...Archaeology is often referred to as the handmaiden of history. The two studies are integrally connected. While archaeology needs history to give it a basis of theories and experiments, perhaps archaeology is more vital to history. What is known about history was discovered through the practice of archaeology. No one living today can tell what it was like living hundreds, thousands, even millions of years ago. Archaeological resources are the only window into the far past. This is why it is so troubling that archaeological resources are under such great threat today. Under threat from uncontrolled antiquities markets, violence, political and economic agendas, and even the archaeological community itself. This destruction has been ongoing since...
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...(heritage, or things inherited from a dead relative) (Lekakis 2008, 315). The histories excavated and dusted off by archaeologists belong to these communities, who not only give them context and meaning, but also support and fund the process of restoration, and it is their participation and endorsement that guarantees the longevity and sustainability of that process. This essay will first examine the theoretical implications of defining ‘the local community’ – in various ways – upon its relationship with the heritage industry, and, by extension, upon its levels of participation. It will then attempt to answer the question of whether these local communities should be included in the decision making process as a means to sustain archaeology, or if in fact archaeology should be harnessed as a tool to rehabilitate and develop local communities in a self-sustainable manner, while cultivating a healthy, heuristic relationship to their built and intangible past. Before we can identify strategies to encourage the participation of local communities in the management process, we must first delineate the ‘local community’; who it includes, who it excludes, and the kind of power it possesses (or in fact should possess) in the decision making process. The Macquarie Dictionary defines a community as...
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...break, I had more time to work on my service learning project because I have finished my midterms and research papers the week before spring break started. When I arrived at the CSUN archaeology lab I continued to organize and catalog the geology collection into different piles. Most of the items in the collection are textbooks, Department of Water and Power reports, court cases files on L.A. County properties, and other miscellaneous items. I noticed that many of the items in the geology collection do not have any spatial relationship between them. I found old candy bars, empty toothpaste tubes, and old unpaid bills scattered all over the geology collection. Based on the theory of post processual archaeology, I hypothesized that the donor of a geology collection did not care how he organized the items inside the boxes and I believe that the donor might be a...
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...Imagine waking up one morning to a band of diggers and archaeologists scouring your backyard for ancient artifacts. What are the first feelings that would come to mind? For most it’s easy to assume: an invasion of privacy, a sense of security being taken away, and the thoughts “How can someone be allowed to do this?” Luckily for you, there are laws in place that keep people from doing this exact thing, they’re called archaeological ethics and are put in place to protect culture, people, and the history itself from being hurt or destroyed. But where is the line drawn in some cases? Does the need to “preserve” history sometimes outweigh the standing morals that archaeologists and historians alike should stand by? So first things first, why, and what led to ethical standards and laws being created in the first place? According to Joe Watson of the Department of Anthropology in The University of New Mexico, Archaeology has always been linked to colonialist attitudes and scientific imperialism. What he means in laymen’s terms is that long ago, a bunch of old rich white men set out to “conquer” other countries, and along the way, took what they thought was pretty and claimed it as their own. A great example is the controversy of the Elgin Marbles of Athens. The marbles were purchased in 1816 by Britain from the Ottoman Empire, who didn’t really have the rights to sell them in the first place, and cut away the marbles and placed them in a British museum. It’s been debated for years...
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...What is the ‘Georgian worldview’ and how has this concept influenced the archaeology of eighteenth-century North America? The ‘Georgian worldview’ is a theory that uses a study of cultural development to determine the thoughts of the eighteenth-century North Americans. It was initiated by James Deetz in his first edition of In Small Things Forgotten (1977). The term encapsulates Deetz’s structuralism-based idea that the evident alteration within English material culture and landscape design was more than a change in style, but a universal change in human consciousness—from medieval to modern—and this extended across the Atlantic despite the colony’s increasing political distance from the homeland (Deetz, 1996: 62-63; 2003: 221). Deetz believed that shared artefact form reflected shared thought (2003: 220). The theory has enabled historical archaeologists to recognise a distinctive shift in many areas of material culture which subsequently encouraged a succession of scholars to further this idea by posing key questions: why did the worldview develop, where else was a Georgian worldview visible, how did it present itself in areas outside New England? In the quest for answers to these questions, archaeologists have developed the concept which accordingly shaped interpretations of the material discoveries of eighteenth-century North America. Deetz’s model for the cultural development of New England illustrates that following an interval (1660-1760) of limited English...
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...1. After exploring the sociological literature on death and dying, explore and argue for or against one of the following statements: b. Death and dying are subjected to and defined by the clinical gaze. Euphemism and grandiloquence are core mechanisms employed in the theoretical and authoritative discourses surrounding the issues and definitions of death, as seen with the propositions put forward by the British Medical Association (BMA 2003). The BMA’s ideas allude to a suggestion that death could be redefined and that ‘Elective Ventilation’ (a prohibited medical procedure on the outer frontiers of legality and morality) might become a ‘new’ status of the dead and dying. Other articles take this presumption further, by questioning whether as individuals, society should legally be bound to ‘opt out’ rather than ‘opt in’ of this innovative condition; meaning if our bodies befall fatal injuries there is a presumption that they instantly become the assets of the medical institution (Wilkinson 2012). An alternative belief is being presented, that our ethical and moral concerns should lay with the future recipient of our assumedly ‘redundant’ organs. Already some European states such as Wales are considering backing such a proposal (Wales News 2012). Actively delaying death or maintaining a body to increase organ donation is illegal as the interests of the patient are not paramount. Is the idea of Elective ventilation the ultimate scenario in defining death through a clinical...
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...found pottery in the slaves houses that were made by hand. Slaves were pioneers. The men were the hunters and the women would gather any things that the men did not bring home. The slaves also had guns and they would kill any animals that stole their rice, they most likely ate the animals after the shot them. Slavery is apart of our everyday life and it is important that we know the history behind them. Through archaeology we are able to see the importance of slaves because there is no documentation on any of them. This video is related to class because the lives of our ancestors were studied. Ethnohistory consists of studies based on descriptive materials about a single society at more than one point in time. Excavation was used in this video to find artifacts that had been buried in the soil and to record the location of the artifacts with precision. The archaeologist relied on artifacts to tell them different things about the slaves that lived on the Middleburg plantation. Ethics is another factor that was used in this video that relates to our class lectures. Ethics is important to the archaeologists. Archaeologists have the ethical obligation to share their findings with the public. By being ethical the archaeologist and the public can ensure that the findings will be...
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...human culture, using methods that are primarily analytical,[citation needed] critical, or speculative, and having a significant historical element,[1] as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences.[1] The humanities include ancient and modern languages, literature, philosophy, religion, and visual and performing arts such as music and theatre. The humanities that are also sometimes regarded as social sciences include history, anthropology, area studies, communication studies, cultural studies, law and linguistics. 2. What is the scope of humanities? 1. History, Anthropology, and Archaeology study human social, political, and cultural development. 2. Literature, Languages, and Linguistics explore how we communicate with each other, and how our ideas and thoughts on the human experience are expressed and interpreted. 3. Philosophy, Ethics, and Comparative Religion consider ideas about the meaning of life and the reasons for our thoughts and actions. 4. Jurisprudence examines the values and principles which inform our laws. These are: Arts, Music, Dance, Drama and Literature. 3. What is the different between the humanities and the sciences? Both the sciences and the humanities seek understanding; both offer explanations of various bits of the world. At a very abstract level, though, the kind of things each tries to explain is different. Science and the humanities are both ancient and great traditions and I doubt if there is anyone who...
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...or Covenant theology; is an interpretive framework for understanding the overall flow of the Bible, focusing on the covenants God made. 5. Deduction-A system of logic, inference, and conclusion drawn from examination of 6. Dispensationalism-a method of interpreting the Bible that divides history into periods of time called “dispensations.” 7. Empiricism-The belief that real knowledge is only acquired through sense experience. 8. Epistemological Dualism-Knowledge consists of a mind that knows and ideas that are known. 9. Epistemology--The branch of philosophy that deals with knowing and the methods of obtaining knowledge. 10. Ethics-Study of right and wrong, good and bad, moral judgment, etc. 11. Evidential Apologetics-An apologetic approach emphasizing individual facts and arguments, including: archaeology, effects on society, historical evidences, miracles, prophecy, and the uniqueness of Christianity and/or Scripture. 12. Faith-Acceptance of ideals, beliefs, etc., which are not necessarily demonstrable through experimentation or reason. 13. Free will-Freedom of self-determination and action independent of external causes. 14. Humanism-The system of philosophy based upon human reason, actions, and motives without concern of deity or supernatural phenomena. 15. Induction-A system of logic where specific facts are used to draw a...
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...Assignment 1 Social Performance, Part 1 Sharon D. Griffin Professor Chantel Upshur-Myles Business and Society November 7, 2012 Strayer University, Augusta Campus Introduction As the CEO of Griffin Behavioral Health Center, My responsibilities include reporting to the Community Service Board on a monthly basis. These meetings consist of management planning, policy making and formulating resources to benefit the community. Other consortium meetings are held quarterly which involves local government officials and community advocates. They have the power to approve or deny laws and regulations which can have an impact on the agency, or other areas of the agency. The staff works in a cohesive fashion to augment efficient services for our various services. Our agency pays strict attention to the mandates of the U. S. Corporate Sentencing Guidelines, to protect all participants from any legal culpability. Benchmarking Codes of Conduct I am the new CEO of a Behavioral Health Agency; we are governed by a Community Service Board that consists of a group of board members. We are required to meet with these board members on a monthly basis in reference to the daily functions of the agency. Our agency provides services to the community such as Substance Abuse victims, Individuals with Mental Health issues, MR DD Mental Retardation, providing housing for the homeless and much more. Our goal is to help our Individual’s function in the community. The agency’s primary stakeholders...
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...Predictive Policing & COMPSTAT [Name of the Writer] [Name of the Institution] Introduction Neo-colonialism is used to illustrate the interference and involvement of the developed countries in third world countries. It describes how the system of capitalism and cultural behaviours are being used by these developed nations to take control over a country. Basically, neo-colonialism is no different than traditional colonialism but simply masked in an altered shape. While in colonialism, the country or colony is being ruled by political involvement or by means of military support, neo-colonialism is more refined but uniformly harmful. Rather, it can be more destructive than colonialism. In the traditional way of colonialism, the country taking control of a colony is accountable for its actions, by reporting back to the mother country. All actions and decisions are monitored to a specific level. Also, the country being colonised has a protection of the colonial power. While in neo-colonialism, the developed country is free of any accountability. There is no official system of check and balance and colonial power is not officially responsible to provide protection for the country being affected by its colonial power. All the foreign capital and investments are utilized for the profits of the developed country, leaving the less developed country oppressed with a very nominal or no investment for its betterment. Apart from economical and financial damage, neo-colonialism...
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...Midterm 1 Notes * Anthropological Approaches to Understanding Evolution * What is Anthropology? * the study of culture * the study of humans * the study of humans and human behavior * the study of culture among different people and places * the study of global cultures and the comparisons between the various differences * It incorporate culture, including language, social practice, religion, etc. * the study of culture…it can be scientific, humanistic and based on observation * the study of humans in all parts of the world…it combines several fields into a holistic view * the study of humankind in all time and places * Anthropology is: 1. A Social Science * Academic discipline concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society, which often reply primarily on empirical approaches 2. Studies Culture * Culture is composed of ideas, values and perceptions * Culture is not instinctual, it must be learned and shared * Culture only exists within a society or group of people * Culture is a human adaptation to their environment 3. Holistic * The various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence * Cultural Anthropology * The study of patterns of human behavior, thought and emotions, focusing on humans as culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures ...
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...Key to notes listed a = also approved for Analyzing the Natural World b = also approved for Understanding the Individual and Society c = also approved for Understanding the Past d = also approved for Understanding the Creative Arts e = also approved for Exploring World Cultures f = also approved for Understanding U.S. Society g = Indicated courses specifically designed for those majoring in areas other than science and mathematics h = LAS nonlaboratory courses Anthropology (ANTH) | 102 | Introduction to Archaeology | 4 hourscg | 105 | Human Evolution | 4 hourscg | 218 | Anthropology of Children and Childhood | 3 hoursbh | 238 | Biology of Women Same as GWS 238 | 3 hoursgh | | | | Biological Sciences (BIOS) | 100 | Biology of Cells and Organisms | 5 hours | 101 | Biology of Populations and Communities | 5 hours | 104 | Life Evolving | 5 hoursg | | | | Chemistry (CHEM) | 100 | Chemistry and Life | 5 hoursg | 112 | General College Chemistry I | 5 hours | 114 | General College Chemistry II | 5 hours | 116 | Honors General Chemistry I | 5 hours | 118 | Honors General Chemistry II | 5 hours | 130 | Survey of Organic and Biochemistry | 5 hours | | | | Computer Science (CS) | 100 | Discovering Computer Science | 3 hoursh | | | | Earth and Environmental Sciences (EAES) | 101 | Global Environmental Change | 4 hours | 111 | Earth, Energy, and the Environment | 4 hours | 200 | Field Work in Missouri | 2 hours...
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...Harvard Referencing Style July 2015 Harvard Referencing Style What is it? Academic writing requires authors to support their arguments with reference to other published work or experimental results/findings. A reference system will perform three essential tasks: Enable you to acknowledge other authors’ ideas (avoid plagiarism). Enable a reader to quickly locate the source of the material you refer to so they can consult it if they wish. Indicate to the reader the scope and depth of your research. The Harvard style is a widely used referencing system to help you achieve these objectives. How do I use the Harvard Referencing Style? The Harvard style involves two tasks: How you refer to other authors in the body of your text (in-text citation). How you compile a list of reference sources at the end of your text (reference list). What does it look like? Here is an extract showing what in-text citations look like in the Harvard Style It has been claimed that due to funding being almost exclusively available from the Irish Film Board (IFB), Irish film makers are restricted to the type of Ireland they can depict in their work (MacDougall, 2009). Jervir (2011) argues that subjects such as Northern Ireland are disproportionately represented as these are key areas of interest to the IFB. Here is an example of what a Reference List looks like in the Harvard Style Hayes, B. C., McAllister, I. and Dowds, L. (2011) 'Depicting...
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...WAR is a human Nature War: is an organized and often prolonged conflict that is carried out by states or non-state actors. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, social disruption, and economic destruction. War should be understood as an actual, intentional and widespread armed conflict between political communities, and therefore is defined as a form of political violence or intervention. The set of techniques used by a group to carry out war is known as warfare. An absence of war is usually called peace. Etymology: The English word war derives from the late Old English (c.1050) words wyrre and werre; the Old North French werre; the Frankish werra; and the Proto-Germanic werso. The denotation of war derives from the Old Saxon werran, Old High German werran, and the German verwirren: “to confuse”, “to perplex”, and “to bring into confusion”.Another posited derivation is from the Ancient Greek barbaros, the Old Persian varhara, and the Sanskrit varvar and barbara. In German, the equivalent is Krieg; the equivalent Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian words for "war" is guerra, derived from the Germanic werra (“fight”, “tumult”).Etymologic legend has it that the Romanic peoples adopted a foreign, Germanic word for "war", to avoid using the Latin bellum, because, when sounded, it tended to merge with the...
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