...In claiming that argument 1 is a proof as part of a premise, Moore defends this by way of his Central argument. Moore’s central argument consists of three parts, two premises and a conclusion. In his first premise, [P1], he states that argument 1 is a proof that there are material objects external to our minds and because of this, one who gives that argument in the way we just did is justified in believing its conclusion. His second premise, [P2], is that one cannot prove that he is not being deceived by an evil genius in the manner that the skeptic demands. These two premises lead to his conclusion, [C], that the skeptic’s second premise is false. Which states, from the skeptics argument, we are justified in believing that there are material objects external to our minds only if we can prove that we are not being deceived by an evil genius and we can do so in a manner that does not presuppose any claim that we are only justified in believing on the basis of our perceptual experience. Moore’s response to the skeptic, in which the skeptic states that argument 1 does not constitute a proof, is backed by Moore’s standards of proof. The standards of a proof of an argument are (1), its conclusion is different from each of its premises, (2), its conclusion follows its premises, and (3), each of its premises are known to be true. Moore’s argument 1 satisfies the first standard of a proof. Since we know that [P1] and [P2] are true, and [P3] follows from the other premises, then...
Words: 674 - Pages: 3
...Steps for Reading Visual Argument 1. Some history about computers 2. A beat up car and a nice new car, a tired mechanic and a happy mechanic, and computer company logos 3. Who’s computer is better 4. That Apple makes a better computer than Microsoft 5. The Apple side is new, faster looking and the mechanic looks happy 6. It wants people to buy Apple computer Review Questions 1. What did you think of when you encountered the word argument as you began to read this chapter? What do you think now? I thought an argument was when more than one person had opposing views on the same issue. After reading this chapter I feel that the word argument is much broader than just a disagreement between two people. 2. Provide three examples of your own to illustrate the statement “Argument is everywhere.” One of your examples should be a visual argument. * Who makes the better video game console Microsoft, Sony, or a PC gaming rig. * T.V. commercials * nicoleashleyrd. (Artist). (2013, Feb 4). Visual Arguments [Web Drawing]. Retrieved from http://thefamilyofblood.wordpress.com/2013/02/04/visual-arguments/ 3. Describe traditional and consensual argument. Give two examples of each. A traditional argument is when you try to change the audience point of view and a consensual argument seems to be one where the two parties must come to an agreement. Traditional * A movie trailer * Consensual * A couple trying to decide what...
Words: 398 - Pages: 2
...follow each expression to make a word with the same or a similar meaning in the same context . 1. Help a customer. ssaits 2. Agree to do something. nnscoet 3. Make something clearer. aylrifc 4. Book a restaurant table. veerres 5. Control a process or activity. ergateul 6. Examine information in detail. alseyan 7. Collect information. tgaehr 8. Speak to an audience. rsedsad 9. Choose something. celeste 10. Produce or make good sales of a product. ereengat 11. Manage or organise a department. stainierdm 12. Verify something is true. nmfcori 13. Examine financial accounts. duita 14. Give information or instructions to your staff. erbfi 15. Tell somebody about an event that has happened. taeler 16. Measure the effect of something. nafytqui 17. Remove something from a sum of money. cdutde 18. Require somebody to do something. lbioeg 19. Increase your area of operations. iwned 20. Take on new staff. mleyop 1. Finish making plans for something. ilifsena 2. Suggest something without saying it directly. yplim 3. Ask somebody for advice. ucsotnl 4. Make a process go faster. aeclrsteae 5. Deal with a problem. leahdn 6. Keep something for future use. etrina 7. Come to an interview. teadnt 8. Give or take a message to somebody. ecvyon 9. Make up for something you have done wrong. pensacteom 10. Reveal information to somebody. esolcsid 11. Settle an argument or disagreement. veslroe 12. Replace something with something similar. tetubstsui 13. Firmly tell...
Words: 442 - Pages: 2
...EN1420–Unit 1 Assignment 1 September 21, 2014 1). What background information do you need to know in order to read this image intelligibly? You do not need any background information to read this visual argument. This photo is self-explanatory. 2). What do you see? I see a man verbally abusing a lady. What are the key details or features here that stand out? The man’s face, fist punching the lady from his mouth, and the pain on the ladies face all stand out to support my theory. What images? The image is self-explanatory. What text? There was no text to support this visual argument. What supporting details? Every aspect of this photo supports my argument. 3). Identify the issue(s): Based on the picture it presents, what issue does this visual seem to be referencing? This visual seem to be referencing verbal abuse. This is a great picture to really explain how words can be painful. What debate is it part of? The visual debates the seriousness of verbal abuse and the effects. 4). Defining the Perspective: What side in this debate is this visual taking? The visual is taking the side of women, showing how men verbally abuse women. What perspective on this issue does this visual seem to take? This visual seem to support the seriousness of verbal abuse. It shows how people’s words can really be as painful as a punch in the face. 5). Defining the Argument: How do we know what side of this debate the visual is taking? This visual is taking the...
Words: 911 - Pages: 4
...propositions. eg.I am taller than you, It is raining, She will win the race. Premise- A statement that is offered in support of a conclusion Conclusion - A statement that is held to be supported by a premise or premises eg. All whales are mammals. Moby Dick is a whale. Moby Dick is a mammal. Argument- a set of statements one of which (the conclusion) is taken to be supported by the remaining statements (the premises). • The conclusion is what the speaker wants you to accept. • The premises state the reasons or evidence for accepting the conclusion. Inference- is the process of reasoning from a premise (or premises) to a conclusion (or conclusions) based on those premises. Explanation- tells you why something happened. Argument- tells you why you should believe something. • Arguments have something to prove; explanations do not. eg. 1. Adam stole the money, for three people saw him do it. 2. Adam stole the money because he needed to buy food. Premise-Indicator words: Since, Because, For, as, given that, inasmuch as, for the reason that Conclusion Indicator Words: Thus, Therefore, Hence, Entail(s), it follows that, we may conclude, consequently, so In arguments, premises do not always come before conclusions; conclusions do not always come after premises eg. Religious beliefs cannot be proven. If something is a matter...
Words: 1372 - Pages: 6
...Joy Lawlor 02/09/2012 HUMN 210 Miriam Abbott Assignment 6-1 Assignment 6-1: Validity of an Argument Part 1: Cartoon stock. (n.d). Retrieved February 9, 2012 from http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/a/articles.asp This article has too many errors in it, right? If you are smart, you are Greek. And if you are Greek, you will write grammatically correct articles. But you cannot write grammatically correct articles. If you write grammatically correct articles, you are not Greek. Contradiction: You can write grammatically correct articles and you cannot write grammatically correct articles. Part 2: Form: If it is a cat, then it has four legs. It has four legs. ---------------------------------------------- Thus, it is a cat. A. What is the conclusion? The conclusion is it is a cat. B. What is the premise? There are two premises. If it is a cat, then it has four legs and it has four legs. C. Translating the argument. C → F F ------------ C D. Inductive or deductive argument? The argument uses premise and conclusions to provide an explanation. The use of two premises is another clue to determine whether the argument is inductive or deductive. Also, the premises in the above arguments are intended to prove the conclusion. This argument is a deductive argument. More specifically, the argument is fashioned in the form of modus ponens. The basic form of this is: If p, then q. p. --------------- Thus, q. E. Can the conclusion...
Words: 552 - Pages: 3
...203 - Logic - Handout #1 It is important to be able to distinguish between a valid argument and a sound argument. A valid argument is one in which the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises, such that if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true. A sound argument is one that is valid and the premisses are true (hence the conclusion is also true). Here is an example of a valid deductive argument with true premises and a true conclusion (notice it is in the form of a syllogism): Premiss 1: If the North won the Civil War, then the slaves were freed. Premiss 2: The North won the Civil War. Conclusion: Therefore, the slaves were freed. But consider this argument: Premiss 1: If the South won the Civil War, then the slaves were freed. Premiss 2: The South won the Civil War. Conclusion: Therefore, the slaves were freed. Here, the argument is valid even though both premises are false and the conclusion is true. It is valid, because if the premises were true, then the conclusion would be true also. The conclusion still follows from the premises. Are the following valid? Premiss 1: All seniors are talented (F) Premiss 2: All talented people are ugly (F) Conclusion: All seniors are ugly (F) Premiss 1: All ugly people are seniors (F) Premiss 2: All seniors are insightful (F) Conclusion: All ugly people are insightful (T) Premiss 1: All ugly people are...
Words: 278 - Pages: 2
...distinguish between a valid argument and a sound argument. A valid argument is one in which the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises, such that if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true. A sound argument is one that is valid and the premisses are true (hence the conclusion is also true). Here is an example of a valid deductive argument with true premises and a true conclusion (notice it is in the form of a syllogism): Premiss 1: If the North won the Civil War, then the slaves were freed. Premiss 2: The North won the Civil War. Conclusion: Therefore, the slaves were freed. But consider this argument: Premiss 1: If the South won the Civil War, then the slaves were freed. Premiss 2: The South won the Civil War. Conclusion: Therefore, the slaves were freed. Here, the argument is valid even though both premises are false and the conclusion is true. It is valid, because if the premises were true, then the conclusion would be true also. The conclusion still follows from the premises. Are the following valid? Premiss 1: All seniors are talented (F) Premiss 2: All talented people are ugly (F) Conclusion: All seniors are ugly (F) Premiss 1: All ugly people are seniors (F) Premiss 2: All seniors are insightful (F) Conclusion: All ugly people are insightful (T) Premiss 1: All ugly people are insightful (T) Premiss 2: All talented people are ugly (F) Conclusion: All talented people are insightful (T) Are these arguments sound? What is a syllogism...
Words: 273 - Pages: 2
...Statement Argument Exercise DIRECTIONS for question 1-20: Each question given below consists of a statement, followed by two arguments numbered I and II. You have to decide which of the arguments is a 'strong’ argument and which is a ‘weak' argument. Give answer (1) if only argument I is strong; (2) if only argument II is strong; (3) if either I or II is strong; (4) if neither I nor II is strong and (5) if both I and II are strong. 1. Statement: Should all refugees, who make unauthorized entry into a country, be forced to go back to their homeland ? Arguments : I. Yes. They make their colonies and occupy a lot of land. II. No. They leave their homes because of hunger or some terror and on human grounds, should not be forced to go back. 2. Statement: Should new big industries be started in Mumbai? Arguments : I. Yes. It will create job opportunities. II. No. It will further add to the pollution of the city. 3. Statement: Should government stop spending huge amounts of money on international sports ? Arguments : I. Yes. This money can be utilized for upliftment of the poor. II. No. Sports persons will be frustrated and will not get international exposure. 4. Statement: Should the oil companies be allowed to fix the price of petroleum products depending on market conditions ? ...
Words: 5054 - Pages: 21
...research on recent laws regarding your issue place it here. If not, delete it.) E. Thesis: Your perspective (argument) on the issue based on three main points. 1. Example Thesis: Human cloning should not be legalized because it is dangerous, expensive, and unethical. II. Brief Overview of Opposing Position A. Describe the basic view point of the opposition 1. Initially, many would argue that cloning should be legalized because it may cure diseases. B. Provide the supporting arguments and facts (supported by references to texts and well-known authorities) 1. For example, some scientists say that cloning may provide clues to genetic mapping and diseases (Bogo 1). 2. Additionally, research seems to show that cloning allows individuals to have a “back-up” of their specific blood, plasma, and even organs (Samson 2). C. Elaborate/Analysis and summary of perspective A: 1. To summarize, supporters of cloning believe that it is medically beneficial to humans. D. Counterargument: 1. Indeed, many might believe cloning is beneficial. However, cloning should not be legalized because it is dangerous, expensive, and unethical. III. Your Argument: Main Point #1 (Strong Point) A. Describe any “common ground” between the two...
Words: 645 - Pages: 3
...CETM11 Portfolio item 1 –A comparative literature review This is worth 30% of your module The following learning outcomes are assessed: Knowledge 1. A critical appreciation of the nature of research and the goals of academic reading, information searching and communication. 2 A critical appreciation of the clarity, scientific approach and structure of academic writing. This item will allow you to get feedback on skills that you need to help with the Research Plan in Portfolio item 2. TASK You are required to do a comparative literature review of the following topics (you may need to customise the title to include the domain) Choose one of the following topics on which to do a comparative literature review (word limit 2000 words): * The impact of personality traits of the project leaders in project success * Managing change management * Communication skills and project success * Network security and social networking * The role of effective IT management strategies in organisations * Assessing risks in home and public access wireless networks * Ethics in the design of business applications You may find the Q5 technique useful to map out the structure of each paper before you do the review. The task You will select a topic then find two or more academic papers that address the topic. You are required to write a comparative review of the topic from the perspective of these papers. This may require you to examine several schools of thought...
Words: 945 - Pages: 4
...and its norms too uptight and self-righteous for his own sake. It was his contention that religion and its maxim’s purpose was to limit knowledge, especially to children and prevents their ability to think clearly by trapping them with norms and inhibiting them from cooperating with others whose views are different from theirs. He also believes that religion flourishes fear and dependency. He also asserted that religion caused war, oppression and misery that is happening right now. Issues: According to Russell, The character of Christ isn’t as divine as God because of the flaws in his teachings and to his followers. Russell attacks Christ’s divinity and characteristics and followers in attempt to debunk Christianity. And that the argument of design is unpersuasive because if God was omnipotent, why would he create such detrimental things such as the KKK and fascists. Russell asserts that God’s imperfections caused detrimental things. However, it’s very noticeable that Russell’s persecuting points about Christianity all stemmed from his biased hatred towards...
Words: 2094 - Pages: 9
...PHIL 252 UNIT 1- Exercise 1 Write out answers to the questions in Exercises 1.1 and 1.2 in the Cederblom and Paulsen textbook as you come to them. • You may omit #5 of Exercise 1.2 on page 14. • For Question C on page 15, you may work with one of the accompanying editorials. • After completing the exercises in the textbook, as outlined above, it will be useful for you to produce a short piece of writing. This is a starting point in developing your reasoning skills, and it will be used later to help you improve your writing. In a paragraph or two, express an opinion on one of the following issues and support it: • a. censorship • b. capital punishment • c. abortion • d. use of alcohol or other drugs • e. marriage • f. single parenting • g. gun laws • h. building new prisons • i. the prospects for your generation[1] UNIT 2- Exercise 2 When you have completed the reading, answer the questions in Exercise 2.3, on pages 36–38 of Critical Reasoning. UNIT 3 -Exercise 1 Please answer the questions in Exercise 4.3, pages 98 to 99 of Critical Reasoning. Also do mini quiz on moodle. UNIT 4 - Miniquiz 1 Translate the following statements into standard-form categorical propositions. 1. Violets are blue. 2. There are glasses in the dining room. 3. Only faculty members may use the lounge. 4. Insults make her angry. 5. Every dog has his day. 6. A rare warbler was sighted in this area last week. 7. Any one will do. 8. Shakespeare...
Words: 3908 - Pages: 16
...1. The following argument violates some principles of well-crafted arguments: While 1[there is much wickedness in the world,] 2[then there is also much good.] For 3[if there is evil, then there must be good,] since 4[good and evil are relative, like big and small.] And no one will deny that 5[evil exists.] Answer questions ‘a’ to ‘e’ below from the passage above. A) Write a well-crafted version of the argument, replacing the emotionally loaded verbiage with more neutral language. 1. The world has much good and evil. b) Examine each statement and explain the reference to the language and sentences used as to how you could decide whether this argument is valid or invalid. The language used is uniformed and charitable. The linkage between the premises and conclusion is not obscured. Statement 1 and 2 are true premises. Argument 3 may be classified as false because evil is not a must in this world nor is good. The argument is valid because the conclusion links to premise although some premises in the argument are false. c) Give one examples each of how hedges and assurances are used in arguments that are not well-crafted. Assurances indicate that the writer is confident in the premise or conclusion. For example: Messi and Ronaldo are good football players. Everyone knows that Messi is a better footballer than Ronaldo. The assurance in the argument above is ‘Everyone knows that’. In the argument, the writer is confident that that in his statement that Messi...
Words: 828 - Pages: 4
...MAKING A CASE: The Structure of a Thesis Essay (It’s just an argument on paper!) LOCATION IN ESSAY Introductory Paragraph TERM General introductory statement(s): Thesis (main argument): Three supporting arguments: Mom, I have a huge favour to ask. If I’m allowed to stay at my friend Luanna’s house overnight, I will ace my exam tomorrow. Luanna is really smart and her parents are really strict and we work really well together. INFORMATION First Body Paragraph Topic sentence: • • • Proof/Example # 1 Proof Example # 2 Proof/Example # 3 First of all, Luanna is smart. The teacher always calls on her. She has the top mark in the class. She tutors other students. Because my friend is smart, I will ace my exam tomorrow if I spend the night at her house. Secondly, Luanna’s parents are really strict. They have given her a curfew. They ground her when she gets a low mark. They won’t let her watch TV on school nights. My friend’s parents are strict and if I spend the night at her house, I will ace my exam. Finally, Luanna and I work well together. We got 92% on our paired project. We look at the same problems differently and can teach each other. We have a contest between us to see who will get the highest mark. Since my friend and I work so well together, I will ace my exam if I study with her tonight. In conclusion, my friend Luanna is smart, her parents are really strict and we work well together. If I spend the night at her house tonight, I will ace my exam tomorrow. You’re...
Words: 353 - Pages: 2
