...to Mecca in 613, Islam was rapidly spreading. Islam spread across Europe and Asia. Yet, soon Muslims were starting to get persecuted, and so, some Muslims migrated to both West and East Africa. In East Africa it originally spread to Abyssinia in the year 613. And from there it spread farther. Some parts prospered, others faltered. Many of the Muslims traveled from Arabia across the Red Sea to the coast of East Africa. Muslims eventually settled down and created homes in East Africa. They started interacting with other cultures and religions through trade. They traded goods and ideas. Some cultures and religions accepted and got along with the Muslims, while others did not. There were wars, and forced conversions,...
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...Soleman Abdi Idd Hist 275 Essay 1 : Islam was born in the Hijaz in the 7th century and expanded to the rest of the Middle East where its key institutions were established. Simultaneously, it went through a rapid wave of expansion and eventually reached the African continent though North Africa and was progressively embraced in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, we cannot say there was such a thing as a unique process of expansion of Islam because an African identity was inexistent. Indeed, the continent and especially our area of focus, consisting of North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa, was composed of different regions defined by their ethnicity and their ancestry. Furthermore, the physical separation created by the Sahara desert also played a major role into accentuating the disparities. We will explore here, how the introduction of Islam in both regions differed significantly and how in the secondary phase of “rooting” of the faith, this key difference in the first contacts the religion had in these two regions led to the establishment of two distinct Islams. Finally, we will demonstrate that when we look beyond the complexity of both processes, they ultimately share many similarities. The main difference in the process of arrival of Islam in North Africa and Sub-Saharan African is displayed by the rapidity of expansion. Whereas by 720, North Africa was controlled by the Muslims, the adoption of Islam below the Sahara appeared to be more slowly paced and...
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...Islam and Muslims in North America * With arising consciousness, with American blacks, the idea that very many of them could have been Muslims, got stronger and stronger * There are estimates that between 14-20 % of Africans brought over to America, were Muslims. * The first Muslims: pre-Columbian and Columbian arrivals or visits? * Muslims arrivals through the slave trade, from early 1600’s to Abolition of slavery in 1863 * Muslim migration to North America * African American Muslims- assertion of identity from 20th c. On 1.3rd of total Muslim population in the USA * Converts * Omar ibn Sayyid (1770-1864) * Born in Senegal, he was enslaved and brought into American in 1806. * Prescribed himself out of a teacher and left the slavery expeditions * Was sold to one master, who died * The next one who bought him forced him into hard labour * Although he was baptized, he was still a practising Muslim Muslim Immigration to North America * Immigrant “cohorts” -Pioneer families (19th c. To WWII) -Transitional families(post WWI to 1968) -Differentiated families (From 1968to today) * Issues -Integration -{reserving an identity) -Diversity within (ethnic, religious) -Proselytizing from other faith communities * 60’s are the turning point for Muslim migration -the post war economic boom and economic recovery, necessitates the influx of labour in Europe and in the North America= immigration is incurred. The...
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...Religion Islam Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority country, with 88 percent of its citizens identifying as Muslim. Traditionally, Muslims have been concentrated in the more populous western islands of Indonesia such as Java and Sumatra. In less populous eastern islands, the Muslim population is proportionally lower. Most Indonesian Muslims are Sunnis. Around one million are Shias, who are concentrated around Jakarta while others are Sufi. Christianity The Government of Indonesia officially recognizes the two main Christian divisions in Indonesia, Protestantism and Roman Catholicism, as two separate religions. Protestantism Protestantism arrived in Indonesia during the Dutch East Indies (VOC) colonization, around the sixteenth century. VOC policy to ban Catholicism significantly increased the percentage of Protestant believers in Indonesia. Missionary efforts for the most part did not extend to Java or other already predominantly Muslim areas. The religion has expanded considerably in the 20th century, marked by the arrival of European missionaries in some parts of the country, such as Western New Guinea and Lesser Sunda Islands. Following the 1965 coup, all non-religious people were recognized as Atheist, and hence did not receive a balanced treatment compared to the rest of the citizens. As a result, Protestant churches experienced a significant growth of members, partly due to the uncomfortable feeling towards the political aspirations of...
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...continued on a downward slop. Over the next 10 years he was removed from his family, he dropped out of school and, he became more and more involved in criminal activities. At the age of 21, Malcolm was sent to prison. During his six year sentence, he became quite close with Elijah Muhammad (the leader of the Nation of Islam). Upon his release, Malcolm became self-educated and, an effective minister for the Nation of Islam. From 1946 to 1960 he was a loyal member of the group, but after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Elijah Muhammad felt that Malcolm had become to influential and powerful; so he banned him from the Nation of Islam. Shortly after being kicked out of the Nation of Islam, Malcolm changed his last name to X (to symbolize his lost African identity) and started his own organization; the OAAU (Organization of Afro-American Unity). The OAAU was founded to fight for human rights of African Americans and to initiate cooperation among those of African descent living in the Americas. His views were very much in unity with the views of Martin Luther King Jr; the only difference is...
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...Christianity, religion and the Islamic faith. Christianity and Islam differences bring tremendous conflict in religious committees past and present. For centuries the debate which religion symbolizes the true religion has taunted the minds of followers. And still today this question continues to divide God’s people. Religion shapes the very existence of people. The belief of a higher power challenges the heart of the young and the old throughout the world. The desired feeling of purity gears ambition to seek truth in God through religion of Christianity or Islamic faith. Much disgrace, rage has surface the mind of believers leading non-believers...
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...Throughout the post-classical era, Afro-Eurasian trade routes saw many startling progressions in technology, but the goods they traded and many other things stayed the same. The Bedouins suffered as trade routes changed and coastal traders became more wealthy, and Islam spread through Africa through these routes. In the 1st century BCE, Trans-Saharan trade was a prominent part of the classical period. During this time, nomads and traders used camels to transport their goods, which were mainly salt and palm oil. A new development also came with the implementation of camels- the camel saddle. During the Roman Empire, the Trans-Saharan trade route also brought olives, wheat, and wild animals to European countries. This trade declined after the fall of the Romans. In the 7th and 8th centuries, trade thrived in Africa because of the arrival of Islam. Nomads called bebers spread Islam almost entirely through North Africa by 700 CE. The berbers brought with them a whole rejuvenated trade system, and new goods from all over Africa. West Africans, also affected by these Islamic merchants, traded ivory, slaves, and gold for horses, salt, and textiles....
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...children were separated and sent to different foster homes. Malcolm was smart and had a dream of becoming a lawyer, but he lost his interest in school when his favorite teacher told him, “A lawyer is no realistic goal for a nigger.” Malcolm dropped out of school and spent time in Boston finding different jobs to earn money. By 1942 Malcolm was affiliated with narcotics, prostitution and gambling. Malcolm and his best friend Malcolm Jarvis, also known as Shorty, were arrested and convicted on burglary charges in 1946 and having affairs with white women. He was sentenced to seven years in prison. Malcolm’s whole life changed. His brother came to visit him and told him about the Nation of Islam. He became very interested and studied the teachings of the Islam Nation. In 1952 he had devoted himself the Islam Nation. He changed his last name to X because he considered little to be a slave name and chose X to represent his lost tribal name. Elijah Muhammad appointed Malcolm as a minister and national spokesperson for the...
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...Isra Rehman Mr. Johnson HRT3M1f 5th May, 2014 The Religious Founder of Islam and Christianity Islam and Christianity are two of largest religions scattered around the world making more than 3.7 billion people monotheist. This can be counted as one of the greatest similarities between these two beautiful religions. Just as there are many similarities, there are countless differences as well. Every religion began with a founder/ leader or as many like to call a “prophet” to spread the awareness of the profound religion. In Islam they have Prophet Muḥammad ibn `Abd Allāh (PBUH) and in Christianity they have Jesus Christ. Therefore, it is evident that Islam and Christianity both have similar religious founders which we now reflect upon. Many people religiously believe that Muhammed (PBUH) and Jesus weren’t founders of their religion but rather the leaders, as they both gained the power to spread the religion across to others. The story of how Muhammed (PBUH) was granted the leadership of Islam began with his arrival in a cave on Mount Hira near Mecca. The Islamic tradition stands that during his time at the Mount Hira, the angel Gabriel appeared to him in the year 610 and commanded Muhammad (PBUH) to recite scared words coming from the Divine, which would later (are now) be included in the Quran. After receiving his first revelation he thought he had been possessed (as every ordinary human being would think) and so he ran away from the cave. By 613 CE, Muhammed (PBUH) was...
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...farmers, came to the peninsula they sent the Negritos into the jungles and hills. The Proto-Malays came from China and were technologically advanced, especially in comparison to the Negritos. After the Proto-Malays came the Deuteron-Malays, which were made up of many different people - Arabs, Chinese, Indians, Proto-Malays, and Siamese. The Deuteron-Malays were proficient in their use of iron and when they united with Indonesians, they combined to make up the people known today as the Malay. Around the first century BC, strong trading links were established with China and India, and these had a major impact on the culture, language and social customs of the country. During this period, Malaysia's culture changed dramatically with the arrival of Indians. Indians initially went to the Malaysian peninsula in search of a mystical place known as the "Land of Gold." Although the places in Malaysia may not have been what they were looking for, they didn't leave, but continued to arrive in search of gold, spices and aromatic wood. In addition to trade (with goods), the...
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...Sufism ideology helped spread Islam in South Asia because it is an amalgamation of the spiritual and mysticism of Islam that was appealing to Indians whose native religion focused on both of those aspects. Sufism is a spiritual tradition which originated within Islam, its development paralleled that of Islam but it focused more on the spirtual development of the individual and G-d. Sufism was influenced by cultures of peoples and itself influenced the culture, a fusion of traditions and religion came to define how Sufism created grassroots of Islam in northern India. Sufism paved the way for Islam in northern India because it acted as the intimidate stage by converting non-believers toward the path of Islam that allowed for future Islamic missionaries to convert faster. The fundamental tenets that make up Sufism deal with a spiritual focus of Islam rather than the dictated and systematic understanding of religion. Sufism developed a form of Islam that historinan Jonathan Berkey claims was “…graft[ed] onto ascetic traditions with a mystical dimension… that lead to a distinctly mystical approach to religious understanding.” (Berkey, 2003: p.156). This merging of mysticism, defined as “the spiritual apprehension of knowledge inaccessible to the intellect, attained through contemplation and self-surrender…”, produced a form Islam that connected an individual not with the material world but the spiritual world. This connection between an individual and G-d, seems intoxicating to...
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...his father’s sermons would add to his knowledge of the racial tensions he would soon be faced with as he got older. His mother Louis Little was the product of the slave and master relations as she was mulatto and she hated herself for it as this also was a cause to his inspiration to become a serious activists in the civil rights movement. As he grew up he did very well academically and was very well liked by the whites who accepted him due to his lighter skin tone but as time went on he became very street minded in his ways as he grew up as a thief and street hustler as well as a pimp and drug dealer. All those events led him to prison where he was sentenced to 10 years and in that 10 years he became a changed man by joining the Nation of Islam and becoming a Black Muslim. He then changed his last name from Little to X as he did not want to take the name of a prior slave owner of his ancestors and eventually went on to become one of civil rights movement top respected leaders. I believe Malcolm X should be remembered by his successes such as his evolvement from a street minded hustler to a powerful civil rights leader, his leadership and organizations of the Black Muslims and his legacy to African Americans today. One of his successes I’d like to discuss was his transition from a street minded hustler to a powerful civil rights leader as mentioned above. Malcolm X lived every aspect of a street life but his main thing was running numbers and burglary. He eventually...
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...Muslims what are the difference between the types is that most people think of through their minds the answer is it can be anyone at any time just like who’s a student or who’s a business owner? Muslims are people who believe in a religion called Islam. Islam is a religion that people use to worship God or Allah this religion is almost similar to Christianity due to Islam religion connection with God and the angels and places that people go to when they die or where they end up it till the end of time which is judgement day where god judges those who have been good or bad ones that have been good go to heaven while ones that have been evil goes to a place where there is eternal punishment and it will never stop and no resting for all eternity and that last forever. The main difference between American Muslims and European Muslims is based on about which nation or...
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...difference that exists in the African culture is present among the diversified regions of North African and Sub Saharan Africa. These regions have been influenced by different foreign societies, which led to the development of two distinct subcultures, which exist in the African culture. The native cultural development in the African region has been the target of foreign influences thorough the history of the continent, where the western and the Middle Eastern powers have played a pivotal role. Discussion The European Influence The initial European influence in the African culture was initiated by the Portuguese, who arrived in the continent in the middle of the 15th century. Ever since the arrival of the Portuguese, the region became the sole target of the majority of the European countries, who sought out to exploit the vast resources present in the continent. The European countries were experiencing several dilemmas, concerned with the excessively over growing population, and the resources available in the national perspective (Comaroff, 1985). In this scenario Africa represented an ideal venture for these countries, to attain the vast resources which would be required to fuel their growing economies and complex societies. This was the era in which the European countries formally began the African Imperialism and defined the Southern African regions as a part of their states. The...
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... Traditional art was centred around fields such as carving, silversmithing, and weaving. Islamic taboos restricted artwork depicting humans until the mid-20th century. Performing arts and shadow puppet shows are popular, and often show Indian influences. Various influences can be seen in architecture, from individual cultures in Malaysia and from other countries. Large modern structures have been built, including the tallest twin buildings in the world, the Petronas Twin Towers. Malaysian music has a variety of origins, and is largely based around percussion instruments. Much early Malaysian literature was based on Indian epics, which remained unchanged even as Malays converted to Islam; this has expanded in recent decades. English literature remained restricted to the higher class until the arrival of the printing press. Locally created Chinese and Indian literature appeared in the 19th century. Cuisine is often divided along ethnic lines, but some dishes exist which have mixed foods from different ethnicities. Each major religious group has its major holy days declared as official holidays. Official holidays differ by...
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