...ARRAY STRUCTURE PRG211 July 28, 2014 ARRAY STRUCTURE What is an Array? In this particular document, we will examine object oriented programming and the parameters of Creating an Array. What is an Array? An Array is a systematic arrangement of objects. In the field of Computer Science, they are different types of Arrays, but they all provide the same level of functionality. However, certain arrays provide an enhanced level of accommodation for the developer depending on the software language that the Coder is using. What is an object? The world around us consists of objects. These objects have a physical presence to them. Whether these objects are; people, furniture, cars or houses, they are all considered to be objects. In the business world, there are objects such as employers, employees, customers and etc. An object is a person place or thing. Therefore the name of an object is always a noun. The Definition of the Object The Behavior of the object helps us to give the object definition. In the programming world we refer to the definition in a certain way. The way that we refer to the object in this special way is called a “Class.” And inside of that class we have certain characteristics. The characteristics are called “data members” and also. The Class also has a certain behavior which we call “methods.” Defining Our Objects and Their Behavior In our Project for Programming, we have one class that we can define as it pertains to the efficiency...
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...THEME: STRUCTURES, POINTERS, AND LINKED DATA STRUCTURES • The following slides provide the C-code around which we will structure our discussion tomorrow. • Please note that this code by itself is incomplete. • Class attendance is necessary to understand the theme. • Those who do not attend the class must read the Text book and come to consultations, if help is needed. Structures and Lists #include #include struct Student { char *name ; int age; }; // Note: char *name ="xxxxxxxxxxxxxx"; is // not permitted in structures. Why? int main(void){ struct Student s; // allocates memory. s.name = malloc(20*sizeof(char)); scanf("%s",s.name); s.age = 20; printf("1:%s %d\n",s.name, s.age); struct Student *ps; ps = &s; // Dot has higher priority over & scanf("%s%d",(*ps).name,&(*ps).age); printf("2:%s %d\n", (*ps).name, (*ps).age); printf("3:%s %d\n",ps->name,ps->age+3); struct Student *ps1; // allocate memory by malloc() dynamically. ps1 = malloc(sizeof(struct Student)); ps1->name = malloc(20*sizeof(char)); scanf("%s%d",ps1->name,&(ps1->age)); printf("4:%s %d\n",ps1->name,ps1->age+3); printf("5:%s %d\n", (*ps1).name, (*ps1).age); } Student s 0028FF08 malloc 003C1110 name name age age ps malloc 0028FF00 003C1188 ps1 malloc #include #include struct S1 { int a1; char b1; }; struct S2{ int a2; char b2; struct S1 *p2; }; struct S3{ int a3; char b3; struct S1 *p3a; struct S2 *p3b; }; Linked structures ...
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...is roughly 3-4 lectures in length. Near the end of each unit a corresponding homework assignment will be given. De pending on how quickly we finish material, we may end up spending more or less time on each topic. Readings are highly recommended but are not directly evaluated; for example, there are no in-class quizzes about readings. Unit 1 Topics Course Overview C++ Programming Language Basics Functions; Strings; Input/Output Streams Collections, Containers Abstract Data Types (ADTs) Stack/Queue, Vector, Grid, Map, Set, Lexicon Designing Classes Recursion Recursive Algorithms and Data Fractals Recursive Exhaustive Search Backtracking Sorting Algorithm Efficiency; Big-Oh Notation Arrays and Pointers Dynamic Memory Allocation Implementing Collection Classes Hashing Linked Lists Linked Data Structures Binary Trees; Binary Search Trees (BSTs) Graphs Advanced Topics Readings Chapters 1-4 Assignments HW1: Life 2 Chapters 5-6 HW2: Word Ladders, Random Writer 3 Chapters 7-8 HW3: Recursion 4 Chapters 9-10 HW4: Boggle 5 Chapters 11-12, 14 HW5: Priority Queue 6 Chapters 12, 14, 16 HW6: Huffman Encoding 7 Chapters 18-20 HW7: Trailblazer Please note that this is a preliminary rough schedule and is subject to change without advance notice. Refer to the course web site for the most up-to-date information about what topics will be covered, appropriate reading, and assignments. This document is copyright © Marty Stepp, licensed under Creative...
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...A linked list is made up of a series of objects, called the nodes of the list. Because a list node is a distinct object. Linked lists are among the simplest and most common data structures. The principal benefit of a linked list over a conventional array is that the list elements can easily be inserted or removed without reallocation or reorganization of the entire structure because the data items need not be stored contiguously in memory or on disk, while an array has to be declared in the source code, before compiling and running the program. Linked lists allow insertion and removal of nodes at any point in the list, and can do so with a constant number of operations if the link previous to the link being added or removed is maintained during list traversal. Singly Linked List: Singly linked lists contain nodes which have a data field as well as a next field, which points to the next node in line of nodes. Operations that can be performed on singly linked lists include insertion, deletion and traversal. Finding and Deleting Specified Link: Finding algorithm Beginning from the head, 1. Check, if the end of a list hasn't been reached yet; 2. Do some actions with the current node, which is specific for particular algorithm; 3. Current node becomes previous and next node becomes current. Deleting 4. Save reference to link 5. Delete it, save first to old next 6. Return deleted link Operation on Singly Link List: * Search * Insert ...
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...Linked List 1 List vs Arrays Two built-in data structures that can be used to organize data, or to create other data structures: • Lists • Arrays Lists A list is an ordered set of data. It is often used to store objects that are to be processed sequentially. Arrays An array is an indexed set of variables, such as dancer[1], dancer[2], dancer[3],… It is like a set of boxes that hold things. A list is a set of items. An array is a set of variables that each store an item. Arrays and Lists You can see the difference between arrays and lists when you delete items. Arrays and Lists In a list, the missing spot is filled in when something is deleted. Arrays and Lists In an array, an empty variable is left behind when something is deleted. What’s wrong with Array and Why lists? • Disadvantages of arrays as storage data structures: – slow searching in unordered array – slow insertion in ordered array – Fixed size • Linked lists solve some of these problems • Linked lists are general purpose storage data structures and are versatile. Linked Lists A Head B C • A linked list is a series of connected nodes • Each node contains at least – A piece of data (any type) – Pointer to the next node in the list • Head: pointer to the first node • The last node points to NULL node A data pointer The composition of a Linked List • A linked list is called "linked" because each node in the series has a pointer that points...
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...Since the publication of the second edition, we all have gained experience with teaching data abstraction in an objectoriented way using C++. This edition reflects that experience and the evolution that C++ has taken. This book is based on the original Intermediate Problem Solving and Data Structures: Walls and Mirrors by Paul Helman and Robert Veroff (© 1986 by The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.). This work builds on their organizational framework and overall perspective and includes technical and textual content, examples, figures, and exercises derived from the original work. Professors Helman and Veroff introduced two powerful analogies, walls and mirrors, that have made it easier for us to teach—and to learn—computer science. With its focus on data abstraction and other problem-solving tools, this book is designed for a second course in computer science. In recognition of the dynamic nature of the discipline and the great diversity in undergraduate computer science curricula, this book includes comprehensive coverage of enough topics to make it appropriate for other courses as well. For example, you can use this book in courses such as introductory data structures or advanced programming and problem solving. The goal remains to give students a superior foundation in data abstraction, object-oriented programming, and other modern problemsolving techniques. TO THE STUDENT Thousands of students before you have read and learned from Walls and Mirrors...
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...An array is defined as a sequence of objects of the same data type. All the elements of an array are either of type int (whole numbers), or all of them are of type char, or all of them are of floating decimal point type, etc. An array cannot have a mixture of different data types as its elements. Also, array elements cannot be functions; however, they may be pointers to functions. In computer memory, array elements are stored in a sequence of adjacent memory blocks. Since all the elements of an array are of same data type, the memory blocks allocated to elements of an array are also of same size. Each element of an array occupies one block of memory. The size of memory blocks allocated depends on the data type and it is same as for different data types. Often, we have to deal with groups of objects of same type such as names of persons, instrument readings in an experiment, roll numbers of students, and so on. These groups can be conveniently represented as elements of arrays. The declaration of array includes the type of array that is the type of value we are going to store in it, the array name and maximum number of elements. Examples: short val[200]; val[12] = 5; Declaration & Data Types Arrays have the same data types as variables, i.e., short, long, float etc. They are similar to variables: they can either be declared global or local. They are declared by the given syntax: Datatype array_name [dimensions] = {element1,element2,….,element} The declaration form...
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...Personal Learning Management Array Structure Giovonnte J. Tate PRG/211 March 31, 2014 Travis Sprouse Object-Oriented Programming Parallel array structures can be used for many instances where the programer wants to input information that is different to them, such as keeping track of their important items of learning. The whole process of creating a program is of a structured nature. Code does not have to be difficult and can be written in simple English. What programmers need to do is input the data into the program and if it is functioning properly, a result based on that data and output will appear. All results come from a calculated list of items that have a represented value declared by the programmer. Arrays have been used in lots of problems to arrive at solutions for tasks and routines that people are involved in day to day. The For Loop and data sharing elements make the structure a desirable solution to any situation where programmers need to write codes and programs for a problems with many working parts, such as the me with several classes with a value rating applied. The data shared between the elements, assignments and projects completed, has to be shared in order to get your results. The most logical solution is the use of a parallel array structure. To test this conclusion, a pseudo code has been written and executed and is operating with satisfactory results. The pseudo code for this particular program is written as follows: Economic Value...
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...Data Structures and Algorithms DSA Annotated Reference with Examples Granville Barne Luca Del Tongo Data Structures and Algorithms: Annotated Reference with Examples First Edition Copyright c Granville Barnett, and Luca Del Tongo 2008. This book is made exclusively available from DotNetSlackers (http://dotnetslackers.com/) the place for .NET articles, and news from some of the leading minds in the software industry. Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 What this book is, and what it isn’t . . . 1.2 Assumed knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 Big Oh notation . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2 Imperative programming language 1.2.3 Object oriented concepts . . . . . 1.3 Pseudocode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Tips for working through the examples . . 1.5 Book outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 Where can I get the code? . . . . . . . . . 1.8 Final messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 3 4 4 6 6 7 7 7 I Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . reverse order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...What is a non-linear datastructure? A non-linear datastrucutre is a datastructure in which the data items in the memory are not allocated contiguously i.e. the data items are dispersed in the memory. The first data item will have a link to the second data item and second data item will have a link to the third data item and so on. Pros • Uses memory efficiently that the free contiguous memory in not an requirement for allocating data items • The length of the data items is not necessary to be known prior to allocation Cons • Overhead of the link to the next data item Linked list: linked list a data structure which stores data in the form of nodes.It does not require linear memory as arrays. Each node contains a data part and a pointer part(a pointer to the next data in the list) link or node is object of a class.there are so many types of linked list 1) single linked list 2)doubly linked list 3)circular linked list. single linked list: here links contains pointer to first data and last data in the list.As said earlier a pointer to the next data. example of a linked list: class node{// all nodes will be the objects of this class public int data; public link next_node;//a pointer to next data } public node(int data){ this.data=data; }//end of constructor public void showdata(){ System.out.println("data= "+data); } }//end of class node After defining class for each node we need to define a class for link list. Link list contains a pointer to...
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...Change the following infix expression postfix expression. (A + B)*C+D/E-F Question 2 Suppose a 3d array LA is declared using LA(3:8, -4:1, 6: 9), base(LA)=200, w=4. find loc of LA[2,-2,5]. (Row major order). Question 3 Convert the expression (True && False) || !(False || True) to postfix expression. Show the contents of the stack at every step. Question 4 Use a stack to evaluate the following postfix expression and show the content of the stack after execution of each operation. Don't write any code. Assume as if you are using push and pop member functions of the stack. AB-CD+E*+ (where A=5, B=3, C=5, D =4, and E=2) Question 5 Evaluate the following postfix expression using a stack and show the contents of stack after execution of each operation : 50,40,+,18, 14,-, *,+ Question 6 Evaluate the following postfix expression using a stack and show the contents of stack after execution of each operation : TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, NOT, OR, TRUE, OR, OR, AND Question 7 Write a program for creating polynomial using linked list? Question 8 Each node of a STACK contains the following information, in addition to required pointer field : i) Roll number of the student ii) Age of the student Give the structure of node for the linked stack in question TOP is a pointer which points to the topmost node of the STACK. Write the following functions...
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...The initial step is to arrange in decreasing order of exponents and then perform the action. The other method is by using Θ(log n) time algorithm based on binary representation. 1.5. Representation of one’s and two’s complement 1’s complement: + 4= 0100 - 4= 1011 (taking 1’s complement of +4 is -4 (i.e.) inverting the bit). So, 1’s complement is used to represent both positive and negative integers. 2’s complement: Converting the value to 1’s complement and then adding 1 to that complement. - 4= (1’s complement of 4) + 1 = 1011+1 = 1100. It is used in implementation of ADT, which performs arithmetic operation. So it is qualified under data structure. 1.9. Does every problem have an algorithm? Every problem doesn’t have an algorithm. For example if I were sorting the records stored in an array, the searching becomes difficult for the largest element. The value of an...
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...Handout: Problem Solving and 'C' Programming Version: PSC/Handout/1107/1.0 Date: 16-11-07 Cognizant 500 Glen Pointe Center West Teaneck, NJ 07666 Ph: 201-801-0233 www.cognizant.com Problem Solving and C Programming TABLE OF CONTENTS About this Document ....................................................................................................................6 Target Audience ...........................................................................................................................6 Objectives .....................................................................................................................................6 Pre-requisite .................................................................................................................................6 Session 2: Introduction to Problem Solving and Programming Languages ...........................7 Learning Objectives ......................................................................................................................7 Problem Solving Aspect ...............................................................................................................7 Program Development Steps .......................................................................................................8 Introduction to Programming Languages ...................................................................................14 Types and Categories of Programming Languages...
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...questions about VBA. † Finance Dept, Kellogg School, Northwestern University, 2001 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, tel: 847-491-8344, fax: 847-491-5719, E-mail: r-mcdonald@northwestern.edu. CONTENTS 2 5 Storing and Retrieving Variables in a Worksheet 5.1 Using a named range to read and write numbers from spreadsheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Reading and Writing to Cells Which are not Named. . . 5.3 Using the “Cells” Function to Read and Write to Cells. 10 the . . . . . . . . . 11 12 13 6 Using Excel Functions 13 6.1 Using VBA to compute the Black-Scholes formula . . . . . . 13 6.2 The Object Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 7 Checking for Conditions 16 8 Arrays 17 8.1 Defining Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 9 Iterating 19 9.1 A simple for loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 9.2 Creating a binomial tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 9.3 Other...
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...Linked List Problems By Nick Parlante Copyright ©1998-2002, Nick Parlante Abstract This document reviews basic linked list code techniques and then works through 18 linked list problems covering a wide range of difficulty. Most obviously, these problems are a way to learn about linked lists. More importantly, these problems are a way to develop your ability with complex pointer algorithms. Even though modern languages and tools have made linked lists pretty unimportant for day-to-day programming, the skills for complex pointer algorithms are very important, and linked lists are an excellent way to develop those skills. The problems use the C language syntax, so they require a basic understanding of C and its pointer syntax. The emphasis is on the important concepts of pointer manipulation and linked list algorithms rather than the features of the C language. For some of the problems we present multiple solutions, such as iteration vs. recursion, dummy node vs. local reference. The specific problems are, in rough order of difficulty: Count, GetNth, DeleteList, Pop, InsertNth, SortedInsert, InsertSort, Append, FrontBackSplit, RemoveDuplicates, MoveNode, AlternatingSplit, ShuffleMerge, SortedMerge, SortedIntersect, Reverse, and RecursiveReverse. Contents Section 1 — Review of basic linked list code techniques Section 2 — 18 list problems in increasing order of difficulty Section 3 — Solutions to all the problems 3 10 20 This is document #105, Linked List Problems, in the...
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