...their ancestry. Furthermore, the physical separation created by the Sahara desert also played a major role into accentuating the disparities. We will explore here, how the introduction of Islam in both regions differed significantly and how in the secondary phase of “rooting” of the faith, this key difference in the first contacts the religion had in these two regions led to the establishment of two distinct Islams. Finally, we will demonstrate that when we look beyond the complexity of both processes, they ultimately share many similarities. The main difference in the process of arrival of Islam in North Africa and Sub-Saharan African is displayed by the rapidity of expansion. Whereas by 720, North Africa was controlled by the Muslims, the adoption of Islam below the Sahara appeared to be more slowly paced and gradual.There exists such a disparity because of the modes of introduction of Islam in both regions. While Islam was imposed in North Africa, we can say Islam arrived in Sub-Saharan in a more pacific manner and we can even suggest that its adoption was negotiated. In North Africa, the spreading of Islam was part of the great empire building process undertook by the Caliphs,...
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...MTV Networks: The Arabian Challenge TEACHING NOTE ABSTRACT MTV Networks (MTVN) had over the years developed a reputation for its ability to provide localized content without diluting what MTV stood for. However, the company faced the most challenging test in late 2007 with its launch of MTV Arabia in the Middle East, which some experts considered as the biggest launch in the channel’s history. While the market in the Middle East offered MTVN with huge opportunities due to its huge youth populace, MTV’s controversial content that was known for angering religious, political, and conservative communities could easily backfire in the conservative environment prevalent in the region. On the other hand, too much localization to suit the tastes of the region could dilute MTV’s global brand. The case discusses in detail the strategy adopted by MTVN to enter and expand in the Middle East and also the challenges faced by the channel. TEACHING OBJECTIVES & TARGET AUDIENCE The case will help the students to: • Understand the issues and challenges in entering and expanding operations in new markets which were culturally different from the organizations home/traditional/existing markets. • Understand the pros and cons of entering a new market with a standardized/adapted product to suit local preferences. • Analyze MTVN’s strategy in the Middle East, identify challenges and explore strategies that the channel could adopt in the future This case is...
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...Apple Computers, Nancy Zayed an Arab Muslim woman of Egyptian descent, experienced dramatic changes in her work environment after the events of September 11, 2001. Colleagues began asking her whether the Qur’an instructed Muslims to participate in suicide bombings. At one point, Apple requested information regarding her citizenship status, and placed patriotic colored ribbons outside most employees’ doors but excluded her, which singled her out based on her race, ethnicity, and religion. Zayed also claimed she received poor performance evaluations and was demoted despite never receiving any complaints from her superiors. Apple responded by identifying performance issues that they claimed had been on going. Zayed was ultimately terminated; “sued Apple under state and federal law for discrimination, harassment, retaliation, defamation, and infliction of emotional distress...
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...belief, and behavior that is both a result of and integral to the human capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations (Merriam). Factors such as historical events and geographic location contribute to the development of a culture. Cultures in Middle Eastern countries are diverse full of history and traditions. In this research paper, we will discuss the characteristics that shape the culture make up of the country Yemen. Yemen is an Arab country that is based on Islamic beliefs. In Yemen, the Muslim population is for the most part evenly divided between Sunni and Shi’a. In southern Yemen, the population is predominantly Sunni to where as the northern part of the country the Shi’a. Within Islam there are different religious beliefs that socially divide Muslim groups. Each religious group follow basic Islamic beliefs however, interpret the historical pass of leadership within the religion differently. This difference has placed strain amongst the two groups for hundreds of centuries (Shi’a vs Sunni). In ancient times, the area around Yemen was known by the name of Arabia Felix which meant happy or prosperous (Nyrop). The area was well known for the trade of indigenous goods such as spices, silks, precious stones and a variety of goods. The country was divided into tribal communities. During the 7th century, the prophet Mohammad began to preach leading to the majority of the populace to embrace the Islamic faith. Between the 7th and 19th Centuries,...
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...Sergio Alvarado 02/20/16 Bailey 3rd Preface : 1. Why was the Supreme Court case, Plessy Vs. Ferguson, important? Plessy v. Ferguson accomplished the ?separated but equal?. 2. What was the impact of Plessy Vs. Ferguson on the lives of African Americans and minority groups such as Hispanic, Japanese, and Chinese? The separated but equal gave more rights to the people making it spread also to other races. Chapter 1 Rosa parks Rosa parks was a lady born from Louise McCauley. She is famous for her bravery on not refusing her seat after a long day at work. As the driver asked her to get up and she denied because she said she didn?t had to give a white passenger her seat for them to be Comfortable. After that she was arrested but recognize...
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...Would you, as a person be confident enough to interact with people of the opposite sex at your work place or other such important places if you had studied in a segregated school and university? When an individual studies in a university or school that is segregated, they do not know how to interact with the opposite sex, making it much more difficult for them to interact with people in the real world. In today’s generation, one cannot find a job or a workplace that is completely dependent of men or women. It is highly important for the success of a company to have employees of both genders. Coeducation does not only teach students to interact and communicate with people of the opposite gender, but they also learn how others think and hence cover broader aspects of a subject since every individual has a different way of interpreting a topic and subject of discussion. Coeducation has a large number of academic and social benefits, which encourage students to work in groups with members of both genders, learning the skills of team work, interaction and communication (O’Malley, E. 1995, Feb 21). It is not only women who are shy to interact with men, but in universities it has been noticed that men find it easy to deal with women faculty but find it difficult interacting with female students, and this is a skill that needs to be developed (Moussly, R. 2010, Sep 12). Not only does segregation make it difficult for individuals in the real world, but also eventually brings up an awkwardness...
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...University of Phoenix Material Racial and Ethnic Groups Matrix Complete the matrix below by answering the questions for each group. | |Race vs. Ethnicity |Origins and Past Experiences |Challenges in the U.S. |American Identity |Personal Experiences and Comments | | |Is this an ethnic or racial group |Where did this group originate? How|What challenges has this |How is this group portrayed |Have you witness any racism or prejudice | | |and why? |did this group become a part of |grouped faced in the U.S.? |today in American society? |toward this group? Any additional comments? | | | |American culture? | | | | |Native Americans |This group would be considered a |This group originated in the north |The main challenge of Native |In the past, the image of the |I have no immediate experience with native | | |racial group, because of skin and|American continent. The American |Americans is that of |Native American was that of an |Americans to comment. | | |hair color, as well as facial |culture developed out of the |inclusion. They are not |uncivilized savage....
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...communication and exchange networks o Forms of state organize. Diversify o All societies increased productive capacity • Pre-Islamic Arabia - Bedoin culture based on Kin/clan/tribal networks o Survival dependent on loyalty to clan o Magnified by harsh environment - Shayks- clan/tribal leaders o Conflict was frequent o Society was fragmented - Fierce inter clan rivalries and struggles for resources o Emphasis on revenge, “male honor” - Towns and long distance trade----Mecca and Medina o Medina (Yathrib) (established on oasis) o Mecca more important – Umayyad (ruling clan) – Quraysh; (Ka’ba) - Status of women varied by clan o More respect vs. less respect - Little art/architechture (no big civs) o Focus on poetry 1. Gives glimpse into daily life - Bedovin religions- blend of animism and polytheism o Animism- nature worship - The life of Myhammad and Genesis of Islam o Born around 570 CE – Merchant, married Khadijah o One of many prophets concerned about life in Arabia o 610 CE – Muhammad receives revelations from angel Gabriel 1. tells him he is final prophet (revelations) Qu’ran – basis of new religion - The fight for Islam in Arabia o Umayyad’s in Mecca saw Muhammed as a threat o Muhammad flees to Medina – Hijra (1st month of calendar)...
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...Running Head: EEOC vs. SWIFT AVIATION GROUP Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) Vs. Swift Aviation Group, et al. Harold Anderson Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Management 533 Table of Contents CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION………...................................................................................3 CHAPTER II – BACKGROUND……......…………….……..………………………..............3 CHAPTER III – ANALYSIS……………………......................................................................4 CHAPTER IV – CONCLUSION………………........................................................................6 REFERENCES ……...................................................................................................................7 Chapter I – Introduction Without a doubt ever since the terrorists attacks on U.S soil on September 11, 2001 Americans have been hyper-vigilant, and to a certain degree hyper-critical towards Muslims. It is one thing for an individual to project their prejudices onto a member of a different race, gender or religion, but when an employer takes part in these unlawful practices they become subject to the Federal laws that our great nation has put in place to ensure fair and equitable treatment to all. Such is the case in regards to the U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) vs. Swift Aviation Group et al (2012), as discussed in the following pages. Chapter II – Background In October 2007, Adam Domnez (a Palestinian Muslim) began working...
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... Introduction The Rohingya are a Muslim people who live in the Arakan region. The origin of the term "Rohingya" is disputed. Some Rohingya historians like Khalilur Rahman contended that the term Rohingya is derived from Arabic word 'Raham' meaning sympathy. They trace the term back to the ship wreck in 8th century AD. According to them, after the Arab ship wrecked near Ramree Island, Arab traders were ordered to be executed by Arakanese king. Then, they shouted in their language, 'Raham'. Hence, these people were called 'Raham'. Gradually it changed from Raham to Rhohang and finally to Rohingyas. However, the claim was refuted by Jahiruddin Ahmed and Nazir Ahmed, former president and Secretary of Arakan Muslim Conference respectively. They argued that ship wrecked Muslims are currently called 'Thambu Kya' Muslims and currently residing along the Arakan sea shore. Should the term Rohingya derive from these Muslims, "Thambu Kyas" would have been the first group to be known as Ruhaingyas. According to them, Rohingyas were descendants of inhabitants of Ruha in Afghanistan. Another historian, MA Chowdhury argued that among the Muslim populations, the term 'Mrohaung' (Old Arakanese Kingdom) is corrupted to Rohang. And thus inhabitants of the region are called Rohingya. History Although Muslim settlements have existed in Arakan since the arrival of Arabs there in the 8th century AD, there is no clear connection between these early Arabs and the Rohingya,...
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...as how the differences have undermined the potential strength of the Palestinian people. The fact of the matter is that the Palestinians have two political systems that continue to further polarize. Consequently, they have disrupted progress towards their essential goal which is ultimately to create a completely independent and sovereign state for the Palestinian people. Fatah first surfaced between the Suez War of 1956 and the June War of 1967. The founding leaders of Fatah include; Yasser Arafat, Farouk Qaddoumi, Salah Khalaf, Khalid al-Hassan, and Khalil al-Wazir. The birth of the movement was inspired by the lack inspiration of the Arab regimes and political parties to establish a solution for the Palestinian problem(Britannica). For quite some time ,,it was believed that the liberation of Palestinian would present itself under Arab unity. Fatah came to the realization of how important it was to mobilize the Palestinian people regardless of their backgrounds, " They formulated its' this program of struggle, avoiding class, factional, sectarian and regional conflicts. Fatah focused on restoring the Palestinian identity to its land...
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...belief, and behavior that is both a result of and integral to the human capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations (Merriam). Factors such as historical events and geographic location contribute to the development of a culture. Cultures in Middle Eastern countries are diverse full of history and traditions. In this research paper, we will discuss the characteristics that shape the culture make up of the country Yemen. Yemen is an Arab country that is based on Islamic beliefs. In Yemen, the Muslim population is for the most part evenly divided between Sunni and Shi’a. In southern Yemen, the population is predominantly Sunni to where as the northern part of the country the Shi’a. Within Islam there are different religious beliefs that socially divide Muslim groups. Each religious group follow basic Islamic beliefs however, interpret the historical pass of leadership within the religion differently. This difference has placed strain amongst the two groups for hundreds of centuries (Shi’a vs Sunni). In ancient times, the area around Yemen was known by the name of Arabia Felix which meant happy or prosperous (Nyrop). The area was well known for the trade of indigenous goods such as spices, silks, precious stones and a variety of goods. The country was divided into tribal communities. During the 7th century, the prophet Mohammad began to preach leading to the majority of the populace to embrace the Islamic faith. Between the 7th and 19th Centuries,...
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...Christianity Vs Islamic Encounters There have always been tension between the religious believes of Islam and Christianity, and during the time of the Crusades tension was an understatement. The main goal was to take control of the sacred land, Jerusalem. These two religions had different interpretation on what to believe in. They believed that their beliefs were correct and the other was just an interpretation of their’s that was changed slightly. Both of these religions revolve around god, their are just smaller aspects that are different between the two. The Muslims were the first group to gain control of Jerusalem during the First Crusade. They took the sacred land of Jerusalem from the Franks who were so frightened by the Muslim army that they surrendered the city over for 30,000 dinar ransom for the poor. “Balian ibn Brazan offered 30,000 dinar as a ransom for the poor, which was accepted, and the city surrendered… the Muslim flags were hoisted over the walls of Jerusalem…(Heritage Reader, 173). As the Muslims raided through their new cit the Franks moaned and groaned, while the Muslims sang cried Allah akbar in much joy. The Muslims gained control over Jerusalem during the Muslim conquest. The Roman Catholics of Europe and their leader Pope Urban II, wanted to regain the land that had been taken from the Franks. The Roman Catholics believed that the Muslims had tarnished the holy land of Jerusalem with their Islamic beliefs. “They have either destroyed the churches...
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...4-20 Tribonian: next 400 years from the republican age. Law also exists as a series of edicts. Emperor is constintutionally a magistrate, could do edicts – say what the law was. Permanent unless superceded by another emperor. 432, 438, Theodosian code. 2nd edition cleans up the bad editing. Most comprehensive code the romans had up to this point. It didn’t look at every single area of law. By justinians day it is almost 100 years old. Justinian got 500 scribes and jurists. Difference is large. Justinian was so pleased that he gave trebonian other tasks. Digest is twice as long as the code. A discussion of the principles of the law, the procedures, the remedies. Excerpting the particular topic – what they thought at the time. Quite a bit is philosophical. And a bit based on case law. Therefore it is unique. If you knew nothing about the roman law and you read it – you would know everything. 1000 year old system of written law. His most enduring contribution, Justinian. One of the three most important books beside the bible and quaran. Lenord the 3rd wrote the Ekolga. Justinian had reconquered the west. 1079 – one or two copies of the digest are found. Digest is not law in England, Germany. England were developing their own system, Germany wouldn’t develop until the 19th century. Every other latin speaking areas used it. Islam Decade seperates death of Justinian and birth of Mohammed. Justinian died in 565. Suceeded by several emperors in the next 45 years. Couple decent, one...
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...Drugs are substances that cause chemical reactions in the body. Medical drugs relieve disease and illness, and are extensively tested before being used. Recreational drugs, such as alcohol and tobacco, are taken by people because they like the effects they have on their bodies, but they are addictive. Other change-causing substances, both legal and illegal, include solvents, painkillers, sedatives and stimulants. Opiates (such as morphine) are useful for pain-relief in terminally ill patients, but they can be misused as illegal recreational drugs that are very addictive Cannabis Cannabis is an illegal drug that can be smoked, producing feelings of well-being. But like tobacco it can cause lung cancer and bronchitis. Unlike tobacco, it can cause permanent damage to the mental health of its users. Research has shown that cannabis has some useful painkilling properties, but it is illegal to prescribe it for this use. Caffeine Stimulants include caffeine - found in cola drinks and coffee, cannabis and amphetamines. They increase the transmission of signals from one nerve cell to the next. This increases alertness, heart rate and breathing rate. However, in the longer term, they can produce 'highs' and then extreme 'lows' or even depression. They can be addictive because the body needs a constant top-up to maintain the effect Heroine Painkillers or analgesics include paracetamol, aspirin, heroin and morphine. They block nerve impulses from the painful part of the body, or block...
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