... The researchers in management field was the then born that time and various theories developed. The nature of the word theory have different in opinions but many business professionals, social scientists and other academic have very similar beliefs on definition of theory. According to (Online Dictionary, 2009), define theory as a “supposition or system of ideas explaining something”. On other hand by considering its applications the definition of Management has wide range and many authors including well known such as Ernest Dale, Gerald A Cole and Lurrie J. Mullins who explained that there is no main perfect or accepted definition of management by considering the different in theoretical approaches which management developed in. The approach to management in organization should consider the nature of the organizations so as to meet as suit the organization. As narrated by (stoner, freeman and denial, 2003), that each organization adopt the approach to management by considering its purpose, structure and culture since there are various and different approaches to management of the organizations. Management is the key part of any organization to continue operational. According to (stoner, freeman and denial, 2003), management...
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...Stoner, Freeman and Danial (2003) the approaches to management takes different forms with many organization adopting an approach suitable to its structure, culture and objectives. Considering this, Stoner, Freeman and Danial (2003) defines management as the process through which the goals and objectives of an organization are clearly ascertained at regular intervals, the design of the work system and the structure of the organization is identified, and as the process through which organizations maintain an environment in which employees, working as a group, accomplish their aims and objectives and those of the organization in an effective and efficient manner. Stoner, Freeman and Danial (2003) further posits that management is best analysed by dissecting the processes into five managerial functions namely; planning, organizing, leading and controlling. As such, management is crucial to the continued functioning of any organization. According to Mullins, in trying to identify main trends in the development of organisational behaviour and management theory, numerous works of theorists have been categorised into different approaches based on their views of organisations, their structure and management. Stating further that it is possible to identify a number of other approaches, or at least subdivisions of the approaches, and also cross grouping amongst the approaches. This essay will be looking closely at the classical and human relations approaches to management theory .and also critically...
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...| Organizations and Behavior | A Theoretical Perspective | Muhammad Ariful Islam 01-Aug-12 | Contents Introduction 3 1. Understanding of Different Approaches to Management and Leadership 3 1.1 Comparison of Effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organizations 3 1.1.1 Autocratic Leadership Style 3 1.1.2 Democratic or Participative Leadership Style 4 1.1.3 Free Rein Leadership Style 4 Table: 1 5 1. 2 The Best Suited Leadership Style in this Scenario 5 1. 3. How Organisational Theory Supports the Practice of Management 5 1.3.1 Classical Theory 5 1.3.2 Neoclassical Theory 6 1.3.3 Contemporary Theory 6 1.4. An Evaluation of Different Approaches to Management Used by Different Organizations 6 1.5. Organisations that Adopt Different Approaches of Management 8 2. Understanding of the Ways of Using Motivational Theories in Organisations 8 2.1 The Impact of Different Leadership Style on Motivation in the Periods of Organizational Change 8 2.2 An Effective Leadership Style Can Help to Achieve Organisational Objectives 8 2.3 Comparison of the Application of Different Motivational Theories within the Workplace 9 2.4 ‘Motivation can Increase Employee’s Performance’- A Justification with Argument 9 2.5 The Usefulness of a Motivation Theory for Managers 9 3. Understanding of the Mechanisms for Developing Effective Teamwork in Organisations 10 3.1 The Nature of Groups and Group Behaviour Within Organisations 10 ...
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...Essay in Political Economy of Work Do Taylor’s ideas on scientific management have any application in the contemporary workplace? Discuss with reference to evidence and alternative insights. Why for example do so many banks, health providers, and other companies ask you to key in your account number “for faster service,” when you will be asked to repeat it twice more to the people who are serving you? That is a symptom of Taylorism run rampant, a misplaced faith in technology unjustified by human experience. (Weisbord 2011: 12) The nature of work and its organization has interested managers, economists and social scientists for as long as people have been employed by others to engage in productive activity. Indeed, managers have largely been interested in maximizing output from available resources. Economists and social scientists have raised questions about the organization of work in relation to issues of the individual and society in general. Historically, the emphasis was on finding the best way in which to manage the human resource through scientific and mechanical means. Frederick Taylor (“Taylorism”) and Henry Ford (“Fordism”) were both looking to make labour more efficient by fitting workers to jobs. To counteract the some of the worst features of Taylorism, the job redesign and human relations movements stressed the importance of an understanding of employees’ social, rather than simply economic, needs. ...
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...provides a systemic framework for actions. •Study of management only dates for the last century, although there has been concerns about effective management practice for over centuries Scientific management school The two earliest pioneers of management theory are: -Robert Own and -Charles Babbage Scientific management school Robert Own (1771 -1858) A British industrialist who valued the organization’s human resources. Scientific management school He advocated ideas such as, - better working condition - meals for employees - reduced working hours He claimed that people deserve more respect and dignity. Scientific management school *Charles Babbage (1792 -1871) An English Mathematician who encouraged the application of mathematics to solve efficiency problems Scientific management school His work put the basic lines of both classical and quantitative management theories. He was also the originator of modern management theory and practice The classical management theory Includes two approaches: Scientific management Classical management Scientific management Concerned with the management of work and workers. it grew from researches of five people: Scientific management *Fredrick W.Taylor(1856 -1915) He was interested in labor efficiency. So, he put on four steps as the essence of scientific management. Scientific management 1-Developing a science for each element of a man’s work . 2-Scientifically select, train, teach and...
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...Chapter 2: MANAGEMENT LEARNING PAST TO PRESENT CHAPTER 2 TAKEAWAY QUESTIONS 1. What can be learned from classical management thinking? 2. What are the insights come from the behavioral management approaches? 3. What are the foundations of modern management thinking? CHAPTER 2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After completing this chapter, students should be able to: • State the underlying assumption of the classical management approaches. • List the principles of Taylor’s scientific management. • List three of Fayol’s “principles” for guiding managerial action. • List the key characteristics of bureaucracy and explain why Weber considered it an ideal form of organization. • Identify possible disadvantages of bureaucracy in today’s environment. • Explain Follett’s concept of organizations as communities. • Define the Hawthorne effect. • Explain how the Hawthorne findings influenced the development of management thought. • Explain how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs operates in the workplace. • Distinguish between Theory X and Theory Y assumptions, and explain why McGregor favored Theory Y. • Explain Argyris’s criticism that traditional organizational practices are inconsistent with mature adult personalities. • Define system, subsystem, and open system. • Apply these concepts to describe the operations of an organization in your community. • Define contingency thinking, knowledge management, and a learning organization. • List characteristics...
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...Scientific Management - Scientific Management This essay will critically evaluate the scientific management’s importance and its contribution in the current management context. In this era of rapid economic development and industrial expansion of different nations, scientific management has enabled every nation to be involved in this global market. Scientific management is the theory which serves as the ‘backbone’ to many current management theories. Scientific management will be briefly described initially. After that, the essay will identify why scientific management is an important contribution to management theory when Frederick Taylor proposed it.... [tags: Business Employee Management] 1639 words (4.7 pages) $19.95 [preview] Scientific Management - Scientific Management Fredrick Taylor, the father of scientific management. He had a firm belief in "one best way" (Samson & Daft, 2003), of doing something. In the year 1899, Taylor held an experiment that involved German and Hungarian men, whose job involved some very heavy-duty work (Gabor, 2000). To his disappointment, men either refused to work, or wouldn't work to his expectations. The men hated him utterly; to the extent he required security when going home (Gabor, 2000). In his entire dilemma with his employers, in stepped Schmidt, a man not of intelligence but had the strength of a bull and an ox-like mentally required to reach the standards of Fredrick Taylor.... [tags: Taylorism Business Management Essays] ...
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...Structure 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Objectives Introduction Historical Perspective Theory in Management Classification of Management Theories Classical Management Theory 4.5.1 Scientific Management 4.5.2 Administrative Management 4.5.3 Bureaucratic Organization 4.5.4 Criticisms on Classical Management Theory 4.6 Neo-Classical Theory 4.6.1 Human-Relations School 4.6.2 Behavioural Schools 4.7 Modem Management Theory 4.7.1 Systems Theory 4.1.2 Contingency Theory 4.7.3 Organizational Humanism 4.7.4 Management Science 4.8 Other Schools of Thoughts, Styles and Approaches 4.9 Problems and Conflicts in Management Theories 4.10 Summary 4.11 Key Words 4.12 References and Further Reading 4.0 OBJECTIVES After reading this Unit, you will be able to • know the historical development of schools of management thought; • explain what a theory in management is; • outline the classification of management theories; • describe important schools of management, their contributions and limitations; • elaborate problems and conflicting issues in management theory; and 4.1 INTRODUCTION In the preceding three units of this block you have learnt various scientific principles of management, management functions and what constitutes managerial quality and leadership as propounded by management experts. In this Unit you will have a historical perspective of management approaches or thoughts. The block in toto will set the background about various schools of management to enable you to have a better understanding...
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...Evolution of Management The Classical school of thought began during the Industrial Revolution around 1900 and continued into the 1920s when new problems related to the factory system began to appear. Managers were unsure of how to train employees (many of them non-English speaking immigrants) or deal with increased labor dissatisfaction, so they began to test solutions. Traditional or classical management focuses on efficiency and includes scientific, bureaucratic and administrative management. Bureaucratic management needs a rational set of structuring guidelines, such as rules and procedures, hierarchy, and a clear division of labor. Scientific management focuses on the "one best way" to do the job. Administrative management emphasizes the flow of information in the operation of the organization. The first management theory approach to emerge was scientific management.[1] It was introduced in an attempt to create a mental revolution in the workplace. It can be defined as the systematic study of work methods in order to improve efficiency. Frederick W. Taylor was its main contributor. Other major contributors were Frank Gilbreth, Lillian Gilbreth, and Henry Gantt. Scientific management has several major principles. 1st - it calls for the application of the scientific method to work in order to determine the best method for accomplishing each task. 2nd - scientific management suggests that workers should be scientifically selected based on their qualifications and...
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...2 APPROACHES TO ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT Organisational behaviour is a discursive subject and much has been written about it. The study of organisations and management has therefore to proceed on a broad front. It is the comparative study of the different approaches that will yield benefits to the manager. The study of organisations, their structure and management is important for the manager. Identification of major trends in management and organisational behaviour, and the work of leading writers, provide a perspective on concepts and ideas discussed in more detail in other chapters. Learning outcomes After completing this chapter you should be able to: ■ identify major trends in the development of organisational behaviour and management thinking; contrast main features of different approaches to organisation and management; evaluate the relevance of these different approaches to the present-day management of organisations; explain the relationships between management theory and practice; assess the value of the study of different approaches to organisation and management; recognise the relationship between the development of theory, behaviour in organisations and management practice; establish a basis for consideration of aspects of organisational behaviour discussed in subsequent chapters. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Critical reflection ‘It is often claimed that what leading writers say is an important part of the study of management and organisational behaviour. Others say that...
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... | Aims and Summary This module provides a thorough grounding in the theories of organisations, the processes of organisational designing, and the practice of human resource management. The first part of the module concentrates on the concepts of organisational structure and behaviour. The second part reviews the changing nature of the employment relationship and critically evaluates the contribution of HRM to organisational effectiveness and efficiency. Intended Module Learning Outcomes On successful completion of this module, the student will be able to: Demonstrate an understanding of theoretical concepts of organisation structure and behaviour, and the practice of organising. Critically discuss the relationship of HRM to the traditional practice of personnel management and industrial relations. Assess key areas of HR practice, such as strategic planning, resourcing, development, motivation and reward. Analyse and evaluate HR practice in contemporary work situations, coming to critically argued conclusions and recommendations. Indicative Content Nature of Organisational Behaviour Theories of organisations, alternative approaches to management including classical, scientific, human relations, contingency theory. Nature of organisations, organisational...
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...Technical-rational approaches to organisation (see Brooks, 2006 or 2009) are of little use to managers. The aim of this essay is to examine and discuss the different approaches to organisation such as Technical-rational approach. Evaluate the idealists and theories behind the approaches and to compare how effective they are in management and in today’s business environment. Managers use different perspectives in organisational management to maximise their workforce, to achieve business goals. Each approach is developed by a series of academics and researchers as a result of studying and understanding organisations. The technical-rational approach is a conception of the business enterprise as a mechanism for coordinating economic inputs and activities, and of the manager as a morally neutral technician engaged in a world of purely rational problem solving in the pursuit of efficiency (John et al, 2006). Principles were designed to be universally applicable and based on rational, ordered technical arrangements (Brooks, 2009). Organisations were viewed as machines and humans ‘as mere cogs within them’ (Graley, 2012). Bureaucracy, Classical school (Of Thought) and scientific management are divisions of a technical approach. Bureaucracy was founded by Max Weber a German philosopher who reported that (Brooks, 2009) people in organisations have their own well defined tasks and responsibilities. Organisations contain hierarchical structures with each developing their own rules...
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...help in the achievement of organizational aim and objectives; 1.2.3. brining together all the various factors of production (People, money, materials, machinery, methods, and activates); 1.2.4. making the best possible use of the factors of production; 1.2.5. exercising control over the performance of the factors of production; and 1.2.6. providing conditions in which the persons associate with the organization-owners, employees, customers, and the community at large-derive maximum satisfaction (pagare, 1981) Terry and Franklin (1997:4) define management as the distinct process consisting of activities of planning, organizing, actuating, and controlling performed to determine and accomplish stated objectives with the use of human beings and other resources. They have summarized the definition in the following figure. 1 2 Stated Objectives Men and Women Materials Machines Methods Money Markets Planning Organizing Actuating Controlling Donnelley et al. (1995:4)...
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...Running head: Evolution of Management Principles The Evolution of Management Principles Tim Akers American Public University 20 April 2013 ABSTRACT In this paper I will be explaining the evolution of management from the beginning of the industrial revolution to present which includes Classical School of Management, the Human Relations/ Behavioral School of Management, Theory X and Y, the Scientific Approach, Contingency Approach, and Theory Z. I will also be comparing the classical style and the present style to each other and to my current work environment. The Evolution of Management Principles The Classical school of thought began during the Industrial Revolution around 1900 and continued into the 1920s when new problems related to the factory system began to appear. Managers were unsure of how to train employees (many of them non-English speaking immigrants) or deal with increased labor dissatisfaction, so they began to test solutions. Traditional or classical management focuses on efficiency and includes scientific, bureaucratic and administrative management. Bureaucratic management needs a rational set of structuring guidelines, such as rules and procedures, hierarchy, and a clear division of labor. Scientific management focuses on the "one best way" to do the job. Administrative management emphasizes the flow of information in the operation of the organization. The first management theory approach to emerge was...
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...plan what was to be done, organize people and materials to do it make sure those workers got the work done, and impose some controls to ensure that everything was done as planned. That someone was manager. 1400s At the arsenal of Venice, warships were floated along the canals, and each stop, materials and riggings were added to the ship. In addition, the Venetians used warehouse an inventory systems to keep track of materials, human resource management functions to manage the labor force (including wine breaks), and an accounting system to keep track of revenues and costs. 1776 Wealth of the Nations book by Adam Smith was published. Adam Smith argued that the economic advantages of the division of labor breaking down jobs into narrow, repetitive tasks. 1780s – mid-1800s Industrial Revolution came with the birth of the corporation. Large and efficient factories pumping out products, someone needed to forecast demand, make sure there were adequate supplies of materials, assigned tasks to workers, and so forth. Classical Approaches Beginning around the turn of the twentieth century, the discipline of management began to evolve as a unified body of knowledge. Rules and principles were developed that could be taught and used in a variety of settings. 1911 * Frederick W. Taylor - Father of Scientific Management Stresses "One Best Way" to do a job Bethlehem Steel - Pig Iron Experiments 1916 – 1947 * Henri Fayol Introduced the 14 principles of...
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