesses in a Robin Hood-type fashion, giving some of the loot to citizens of the City of God. One boy named Li’l Dice suggests they rob a local motel and all of its guests. He serves as lookout and ends up firing a phony warning shot, sending the rest of them fleeing while he goes in and slaughters the staff and occupants with a gun. The police’s presence quiets them down and all but one of the Tender Trio meets their death. The movie then fast forwards a number of years to show that Li’l Dice is now named Li’l Ze and he and his friend Benny run the drug empire in town by eliminating all but one drug dealer named Carrot. Li’l Ze is infatuated with killing and believes it is the simplest way to end his problems and take control. Benny decides to leave the gang life and move to a farm with his girlfriend and is shot and killed at his going away party by someone aiming for Li’l Ze. With Benny gone, nothing is stopping Li’l Ze from taking out the last remaining dealer, Carrot...
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...Human Developments – Application of Theory Introduction In this paper I will look at a scenario of a certain stage in a person’s life and relate in my opinion the best development Theory that explains what stage of development the subject is revealing and how this stage reflects this person’s life situation. This scenario is about a woman considered to be in the start of the middle age or prime of life. She graduated college to work in marketing. She patiently waited to marry her college love while he finished school. Settled in to a marriage where her husband was not ready for a family or children. She waited for her husband to settle down but the amount of time stressed the marriage till it ended in divorce. Now she finds herself at 43 no marriage, lonely, no children to raise and teach, and growing weary in a career she has lost interest in. Her sense of responsibility has her taking care of elderly mom even though they have never got along. At this point in her life she knows she needs to make changes but unsure of the direction she wants to go. She starts thinking of things that might change her situation but nothing feels right. Dating at her age seems awkward. Going back to school could be an option but not sure of anything she might be interested in. Not accomplishing what most other people have by this point in her life leaves her feeling of total failure. Theory The best theory analysis that fits our scenario lies in the Young Adulthood, Middle Age, and...
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