...Instructor’s Manual with Test Items to accompany Applied Behavior Analysis Second Edition John O. Cooper ● Timothy E. Heron ● William L. Heward All, The Ohio State University Prepared by Stephanie Peterson, Idaho State University ● Renée K. Van Norman, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● Lloyd Peterson, Idaho State University ● Shannon Crozier, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● Jessica E. Frieder, Idaho State University ● Peter Molino, Idaho State University ● Heath Ivers, Idaho State University ● Shawn Quigley, Idaho State University ● Megan Bryson, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● David Bicard, University of Memphis [pic] Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Columbus, Ohio ____________________________________________________________ ______________________ Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department. Pearson Prentice Hall™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson® is a registered trademark of Pearson plc Prentice Hall® is a registered trademark of Pearson Education...
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...is touted to be absolutely effective and possibly the only answer for gains to be made in changing autism. Unfortunately, this may diminish the ability of the individual with autism to change in a positive manner. Additionally, immense monetary bills compound the problem. Caregivers may even bankrupt themselves trying to save their child or family member paying high premiums for ABA services that may or may not actually effectively change or manage behaviors of individuals with autism. This paper will discuss whether or not ABA research actually proves the effectiveness of ABA interventions. ABA interventions are defined as “those in which the principles of learning theory are applied in a systematic and measurable manner to increase, reduce, maintain and/or generalize target behaviors” (Education, 2007). ABA includes methodology such as reinforcement of target behaviors, shaping and chaining new behaviors, fading inappropriate behaviors, response and stimulus prompting, discrimination training, programming new behaviors, ideas and attitudes as well as completing functional assessments. (Broadstock, 2008) The research question was whether or not interventions and strategies based on ABA are actually effective in gaining the following outcomes for individuals with autism: * social development * cognitive thinking skills * functional and spontaneous development of communication * engagement in...
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...A review paper published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal provides a summary of the current understanding of ASD and suggests a comprehensive set of guidelines on best practices for detection, diagnosis and treatment for children with autism based on the currently available evidence randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or systematic reviews. - See more at: "We have come to understand ASD as a remarkably heterogeneous constellation of conditions that covary with other disabilities and disorders (e.g., intellectual disability, epilepsy, ADHD, anxiety disorders) and various medical problems," writes Dr. Stephen Scherer, senior scientist and director of The Centre for Applied Genomics at The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids) and director of the McLaughlin Centre at the University of Toronto, with coauthors. "Recent discoveries of underlying genomic factors have shown great complexity and implicate various networks of causal factors." ASD, which includes a variety of traits that range from mild to severe, is estimated to affect about 1% of the population, although it is under-recognized in the developing world. The review, by specialists in pediatrics, psychiatry, epidemiology, neurology and genetics from across Canada, outlines the current understanding of ASD and best practices for pediatricians, family doctors and specialist clinics, and identifies resources for clinicians. Topics include: What causes autism? The causes are thought to be multi-factorial: genetic...
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...(Individualized Education Program) and BIP (Behavior Intervention Plan) progress. Observational procedures for research purposes are often more demanding and these suggestions are for practitioners and not meant to meet a research standard. Collecting data involves a variety of techniques, including both direct and indirect methods. Examples of indirect data collection include interviews, record review, and examination of permanent work products. This booklet focuses on observational data, which is a direct method of data collection. When collecting information, it is important to use multiple sources and methods, and to triangulate the data collected. No one method stands alone. Behavior always occurs in a context, and observing in that context is critical for defining and understanding the behavior. Observations may also help to identify the antecedents (what happens before the target behavior) and consequences (what happens after the target behavior) so that meaningful behavioral interventions can be developed. The data we collect during systematic classroom observations is used as a baseline, and/or present level of performance for an IEP. We might also use the data to evaluate whether or not an intervention is working. Observation is one method for collecting data for an FBA in order to answer the questions “what function is the behavior serving for the student?” or “what is the student trying to communicate to us through the behavior?” Thus, collecting data related...
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...Changing Behavior: Insights and Applications Annette Frahm, project manager Dave Galvin Gail Gensler Gail Savina Anne Moser December 1995 Revised June 2001 Local Hazardous Waste Management Program in King County King County Water Pollution Control Division 130 Nickerson St., Suite 100 Seattle, Washington 98109 (206) 263-3050; haz.waste@metrokc.gov Prog-3(12/95)rev.6/01 Introduction Have you ever tried to get a smoker to stop? A kid to start wearing a bike helmet? An aerosol user to switch? Changing behavior is both art and science, and much can be learned from others’ attempts to change behavior that can make our work more effective. A project team at the Local Hazardous Waste Management Program in King County, Washington, spent several months in 1995 reading behavior change literature from energy conservation, recycling, health education and other fields, looking for insights. We distilled many of the principles found in the literature into workshops for staff, hoping to make their efforts to change business’ and the public’s hazardous waste behavior more effective. At the workshops, we presented some key behavior change principles, a panel shared their insights, and staff worked through an exercise to learn how to apply the principles to their work. This report summarizes our findings and includes examples from field experience. A key insight from the project is that information alone is not enough to change behavior. As government workers, we often try to...
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... The most notable theory from this time the Socratic Method, which consists of posing probing questions to students rather than espousing a hierarchy of knowledge. Brief History of its Founding Modern theories such as behaviorism, founded in the early twentieth century, are associated with theorists including Watson, Skinner, Pavlov and Thorndike. Watson known as the father of behaviorism proposed an alternative to the views of Wilhelm Wundt the founder of the discipline of psychology in1879. (Moore, 2011, p. 1). According to Moore, “Wundt assumed that the study of consciousness or subjective mental life was the appropriate subject matter for psychology.” (Moore, 2011, p. 1, para.1). Watson proposed that study and analysis should focus on observable behavior and that concerns with consciousness only hampered the process. (Driscoll, 2005, p. 31)...
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...Introduction The purpose of this contract is to provide an example of how methods and techniques of behavioral management theory are used to help someone reach their goal. Behavior therapy is based on the belief from therapist that behavior is learned and influenced by the environment a person is in. Therapists have focus on maladaptive behavior that is considered disadvantageous and dangerous to an individual to help them find ways to change their behavioral patterns. On my journey to achieving my goal I will use behavior modification that will allow me to focus on unwanted behavior that has contributed to my weight gain. Below is a behavioral contract that includes the following: short-term and long term goals, behaviors that need to change, positive and negative reinforcement, methods to monitor my progress and the results I hope to achieve. On this day June 10, 2013 I Taneka Lewis agree to follow the directions of this contract. I understand that no substitutions or adjustments can be made to this document. A breach in this contract will result in a penalty of any sort. Short-Term and Long-Term Goals Short Term Goals: 1.) I will exercise 30 minutes a day for 3 days a week (walking around my neighborhood). 2.) I will cut back on drinking sodas to one a week 3.) I will commit to increasing my water intake by 8 ounces a day. Long Term Goals: 1.) By the fourth week of the contract I will increase my workouts by 30 minutes. I will add bicycle riding and jumping rope...
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...Sara Simpson D. Laffranchini CLDDV173 14 September 2015 Graham’s Story Graham’s Story, Autistic-Like, is about one family’s journey trying to find the right treatment for their son. This is about their struggle of learning about autistic spectrum disorder, or ASD. At an early age, the mother noticed signs of autistic-like behavior at Graham’s 15 month checkup. She received startling news from his pediatrician that Graham may be autistic. With further research, they had a state agency come out to perform tests on Graham and ask his parents questions about him and his behavior to determine if Graham exemplifies any behavior patterns that would be associated with autism. At 16 months, Graham was prescribed with a treatment plan called Applied Behavioral Analysis Therapy. The process was to try and teach him to behave like a typical child. Initially, the parents were pleased with the therapy, but wanted a deeper connection with their son, so they looked for something that could further help him. With some further research, Graham’s parents decided to try out the Son-Rise Training Program at the Autistic Treatment Center of America. They learned of a new therapy, Floor Time, which derives from the developmental individual-difference relationship-based model. Dr. Ricki Robinson confirmed that Graham had delays in motor planning and sensory related issues. Graham was excelling in his new Floor Time therapy sessions, but was resisting in his ABA therapy. They made...
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...How and why might organisations adopt a behavioural safety approach Peter Webb, HSEQ Manager, Basell Polyolefins UK Ltd., Carrington Site, Manchester, M31 4AJ, England. October 2003. Introduction It is widely accepted that within the broader scope of human factors, specifically human behaviour at all levels within an organisation influences the effectiveness with which risks are controlled. Behavioural safety approaches aim to promote behaviours which are critical to health and safety. This essay outlines why a behavioural safety approach might be adopted. Behavioural safety programmes vary significantly in their success. Some fail altogether. An overview is given of how to adopt such a programme. Some key barriers and enablers which have been shown to affect the outcome are highlighted. This essay will not go into detail about what behavioural safety is, except insofar as it is necessary to explain the “why” and the “how”. Why Organisations Might Adopt a Behavioural Safety Approach Safety performance in many organisations has tended to reach a plateau. This follows significant improvements which were achieved initially through technological approaches (better understanding of physical hazards, inherently safe design etc.), and subsequently systems approaches (implementation of HSE management systems, quality systems etc.). The term organisation was defined by W. J. Duncan as “a collection of interacting and interdependent individuals who work toward...
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...systematic data based programming could be more adequately implemented. As a result, The Learning Tree, Inc. was incorporated in 1983. The organization maintains three residential schools in Alabama - Mobile, Jacksonville, and Tallassee - for children with autism spectrum disorders and other intellectual disabilities. In addition, it operates The Little Tree Preschools in Mobile, Jacksonville, and Auburn and a consulting program for public schools and other organizations. Beginning in August 2009, the organization will open Woody’s Song, a program offering non-residential services for elementary-aged students. Our services are supervised and provided by a variety of professionals including certified teachers, psychologists, Board Certified Behavior Analysts,...
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...ifferential reinforcement is the reinforcement of one form of behavior and not another, or the reinforcement of a response under one condition but not another. Differential reinforcement uses positive reinforcement to differentiate or separate appropriate student behavior from inappropriate behavior by increasing one while decreasing the other. Definition D Things to Do Select behaviors to be decreased or increased. Select alternative, incompa tible or communicative behavio , rs to be taught. Determine time interval. Set criterion. Ignore inappropriate behav iors. Monitor the student’s performance. Level 1: Positive Interaction Procedures 1 LRBI Checklist Differential Reinforcement There are six strategies that comprise or make up differential reinforcement: Select behaviors to be decreased or increased. Select behaviors to be decreased or increased. These behaviors should be objectively defined and must be observable and measurable. For DRO, DRI, DRA, and DRC, there will be a specific behavior to decrease, such as talk-outs, hitting, not following directions, out of seat, disrupting other students, or tantrums. For DRH, there will be a specific behavior to increase, such as contributing in class, positive social interactions, getting to class on time, or task completion. D R H RL D problem behaviors Level 1: Positive Interaction Procedures appropriate behaviors 2 LRBI Checklist Differential Reinforcement Select...
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...years my vision and goals has not changed. However, it has expanded me to reach out to young women and men and help them with their capability to accomplish everyday life struggles. All of these researchers (Miles, J, Detweiler, M. and Nader, J .connects in the child development and practice that is substantially connected with children behavioral disorder needs. Your Career in Psychology Introduction In my own words what describes a good career in psychology is someone who has the ability to study the mind and behaviors of individuals. I have a passion and desire to help children and young adults, who have neglected but, not abused. I also counsel children with emotional behavioral problems, depression and anxiety problems. What led me to this vision is always seeing children get into trouble, but they just could not explain why they did it. My family and close friends’ have always known about my passion and desire to help children with behavior problems. However, I took a long look at my own childhood experiences and realized that I too can help others. But, before I can help anyone with their life style I had to analyzed, why I did...
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...All three types of learning are part of behaviourism and look at measurable behaviour, rather than on cognitive and biological processes. Classical conditioning was the first learning theory, introduces in the 1900s followed by operant conditioning in the 1940s and the social learning theory after that. Classical conditioning examines how a response is associated with a stimulus to cause conditioning looking at reflex / involuntary behaviours; operant conditioning involves learning through consequences – punishments and rewards in order to reinforce or decrease the occurrence of behaviour looking at deliberate / voluntary behaviour. Social learning theory accepts the role of reinforcement and rewards, and so incorporates operant conditioning within its theory. All three theories use controlled lab experiments with careful controls and manipulation of the independent variable. This is because they all investigate observable behaviour, which can be tested experimentally. Classical and operant conditioning use animals where as the social learning theory uses humans as role models and subjects. Operant conditioning has been used in therapy – for example token economy – and classical conditioning in aversion therapy where an undesirable behaviour is removed by associating it with an aversive stimulus. Therefore both kinds of conditioning have practical applications and are useful. Social learning theory is also useful – it has helped to highlight the need to take care over...
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...The Rat Basketball assignment implemented some of the most established theories of learning, including classical and operant conditioning, into a semester-long project where we trained a lab rat to play basketball. Conditioning involves behavior modification, where the subject (rat) learns to act or respond in a certain way, demonstrating an association with a previously unrelated stimulus. Applying our knowledge of conditioning along with trial and error, my partner and I successfully trained our rat to play basketball. However, the experience wasn’t a walk in the park and required a substantial amount of hard work, patience, and even luck. Rat basketball training involved a series of small steps known as shaping, which consisted of six different levels that ultimately led to our rat mastering the complex and unnatural behavior of dunking a ball into a hoop. The first stage of training was Habituation. In regards to learning and memory, habituation involves a decrease in the strength of a behavior. In other words, the goal of this stage was to have the rat habituate to us as handlers and become acquainted (i.e. decrease freezing or anxious behavior from the rat). My partner and I received our rat, Ratpunzel, and spent a few days familiarizing with her. We didn’t linger on this stage for too long, but we mostly just handled her and allowed her to run around the basketball court. She was fidgety and went to the bathroom frequently at first but as she habituated to...
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...Does Taste Aversion Therapy Produce Behavioural Change? AZA1019 Psychology: Introduction 1A Dionne Morris Nomalizo Thwala 26064332 1.Taste Aversion. (n.d.). In Alleydog.com's online glossary. Retrieved from: http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition-cit.php?term=Taste Aversion This reference explains what taste aversion is and gives a better understanding of the term. Taste aversion is when a human’s taste buds associate the taste of a certain food or drink with that of a spoiled substance. When an individual has a taste aversion towards something, their brain will automatically develop a resistance towards a certain food or drink. This article also states the body forms a survival mechanism which warns the body for harmful food . An individual may acquire taste aversion due to circumstances. For example, when a type of food makes them sick at an early age, they will have a negative reaction towards it throughout their lives. 2.Kendra, C. (2015). What is aversion therapy? About education. Retrieved from: http://psychology.about.com/od/typesofpsychotherapy/f/aversion-therapy.htm This reference gives an understanding of what aversion therapy is and how it is performed. This therapeutic method is a form of treatment that utilizes behavioural principles to eliminate unwanted behaviour. Kendra discusses the different methods...
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