...whole art of detection into one volume. Sherlock Holmes: The Adventure of the Abbey Grange Sherlock Holmes is sometimes compared to a bloodhound. He smels out clues, folows them, and catches criminals. He is very good at this, and although he sometimes fails (as in The Yelow Face) his success rate is very high. Now there is an art in doing this, which Sherlock Holmes cals the art of detection, and he is an expert in this art. In fact he was planning on writing a textbook on the subject when he retired. But as far as we know he never got around to it. Sherlock Holmes is not the only one who folows clues, scientists do as wel, , and probably al of us. For it is by folowing clues that we find out things on our own, doing so without being told by those in the know. Sherlock Holmes catches criminals, and then they confess, not the other way 'round. Scientists find things out by themselves, not by asking God. Now finding out things on our own is not easy, but in ways big or smal most of us would have had this kind of experience whether we are aware of it or not. This is to say in practice we al know something about this art which here, folowing Sherlock Holmes, we are caling the art of detection. Indeed when reading Sherlock Holmes or other detectives few of us would hesitate to put in our two cents worth: we are competent to criticise their techniques since we too know something about this art. Most people think of the art of detection as a form of reasoning. It is...
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...whereby there is lack of uniformity or sameness. In art, diversity could be on; ethnicity, race, religion and geographical location (artscouncil.ie). The main purpose of art is to express the human creative skill and imagination. By using paints and sculptures, art excites emotions to both the artist and the audience. Art is influenced by thoughts which arise from the environment the artist is exposed to. This therefore implies that all artists have different artistic skills and creations (artscouncil.org). It is for this reason that art is said to be diverse. When diversity is embraced, the quality and quantity of art increases as audience can enjoy a wider variety of artistic creations. Paul-Elder model of critical thinking seeks to develop intellectual traits that require consistent use of the elements of thoughts and reasoning held to specified intellectual standards (google.com). Appreciating diversity requires adoption of the Paul-Elder model of critical thinking. One should seek to develop a trait; an open mind that appreciates diversity. This will be achieved by applying elements of thoughts and reasoning that are held to a specific standard. Appreciating that all reasoning has a purpose will ensure that one devotes time, the right state of mind and chooses significant and realistic purposes (Frank 2013). One also needs to appreciate that reasoning has implications and consequences (Paul & Elder 1997). Remember that art is greatly influenced by the thoughts and ideas in...
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...Pure Logic vs. Scientific Logic “Reasoning is an art, and reasoning about the natural world is the art that lies at the base of science” (Castel and Sismondo 55). Pure logic is “a form of reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity” (Oxford Dictionaries). In contrast, scientific logic is a form of reasoning in which a logical thought process is used to conduct experiments and research in order to reach a valid conclusion. Altogether, pure and scientific logic are different forms of reasoning used to solve everyday problems in life; yet, it is ‘scientific logic’ that is more prevalent in solving everyday problems, including critical interpretations of major problems on earth. Scientific logic is the best choice to cope with life problems in the midst of global issues; it helps facilitate our logical expertise in daily matters; it is both predictable and reliable; and on a greater scale, scientific logic helps us deal with the widespread problems on earth. With the growth of science and new emerging technologies, life is becoming more complicated, therefore relying purely on logic is insufficient. “Most of the time very little follows logically from what we know, and when we think that it does we learn that most of our knowledge consists of generalizations that don’t hold 100 percent of the time” (Castel and Sismondo 71). People live in a world of probability and because “scientific reasoning develops over time,” (Castel and Sismondo 74) they...
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...Session Number: 002636-063 School Name: Binus International School Simprug Session: May 2013 Word Count: 1598 “The sign of an intelligent people is their ability to control their emotions by the application of reason”, American author, Marya Mannes once said. Emotion is defined as a strong feeling deriving from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationships with others. In the pursuit of knowledge, there are times when emotion could be involved in order to gain a better understanding of a certain aspect. However, relying on emotions too much could also cloud our judgment, for it is a very subjective way of knowing. This essay will discuss how reliable our emotion is in the pursuit of knowledge in two areas of knowledge; history and the arts. To start with, emotion plays a big part in judging historical figures and events that were immortalized through history books. The question is, would it be accurate enough to judge them solely based on our emotions? Take Richard III for example. He is known as an evil deformed hunchback in history. Shakespeare had popularized Richard III’s ‘deformed hunchback’ image by his famous historical tragedy titled “Richard III” where he was portrayed as a king who ruthlessly lies, murders, and manipulates, so many people had viewed Richard III like that. Shakespeare’s “Richard III” was one of the plays I had to study in my Literature and Performance class, so I knew the character of Richard well enough to judge him. From the play, I perceived Richard...
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...want this to be interpreted according to an “aim-and-effect” test. Japan also does not believe vodka is a similar product to shochu and the tax on the alcoholic beverages did not violate Art. III:2 because its the tax/price ratio was neutral. Procedure: World Trade Organization, Dispute Settlement Panel Issue: 1- Can the aim-and-effect test be applied to this situation? 2- Are vodka and shochu similar products? 3- Will a neutral tax/price ratio be sufficient enough to meet the Art. III:2 requirements? Holding: (1- No, 2- Yes, 3- No) Japan has to bring their taxes on alcoholic beverages into compliance with Art. III:2. Reasoning: (Lacarte-Muro, Bacchus, and El-Nagga) A. Rule: Art. III:2 has a requirement for all WTO members which states that all states should enforce the same internal taxes on products as they do on similar domestic products. Similar products have to follow the principles of paragraph 1. Art III:1, which states taxes cannot be enforced to protect a domestic production. Similar products are determined one case-by-case basis with familiar end-users and the same physical characteristics. B. Application: 1- Using the “aim-and effect” test would be too difficult to apply and to determine the real aims of limited legislation, which is based on the goals set out in Art. III:1. 2- Vodka and shochu will be bought and used by the same consumers and the filtration is different, however they have identical physical characteristics, therefore should be treated...
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...ideals were also done away with as they become infamous. Male dominance became less famous as they had no careers after the war. Most of them could not get careers after the war as they had joined the army at a young age. The war had a great impact on the art especially the Russian revolution. Artist got new ideas and the themes of their paintings become one sided, most of the arts had revolution inspire themes. At this time, a group of artists emerged a good example of the groups was the Association of Russian Revolutionary Artist (ARRA). The ARRA got their themes from the Russian revolution. Sculptures and painting were created all showing the impact of the Russian revolution. For example, Lanser, an artist decorated the Moscow Railway station with paintings that demonstrated the work of the soviet construction. The Russian revolution can be said to have had a great impact on the arts as t gave the artist inspirations on their works. Breton defined surrealist as spiritual automatism in its most pure state that one wishes to express in a verbal or written way. He also defined surrealist as a definite implementation of thought. Breton further stated that surrealist is the all-powerfulness of ones dreams. This form of art...
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...Human brain has two hemispheres with different function and each has an impact in human learning. The left hemisphere The element of human linear reasoning and language is performed by the left hemisphere. This means that it is the part of the brain responsible for things as grammar and vocabulary (Kalat, 2009). With linear reasoning, this simply gives an added advantage of numerical computation to the persons with the left brain part being dominant (angelfire, 2011). The difference in students’ ability to solve mathematical calculations is visible as students with dominant left hemisphere are associated with accurate and precise calculations when it comes to solving calculation issues (Paradiso, Bears & Connors, 2007). When it comes to numerical comparisons, and estimations, such students are also observed to have a higher hand in accuracy and exactness.In addition, where the left brain hemisphere is dominant, the student is characterized by better memory and retrieval of direct facts (angelfire, 2011).This means even in exams and tests based on curriculum, such people are in a better position to pass as they can fully and clearly understand instructions as well as retrieve what they have learnt easily and accurately (Paradiso, Bears & Connors, 2007). Talking of accurate calculations and estimates means better reasoning and number skills. Most of the time, such persons are good logical or sequential thinkers full of rationality. In discussions or argumentative expressions...
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...learn how to identify and overcome errors in reasoning. This is a special step that applies only to issues because resolving issues involves finding the most reasonable belief. Two broad kinds of errors are examined—errors affecting the truth of your ideas and errors affecting the quality of your reasoning. A step-by-step approach to evaluate arguments is also included. ecause your main objective in addressing an issue is not to find the most effective action but to determine the most reasonable belief, your main task in refining an issue is to evaluate your argument to be sure that it is free of error. Two broad kinds of error must be considered. The first affects the truth of the argument’s premises or assertions. The second affects the argument’s validity— that is, the legitimacy of the reasoning by which the conclusion was reached. A sound argument is both true and valid. B ■ ERRORS AFFECTING TRUTH Errors affecting truth are found by testing the accuracy of the premises and the conclusion as individual statements. The first and most common error in this category is simple factual inaccuracy. If we have investigated the issue properly and have taken care to verify our evidence whenever possible, such errors should not be present. We will therefore limit our consideration to the more subtle and common errors: ISBN 1-256-46689-1 • • • • Either/or thinking Avoiding the issue Overgeneralizing Oversimplifying 209 The Art of Thinking: A Guide to Critical and Creative...
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...argument 1. The following appeared as part of an annual report sent to stockholders by Olympic Foods, a processor of frozen foods. “Over time, the costs of processing go down because as organizations learn how to do things better, they become more efficient. In color film processing, for example, the cost of a 3-by-5-inch print fell from 50 cents for five-day service in 1970 to 20 cents for one-day service in 1984. The same principle applies to the processing of food. And since Olympic Foods will soon celebrate its twenty-fifth birthday, we can expect that our long experience will enable us to minimize costs and thus maximize profits.” Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion. Citing facts drawn from the color-film processing industry that indicate a downward trend in the costs of film processing over a 24-year period, the author argues that Olympic Foods will likewise be able to minimize costs and thus maximize profits in the future. In support of this conclusion the author cites the...
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... poems, and other forms of art to show the destruction of Native American culture caused by the “White Man”. Bunkys paintings often depicts Native Americans wearing judicial robes, gas mask, or traditional native clothing with altered symbols on their clothing to symbolize the spread of radiation, unfair treatment upon Natives, and the destruction of Native American Culture. Bunky Echo Hawk is a graduate of the Institute of Native American Arts he is known for being an artist, graphic designer, photographer, writer, and for being a non-profiting artist. What inspires the artist to prosper is his desire to spread the truth. Throughout multiple paintings that Bunky has created Native Americans are shown doing the same task that their oppressor is capable of. For example, Bunky painted a Native American Rosie the Riveter holding a judicial gabble to symbolize that the time for equality is now, and that it is up to fellow Natives to help end the oppression caused upon the white man. The slogan “We can do it” is the same from the original poster which would persuade women to enroll to help with the United States...
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...audience responses and results. Most authors have a targeted reading audience in mind. An audience might change their views as a conclusion and will mediate change or act in a new way. The author creates an argument to convince a particular audience. The text is the argument. Whether it is written, visual, or spoken, the text will have characteristics you can analyze. The end or conclusion either summarizes by restating important points or concludes by emphasizing the most important point, whatever it is that the author wants you to accept, remember, believe or agree. A Bare Bones Guide to Persuasive Writing The audience of this article is interested in the art of persuasive writing as told by the author Rod Baird. The Author’s purpose is to show how the art of persuasion is more like the art of debate. The reasoning for this is because one can begin by stating their opinion and then show evidence to support it. The author goes as far to point out eight helpful techniques that will help you come up with an effective argument in your persuasive writing. Personal appeal, tone, precision, concession, rebuttal, logic, authority and rhetorical question are the eight techniques. The article gives an example of a persuasive writing that came in the form of a letter to a school principal. The persuasive letter is intended to convince the Principal that the school needs up to date software. The audience is obviously the principal. The purpose is to convince the principal to buy new...
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...demonstration, since we are most fully persuaded when we consider a thing to have been demonstrated. Of the modes of persuasion furnished by the spoken word there are three kinds. Persuasion is achieved by the speaker's personal character when the speech is so spoken as to make us think him credible. Secondly, persuasion may come through the hearers, when the speech stirs their emotions. Thirdly, persuasion is effected through the speech itself when we have proved a truth or an apparent truth by means of the persuasive arguments suitable to the case in question. MYTHOS: a set of beliefs or assumptions about something. LOGOS: Logos (Logical) means persuading by the use of reasoning. This will be the most important technique we will study, and Aristotle's favorite. We'll look at deductive and inductive reasoning, and discuss what makes an effective, persuasive reason to back up your claims. Giving reasons is the heart of argumentation, and cannot be emphasized enough. We'll study the types of support you can use to substantiate your thesis, and look at some of the common logical fallacies, in order to avoid them in your writing. Who was THALES? Was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Miletus in Asia Minor and one of the Seven Sages of Greece. What separated Thales from others? Empedocles Compare Logos versus mythos: The Greek words from which our English words “logical” and “mythical” have been derived, logos and mythos. Both Greek words can be translated as something like...
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...thinking * Generally, critical thinking involves both problem solving and reasoning. * Specifically, critical thinking includes the ability to : i) Make observations ii) Be curious, asking relevant questions and finding the resources you need iii) Challenge and examine beliefs, assumptions, and opinions against facts iv) Recognize and define problems * Assess the validity of statements and arguments Reason as a Way of Knowing * Deductive reasoning * Inductive reasoning * Logical fallacies * Informal reasoning “All generalizations are false – including this one” Henry David Thoreau, 1817 – 62 “Logic (n) is the art of thinking and reasoning in strict accordance with the limitations and incapacities of the human misunderstanding.” Ambrose Bierce, 1842 – 1914 Deductive Reasoning * Any from of reasoning that moves from the general to the specific. * In deductive reasoning, an argument is made based on two facts, or premises. If the premises are true, then it should follow that the conclusion of the argument must also be true Politicians * “High taxes are putting people out of work (general premise). Tax cuts are a better policy (premise 2). Tax cuts will give people jobs (reason)” “Logic is the beginning of wisdom, Valeris, not the end.” Spock, STAR TREK Deductive Reasoning * Deduction is the process of reasoning from two general premises, or things that are known, to a specific conclusion...
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...other intelligences: the artists, architects, musicians, naturalists, designers, dancers, therapists, entrepreneurs, and others who enrich the world in which we live. Unfortunately, many children who have these gifts don’t receive much reinforcement for them in school. Many of these kids, in fact, end up being labeled "learning disabled," "ADD (attention deficit disorder," or simply underachievers, when their unique ways of thinking and learning aren’t addressed by a heavily linguistic or logical-mathematical classroom. The theory of multiple intelligences proposes a major transformation in the way our schools are run. It suggests that teachers be trained to present their lessons in a wide variety of ways using music, cooperative learning, art activities, role play, multimedia, field trips, inner reflection, and much more (see Multiple Intelligences in the Classroom). The good news is that the theory of multiple intelligences has grabbed the attention of many educators around the country, and hundreds of schools are currently using its philosophy to redesign the way it educates children. The bad news is that there are thousands of schools still out there that teach in the same old dull way, through dry lectures, and boring worksheets and textbooks. The challenge is to get this information out to many more teachers, school administrators, and others who work with children, so that each child has the opportunity to learn in ways harmonious with their unique minds (see In Their Own...
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...major required skills of all healthcare workers. The nursing education should be strived to foster their students with critical thinking skills for use in complex healthcare settings. Clinical reasoning skills help in critical thinking. Developing a good clinical reasoning makes oneself to think critically and effectively. An effective clinical reasoning skill requires concurrent attention to both the cognitive and metacognitive dimensions of reasoning in nursing care contexts ( Kuiper RA & Pesult DJ, 2004). Asking questions is the only way to improve the clinical reasoning. One of the important patterns of change in thinking is from ‘answers to questions’. Change is only constant thing in the world. These changes evolve with questions in many issues. Initially there will be fewer answers, which are simple ones and even not the right ones. Questioning helps in making our knowledge more sound and perfect. When one answer to an issue is not satisfactory, one will start questioning which will help in more thinking. According to Senge “genuine inquiry starts when people ask questions to which they do not have an answer” (Rubenfeld, MG & Scheffer BK ,2010). Only creative people depend on asking questions. The core of several learning approaches often starts with a problem or questioning. The art of asking ‘questions” help in developing the more innovative and effective way of thinking oneself. The key to powerful thinking will always be powerful questions. Thinking will often get...
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