...The Scientific Method Theresa P. Mitchell University of Phoenix SCI 230 Introduction to Life Science Professor Mayra E. Colombani February 2, 2014 The Scientific Method The scientific method is an established step process to stimulate us to ask questions and seek explanations to situations or problems. On the table below, the scientific method applies the following steps to start an investigation to reach a general conclusion: Observation | Question | Hypothesis | Prediction | Experiment | The problem or situation | Why or what is the concern | What one may state is the problem/situation – prediction | If one does this the problem or situation will be fixed or corrected | Following through to see if hypothesis / prediction was correct | The web-based activity instituted from the University of Phoenix portal prompts the student to apply the scientific method to provide a conclusion (University of Phoenix, 2014). The car experiment posed the most interest portraying an individual who goes to the garage in the morning preparing to head to work and the car will not start. The car was working the day before but today when the individual puts the key in the ignition nothing happens. This creates a query of “Why does the car not start?” After applying the steps to the scientific method and performing all the different scenarios provided from the web-based experiment, the final conclusion was the car needed fluids. I may actually relate to the experiment regarding...
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...and values agree with each other in multiple tests. Accuracy refers to the agreement between experimental data and a known value. (Helmenstine, 2014) Chemistry and Society Accuracy and precision are important conceptions, and how they relate to an experimental measurement. By using scientific notation the concepts of precision and accuracy can be accomplished in a simpler matter. Precision and accuracy can be in hitting a bulls-eye of a target. If you hit the target accurately implies you are close to the center of the target even when the marks are on different sides of the center of the bulls-eye. If you hit the target precisely means all the hits you made are spaced closely, but still far from the center of the bulls-eye. (Helmenstine, 2014) Our society is depending on the precision and accuracy when measuring products we purchase every day. Precision and accuracy goes hand in hand together to make proficient measurements. If a product is not measured correctly, it would not have the same effect if it were measured correctly. Gasoline that we put in our vehicles if not mixed properly would give us a vehicle that would not perform accurately. There are steps of scientific method that consist of observation, the formulation of hypotheses, the testing of hypotheses by experiment, and the formulation of laws and theories. (Tro, 2009) Once the observation concludes, the hypothesis...
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...Taylorism and century twenty-one: Is Taylorism still applicable today? Management has become an essential part of an organization over the years due to the effects it has on the organization. Scientific Management also known as Taylorism, was a theory developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor. It was developed at a time when working conditions had reached an all-time low and industrial unrest was becoming a major issue(Witzel, 2005). Scientific Management was one of the first management ideas to become really influential. This management theory was developed in response of ‘worker soldiering”- workers will do the least amount of work in the longest time, workers would stall their jobs on purpose. The incentive to work more efficiently did not exist. Taylor believed in making scientific changes in management. This would improve economic efficiency and labor productivity. Taylor studied the work process scientifically. He studied how employees preformed their jobs and how this affected their productivity. Taylor proposed that by simplifying jobs by developing standard methods for performing certain jobs, productivity would increase dramatically. He also believed that employees and manager should be more involved with each other. This point of view was different from previous management methods. Taylor believed that money was a motivation for workers; to achieve higher efficiency he promoted the “a fair day’s pay for a fair day’s work” or piece rate payment. This means the worker gets...
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...Scientific management is a theory of systematic study with great influence that attempts to apply science to the process of management with the main objective to improve economic efficiency. The theory was first introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1912 and has been altered and developed for several times. (Freeman, 1996, P35) Is scientific management still relevant to a predominantly service economy is debatable. The aim of this essay is to discuss the supporting viewpoints. Several reasons are provided to support the relevance of scientific management and the current service economy which are listed as followings: firstly, applying science for each element of work to create best way to perform the task; secondly, division of labor, specialization and total quality management system are used to increase efficiency of the production; finally, piece-rate as one of the reward systems of scientific management is widely used till nowadays. At first, Taylor stated the measurement of scientific management is to develop a science for each element of a work which includes discovering one best way to perform the task, planning each task in advance with instructions describing in details and determining the correct time to complete each task. (Aguiar, 2001, P257) For instance, Aguiar identifies how scientific management is applying to the measurement of cleaning work in the new building workplace, which is one example of service economy. Science is used to calculate the size of...
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...Running head: Applying Problem Solving Applying Problem Solving University of Phoenix Cultural Diversity PHL/215 Heather Hensell Applying Problem Solving When we face emergencies, deadlines, critical situations, and decisions, which call for action, often we respond to our instinct and just as often we make judgments in haste. No matter if the issues are personal, educational or business, occasionally we do not take the time to consult with those "who have been there, done that!" At times we do not investigate the resources available. In problem solving, following guidelines can save time and heartache. How effectively we use these guidelines will determine our chances for a positive resolution to the problem at hand. First, identify and clarify the problem; we must know the problem to solve it. Second, gather information; we must know all the details to come to the correct solution. Third, evaluate the evidence; things are not always as they seem, determine if the information is justifiable. Fourth, consider alternatives and implications; identify the strengths and weaknesses. Lastly, choose and implement the best alternative. In this paper I have chosen two situations that I will use persuasive thinking to solve the problem and the other I will use scientific thinking. The first problem that I will discuss is Racism, which can be defined as the hatred of one person by another or the prejudice that members...
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...Critical Review and Personal Analysis of Scientific Management Introduction Comparing to the economic environment in past decades, in today’s economy, more and more large companies and firms tend to find suitable management methods to regulate and operate their labour forces in consideration of maximizing efficiency and profits. Certainly, without an applicable management method, firms and corporations will lack of dynamic and motive power to operate decently. Taylorism, also known as scientific management, is one of the most well-known and widely applied management method introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the late 18th century, and this theory was peaked in the early 19th century. Taylor argued that the fundamental of seeking wealth for both employers and employees is to have working efficiency and productivity maximized; to reach this working stage, a company is required to manage and operate scientifically rather than empirically. (Wikipedia, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_management) In fact, Taylor’s scientific management is criticized by socialists and workers as it only focus on productivity and efficiency and treat workers as ‘machines and animals’, and it is also argued to be the tool of exploitation for capitalists. Indeed, in my opinion, despite the efficiency and productivity advantages that scientific management can generate, its inconsideration of employees personal affects and emotions will not only impair the future of a company, but also...
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...Cognitive Psychology PSY/360 April 7, 2011 Cognitive Psychology Psychology possesses several branches. One of these branches is cognitive psychology. Like biological psychology, this branch also seeks knowledge that potentially unlocks wonders of the mind. However, cognitive psychology focuses on the mental processes from an internal source not physically apparent. Whereas technology provides efficient methods for which to scan a brain and the activity therein, studying the mind is still yet to uncover mysteries behind thought. Studying the mind involves observation of behavior and of the environment but determining reason for thought in general is still out of reach. Inabilities to determine unobtainable conclusions do not slow the pursuit of knowledge, for the study of conscious thought continues. This paper includes an understanding of what cognitive psychology, as well as information regarding four essential milestones contributing to the development of cognitive psychology. In addition, this paper also focuses on the importance of behavioral observation. Comprehending Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology currently focuses on three main human characteristics. The first characteristic is the ability to perceive. Perception is important because this is the process in which an individual interprets the immediate environment as well as changes, situations, and interactions within it. The second characteristic...
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...Applying Problem Solving Name PHL/251 August 27, 2012 Instructor Applying Problem Solving When people face deadlines, decisions, and emergencies that need action, often they respond with instinctive answers or act in haste. Problem solving, however, is a method of applying critical thinking to these situations to achieve the desired goals (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007). In people’s everyday lives, problems undoubtedly will occur. For them to determine the answers to them, people must adapt and apply the proper method of problem solving. Two methods that they could use are persuasion and scientific thinking. The important thing to remember is choosing the method that best fits the situation. Persuasive Thinking One problem-solving method is persuasion. Persuasion is the art of swaying someone to accept a message (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007). There are many things to consider when approaching a problem using persuasion. The person must understand what moves the person or audience he is trying to persuade. The underlying values and beliefs that cause them to feel a certain way about the topic must be known. The person must also be aware of how much his audience, or just an individual, knows about the issue. He must take the audience or individual on a journey that will eventually allows the transference of one way of thinking to another that still meets the needs and values of the audience (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007). It is essential to organize a persuasive...
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...of the scientific methods. He was born on 22 January 1561, in London England. He worked as an attorney general, Member of Parliament, Lord Chancellor of England, but resigned due to a scandal amid corruption accuses. Afterwards, he worked upon Aristotelian ideas, and argued for pragmatic as well as experimental methods also called BACONIAN METHOD later, which is the base of all recent scientific theories. (ENotes.com, 3rd March 2015) There were always been a contradictions among conventional and innovational methods in Bacon’s write ups. Even in his ‘New Atlantis’, the puzzle depicts itself when he creates an empirical process of experimental scientific method and inquired lacking of certain assumption that would be believed prehistoric in the recent times. He considered that the human opinions can be restructured by applying a new system of learning that combines hypothesizes as well as empiricism. According to him, this will allow an individual to examine the ‘the information of causes, and secrecy of the things in motion’, and also the ascendance in the boundaries of human empire, which is effectual to all the probable things. Many scientific researchers of that time embraced Bacon’s philosophical concentration is not compatible with the scientific theories of that time. Although, in accordance with Bacon, the Bensalem’s scientific documentations of wonders makes it clear all of the justifications of religions, and also it does not have any influence on the scientific affairs...
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...Cognitive Psychology CandiseDiaz Cognitive Psychology Psychology possesses several branches. One of these branches is cognitive psychology. Like biological psychology, this branch also seeks knowledge that potentially unlocks wonders of the mind. However, cognitive psychology focuses on the mental processes from an internal source not physically apparent. Whereas technology provides efficient methods for which to scan a brain and the activity therein, studying the mind is still yet to uncover mysteries behind thought. Studying the mind involves observation of behavior and of the environment but determining reason for thought in general is still out of reach. Inabilities to determine unobtainable conclusions do not slow the pursuit of knowledge, for the study of conscious thought continues. This paper includes an understanding of what cognitive psychology, as well as information regarding four essential milestones contributing to the development of cognitive psychology. In addition, this paper also focuses on the importance of behavioral observation. Comprehending Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology currently focuses on three main human characteristics. The first characteristic is the...
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...of Management, Theory X and Y, the Scientific Approach, Contingency Approach, and Theory Z. I will also be comparing the classical style and the present style to each other and to my current work environment. The Evolution of Management Principles The Classical school of thought began during the Industrial Revolution around 1900 and continued into the 1920s when new problems related to the factory system began to appear. Managers were unsure of how to train employees (many of them non-English speaking immigrants) or deal with increased labor dissatisfaction, so they began to test solutions. Traditional or classical management focuses on efficiency and includes scientific, bureaucratic and administrative management. Bureaucratic management needs a rational set of structuring guidelines, such as rules and procedures, hierarchy, and a clear division of labor. Scientific management focuses on the "one best way" to do the job. Administrative management emphasizes the flow of information in the operation of the organization. The first management theory approach to emerge was scientific management.[1] It was introduced in an attempt to create a mental revolution in the workplace. It can be defined as the systematic study of work methods in order to improve efficiency. Frederick W. Taylor was its main contributor. Other major contributors were Frank Gilbreth, Lillian Gilbreth, and Henry Gantt. Scientific management has several major principles...
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...Scientific Method and Steps in Scientific Inquiry Paper Monique Reed BSHS/435 February 22, 2015 Dora Baker Scientific Method and Steps in Scientific Inquiry Paper In this paper in will provide details on how scientific methods can be used in the Human services. Explaining the steps of scientific methods, and how it serves as an important key to Human services professionals. Each steps will be included on how they are define and what purpose it serves will scientific methods are applied. Human services professionals use the scientific methods to gain information on the client as well as how to approach the clients issues. Also researching other resources to meet the needs of the client to ensure the client is receiving accurate help. Scientific Method Scientific method is a method that used to research and study that involves investigation and evaluation of present or future problems. Scientific method helps with produce the right answers to questions that cannot be answered with common sense alone. Researchers can use scientific methods to exploit all the facts, evidence, opinions, and records to find the right plan. As a Human service professional using scientific method can help with identifying the solution of the client’s problem and finding a resolution to ensure it will help to rebuild the client’s life. No matter field an individual is in when it concerns Human services, research will always be needed to ensure self-thoughts, bias, and ones on solution is not...
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...some cases where our decisions are small. When making decisions, there is a process that a person goes through. There are different types of thinking styles and thought processes. The way someone feels, believes, attitude, and associate ideas can contribute to their thinking style. There are numerous thinking styles and methods of thinking which usually makes thought processes individualized to where people think and make decisions differently. This paper will discuss and analyze three different types of thinking styles. The thinking styles that will be discussed in this paper are the persuasive, scientific and the pessimistic thinking style. This paper will compare and contrast the three different styles and discuss how each affects the critical thinking process. This paper will also incorporate critical thinking to the decision making process by including the discussion on workplace examples that involve the three different types of thinking styles. Scientific thinking is a type of inductive thinking that moves through four major steps: observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation and verification (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007). This method of thinking is usually used by individuals in medicine to come to terms with why a particular situation has happened. Persuasion means influencing someone to accept our...
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...and efficiently (Kinicki & Williams, 2015). This viewpoint includes two different branches, which were called scientific management and administrative management, each approach was associated with a few different pioneering theorists. The general idea of classical management concludes that people are rational, which helped develop a road map to becoming a better manager. Scientific Management As mentioned by Kinicki & Williams (2015) scientific management is one of the branches that make up the classical viewpoint and places a large amount of importance on the scientific study and work methods of how to enhance and improve productivity in individuals working life (Kinicki & Williams, 2015). Fredrick Taylor was one of the pioneering theorist, and a American engineer who believed he could remove the act of “underachieving” or “loafing”, by applying four principles of science: (1) Evaluate a task by scientifically studying each part of the task. (2) Carefully select workers with the right abilities for the tasks. (3) Give workers the training and incentives work methods. (4) Use scientific principles to plan the work methods and ease the way for worker to do their job (Kinicki & Williams, 2015). Administrative Management Administrative management is the second branch that makes up the classical viewpoint. According to Kinicki & Williams (2015), scientific management focuses on the work of the...
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...Applying the Results and Conclusion of the Research Process Shenea Copeland HCS/465 - AGHC0311B2 March 13, 2012 Jeinnie Avera The topic of discussion is Applying the Results and Conclusion of the Research Process in Health Care. This paper will identify what ways are data collection methods and procedures appropriate for this study. In addition, appropriate steps taken to protect the rights of subjects will be discussed. Also, data collection tool that were used to support the reliability and validity of the study. Data analysis procedures will be discussed and ways they are appropriate for answering the research question or questions, for testing the study hypothesis or hypotheses, and key distinctions between qualitative and quantitative data will be provided to the reader. Finally, in conclusion a summary of the findings, strengths and weakness of the scientific merit, the major limitations of the scientific merit, and finding the support of the hypotheses of the study. How to Apply Results and Conclusion of the Research Process Results in research are apart of the methodology process in research. Methodology is the process where data has already been collected, and the results from the study are discussed. Some researchers rely on the methodology method because it provides accurate results for any project. When it comes to aging Americans, some researchers feel that a flow plan may be more effective when it comes to valid research. According...
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