...Artemisia Gentileschi (1593-1653) Considered one of the most important artists of the Baroque movement in Early Modern Europe, Artemisia Gentileschi, had to prove herself and break down the boundaries for a woman in a male dominated field. Artemisia was born in Rome on July 8, 1953 to Orazio and Prudentia Monotone Gentileschi, who died when the artist was only twelve years of age. Her upbringing was left to her father, who was also a well-known painter. He trained her since she was not permitted to learn in the studios of successful artists of the moment. Orazio introduced his daughter to the working artists of Rome including Caravaggio, whose tenebrism technique and chiaroscuro style had a great influence on her paintings. Unfortunately, other than artistic training, Artemisia, had hardly any other schooling and did not learn to read or write until she was an adult. Agostino Tassi was a Florentine artist with whom Orazio had a working relationship, however, this acquaintance proved to have dire consequences for his daughter. In 1612, at the age of nineteen, Artemisia, accused Tassi of rape. Orazio, upon learning of this horrible crime committed against his daughter filed an injury and damage lawsuit against Tassi, which is clearly documented in the transcripts of the seven-month long trial. According to Artemisia, Tassi aided by family friends repeatedly tried to be alone with her until he was successful in cornering her in her own bedroom where the rape took place...
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...ArtemisiaGentileschi: Visionary Italian painter Artemisia Gentileschi was born in Rome in 1593, just before the beginning of the Baroque era. Gentileschi’s father was also an artist; he shared his techniques with his daughter who spent hours in his workshop before attempting to create works of her own. In her early teens, Artemisia claimed to have been raped by her artistic mentor, a possible cause of her feministic and brutally naturalistic views in the art world. Paintings like Judith Slaying Holofernes have sometimes overshadowed Self-Portrait due to their shocking subject matter from a woman at that time. For a woman at the beginning of the 17th century, being a painter represented an uncommon and difficult challenge. Gentileschi adopted her style of chiaroscuro from Caravaggio, whose paintings combined realistic observations of the human state with dramatic lighting. In this lighting, the viewer was able to detect multiple saturation levels of a given color. This new technique of shadowing changed the standard from simple black shading to lower levels of color by mixing in small amounts of black paint. Gentileschi exemplified her ability to use chiaroscuro in Judith Slaying Holofernes where deep reds fade in the blood that runs down the sheets and into darkness. In her Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting, the use of lighting can be noted as an important component. The light is coming from the left, but is unique in that the source is not visible and is unusually...
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...Artemisia Gentileschi What contributions did your individual make to the Renaissance, Reformation, or Scientific Revolution? Why was your individual unique? Why were his/her contribution necessary to advance Western Civilization? Artemisia Gentileschi was a significant artist during the Renaissance. During the Greco time period, Renaissance art was inspired by explicit experiences of individuals and art that captured the beauty and conundrums of the natural world. Throughout this era, women were not accepted by the artistic community. With that being said, Artemisia had a hard time of being acknowledged, also because she had a different style of painting. Her artwork was a reflection of her hardships that she had gone through. Do to her unforgettable...
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...harmony, which I achieved by using variety to unify. Even though all of the items I used were different in shape and color from one another (besides the quarters), I was able to use many different shapes in the work hold together as a unified whole. This was also accomplished by using symmetrical balance to make the assemblage feel more natural to the viewer so that they are able to make natural connections my piece. Emphasis and focal point are the principles of art that were my primary concerns so that I would draw attention to a specific location in my work. I used directional line, implied line and enhanced contrast to draw the viewer to the focal point, which are similar techniques to that of Judith Decapitating Holofernes by Artemisia Gentileschi. The enhanced light value of the lower portion of the quarters that form a cross figure create a strong directional line towards the one hundred dollar bill, where Benjamin Franklin can be seen “covering” his eyes. The reflection of light against the faces of both watches were meant to make an implied line through the cross...
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...A research paper by Roberto Longhi, an important Italian critic, dated 1916, named Gentileschi padre e figlia (Gentileschi, father and daughter) described Artemisia as "the only woman in Italy who ever knew about painting, coloring, doughing, and other fundamentals". Longhi also wrote of Judith Slaying Holofernes: "There are about fifty-seven works by Artemisia Gentileschi and 94% (forty-nine works) feature women as protagonists or equal to men".[13] These include her works of Jael and Sisera, Judith (Judith and her Maidservant), and Esther. These characters intentionally lacked the stereotypical 'feminine' traits—sensitivity, timidness, and weakness—and were courageous, rebellious, and powerful personalities.[14] A nineteenth-century personality...
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...Artemisia Gentileschi was an Italian Baroque painter in the early 17th century. At this point and time, it was hard for females to make a name for themselves, especially in the art world, but Artemisia refused to give in to that role. Having been trained by her father, Orazio and his friend Caravaggio, at a young age, she showed talent and had her own unique style that set her apart from many of the men artists during her time. This is what makes Artemisia Gentileschi an icon of Feminist art.Her depictions of famous scenes differ greatly from men’s. In her first signed painting, Susanna and the Elders depicts the story of a young woman being sexually harassed by the elders in her community. While, many of the male artists at this time depicted the woman as being coy...
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...Should we continue to be ignored Artemisia Gentileschi’s Judith artwork? The Judith Slaying Holofernes artwork was very popular at the time 1597-1651. However, only male artists were received the credits being an artist. The female could not be recognized as an artist at that time. As Artemisia Gentileschi was a female artist at the time, she was not receiving the credit as being an artist. Many male artists had created a piece around the subject included Caravaggio’s Judith Beheading Holofernes, Lucas Cranach’s Judith with the head of Holofernes, Andrea Mantegna’s Judith and Holofernes, Peter Paul Rubens’ Judith with the head of Holofernes, and many more other artists. Artemisia had painted Artemisia’s Judith Slaying Holofernes, but she was not well received as an artist because she was a female....
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...Evaluation of the Ecological Restoration Projects at The University of California, Santa Barbara’s Lagoon Authors: Matthew Edmiston Cat Bradley Chris Anderson Abstract: The University of California, Santa Barbara’s lagoon has undergone several ecological restoration projects over the past two decades. Some efforts have proven to be beneficial, while others still need improvement. This paper addresses and evaluates five different locations around the lagoon, the various restoration projects at the sites, and what more could be done at each habitat in order to assess the ecological restoration efforts in the UCSB Campus Lagoon area. The sites addressed are the San Nicolas degraded wetlands, Campus Point, the coastal sage scrub, Manzanita Village and the bioswales. Overall, each of the sites have finished going through extensive restoration, with techniques such as solarization and re-introduction of native species. Most of the ecosystems are now returned to their pre-disturbed state, but continued efforts are needed to preserve the locations. 1.0 Introduction: The term “ecological restoration” is generally defined as “the return of an ecosystem to a close approximation of its condition prior to disturbance” (NRC Report, 1992). Although this term is often oversimplified, it includes a complex web of cultural, social and political aspects as well as environmental aspects. Due to its complexity, and in many cases, the many competing jurisdictions involved, it is often...
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...Agnolo di Cosimo who was more commonly known as Bronzino created Allegory with Venus and Cupid around the mid 1540’s. This painting is considered one of the strangest paintings in the sixteenth century but is also a prime example of Mannerist art. The painting has also been identified as “Triumph of Venus” and “Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time”. It is an oil on panel painting measuring 57 ½ x 46”, and is housed in the national gallery in London, England today. Bronzino was born in Florence, Italy, and began his painting career first as the student of Raffaellino del Garbo, and later the apprenctice of Jacopo Pontormo. Pontormo’s mannerist style had a great influnece on Bronzino who worked by his side not only as his apprentice but also as his partner so to speak in the cloister at the Certosa di Galluzzo. While working with Pontormo, Bronzino developed a style of mannerism that was more literal and his response to the subject-matter less sensitive, unlike his master. During the 1530’s Bronzino achieved his greatest distinction as a portrait painter, and by the early 1540s he had become the leading exponent in Florence. There are seven figures whose identities have left many scholars at great debate, two masks and a dove that takes up the foreground plane. When examined individually each figure exaggerates poses in a graceful almost dance like form, known as "figura serpentinata" (a 'serpentine' or spiralling) pose, which was ideal for mannerist artwork. Venus while being...
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...complexity. Art works often capture a moment in time. Paintings and sculptures break into the space of the viewer. This occurs partly in response to the demands of the Counter-Reformation, the Catholic Church's attempt to stem the impact of the Protestant Reformation. Catholic religious images aimed to ignite the fervor of the people for the Church and its beliefs. Some artists during this period, however, retain a more classical style. Works to identify and know in depth: Artist Title Date Bernini David 1600s (19-7) [pic] Bernini Ecstasy of Saint Theresa 1600s (19-1, 19-8) [pic] Bernini Saint Peter's, Vatican City, Rome 1600s (19-4, 19-5) Caravaggio Conversion of Saint Paul 1600s (19-17) [pic] Artemisia Gentileschi Judith Slaying Holofernes 1600s (19-20) [pic] Velázquez Surrender of Breda 1600s (19-29) [pic] Velázquez Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor) 1600s (19-30) [pic] Questions to prepare for Exam 2 (as well as the 5 numbered questions on study sheet for Ch 14): Which city was the major center for artistic development in the 1600s? Why? Why was the Council of Trent convened? What impact did it have on Catholic art? How does the Ecstasy of Saint Theresa exemplify Baroque art in its iconography and style? Discuss the innovations Caravaggio introduced into painting to make it look more dramatic. Why was drama desired at this time? Name an artist who was much influenced by Caravaggio. Compare...
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...Differences in art MR.GIBBS Devindra Mohabir Flushing High School Devindra Mohabir September 15, 2013 European History Differences in Art Both the Italian and Northern Renaissance had a lot of great art works, and artistes. They had some similar ideas in term of art and they had some differences. The Renaissance all started in Florence, Italy during the 14th century. Florence was the perfect place for it to start because it was at the center of an international trading port with both Europe and the Middle East. Also because Italy was at the center on the Roman Empire after it fell. The Renaissance was spawned by the birth of the philosophy of humanism, which emphasized the importance of individual achievement in a wide range of fields such as art and writing. Although Italian Renaissance broke all tradition with Gothic style of art during the 15th century, it was a different story on the north side of Europe. The north never really abandoned the dark and gothic styles, it held on to it. In the North, Artistes were focusing more on the Middle-class and peasant class than on the wealthy. Artists such as Pieter Bruegel and Hieronymus Bosch were creating masterpieces of the peasant life. They were showing their perspective of it. “The Peasant Wedding” is a great example of this; Pieter Bruegel painted it in 1567 and it just simply show a wedding celebration of a peasant. The North also focused more on nature and landscapes...
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...Self-Portrait. 1548. Oil on canvas. 30.8 x 24.4 cm. Following the Renaissance period of art was the Baroque period, a very ornate and lavish style of art that gained popularity in Europe from the early 17th century until the late 18th century. Much like the Renaissance period success for a female artist during this time heavily depended on her birth rights, if she came from a family of artists or a had a father who was an established artist. Even with walls put up against women artists during this time more and more successful women artists began to emerge during this time including; Maria Theresa van Thielen, Elisabetta Sirani, and Artemisia Gentileschi. Each of these women painters were born into wealthy families as well as trained by their fathers, however what each these women eventually went on to do with their artistic skills varied. Artemisia Gentileschi’s technical skills along with her bold subject choices in her paintings, often including strong women fully clothed or completely nude, allegories, bible victims, and even suicides allowed her to become one of the most accomplished painters of her time for both men and women. As well as allowed her to become the first women member of the Accademia di Arte del Disegno, a guild for a select few working artists of this time. Even with her life cut extremely short Elisabetta Sirani became one of the most prolific female artists of her time, producing over three hundred paintings as well as hundreds of drawings before her death...
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...Fundamental Concepts, Methods and Modes In the Humanities Imagination, Values, and Emotions Renaissance versus Baroque February 2014 The Renaissance era has been considered a time of move into the modern day. The term Renaissance means rebirth, and came from the French. The Renaissance started in Italy and extended throughout Europe between the fourteenth and seventeenth century. It was throughout the Renaissance that Europe saw many large social, scholarly and economic changes. Old-fashioned values of the Church were lost which in turn permitted artists the freedom and liberty to discover the human mind and body. The Renaissance era allowed art to progress far past conventional and traditional religious focus to imitate human feeling and realism in art. Although faith continued to be the core guidance during the Renaissance, the beginning and acknowledgment of human form, expression and scientific study became very lively inspirations within the arts. Renaissance art saw the rebirth of nature and the human figure. Sculpting and painting practices advanced greatly throughout the Renaissance. Artists started using different methods like laws of portion, physical appearance, the linear perspective, balance, and physical appearance. Main characteristics of Renaissance art included admiration and tribute to the human body and nature, realistic linear perspective and importance on the association of light and shadow. Some of the world’s...
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...This time period encompassed at least part of three major art movements, including Baroque (1600-1750), Rococo (1700-1770), and Neoclassicism (1750-1880). The Baroque art period was classified by a theatrical and dramatic style that often had a religious subject, particularly focusing on Catholicism. Other characteristics of Baroque art include “energetic movement, common people, glorification of Catholicism due to the Catholic Reformation, verticality, and ornamented architecture.” Baroque art would not have aligned with the general ideals of the Great European and American Awakening, which was largely a Protestant, not Catholic, revival. Artists of the Baroque period included Annibale Caracci, Nicolas Poussin, Artemisia Gentileschi, Caravaggio, and Bernini, with some of the best-known works of art being The Ecstasy of St. Teresa, a sculpture located at the church of Santa Maria della Vittoria in Rome, Italy, and The Calling of Saint Matthew by Caravaggio which depicts the figure of Christ appearing to a group of tax collectors, including St. Matthew. The Rococo (portmanteau of the words for “stones” and “shells”) period was characterized by an elegant and frivolous style with very intricate and feathery brushstrokes. Works of this time period also largely dealt with themes of hedonism, and many often featured outdoor settings and the upper class nobility of the time. Prolific artists of this...
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...A villain is a character whose evil actions or motives are important to the plot of a play, novel or film. The obvious villains of Shakespeare’s ‘The Merchant of Venice’ and Marlowe’s ‘The Jew of Malta’ would be Shylock and Barabas respectively as these two characters are both depicted as evil and greedy Jews, perhaps due to the racial hatred of the Elizabethan era and the ongoing stigma of Judaism in English society. However, it could be argued that the women of the two plays, including the daughters of the two aforementioned antagonists, Jessica and Abigail, wealthy wife of Bassanio – Portia in ‘The Merchant of Venice’ and the cunning courtesan of ‘The Jew of Malta’, Bellamira, are more villainous than the traditional figure of vices of Shylock and Barabas due to the way that the female characters interact with and often disregard the norms of the Elizabethan era and the expected behaviours of women even in modern society. Women in fiction, especially young women, very rarely tend to be portrayed as villainous due to the cultural expectations of femininity. Womanly and feminine traits are those of ones of love, care and innocence, thus women and girls will not be traditionally assumed to be deviant or cruel due to the preconceived idea and judgement that society has on women. In the 21st Century, there is still this assumption in place as women are often able to manipulate the patriarchy and criminal justice system to their own advantage by adopting the traditional female...
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