...Christoph H. Loch, Professor of Technology Management at INSEAD, and Christian Terwiesch, Associate Professor of Operations Management at the Wharton School, as a basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright © 2002 INSEAD-Wharton, France/USA. Revised Version, copyright © 2004 INSEAD-Wharton, France/USA. N.B. PLEASE PERMISSION. NOTE THAT DETAILS OF ORDERING INSEAD CASES ARE FOUND ON THE BACK COVER. COPIES MAY NOT BE MADE WITHOUT 1 5041 “There are worse places in the world to be in December than Trinidad,” thought Ed Dowling, as he spotted the first white beaches from his seat on the Miami-Trinidad flight. “Look, Steve, we are flying close by our plant,” he said to Steve Elmquist, pointing at a significant landmark on the coastline below them (see Exhibit 1). Dowling was executive vice-president for operations at Cleveland Cliffs Inc., and Elmquist was the general manager of Cliffs and Associates Ltd. (CAL), which was co-owned by Cleveland Cliffs and Lurgi Metallurgie GmbH, the German process technology company, following a recent joint venture. Neither had said much since starting their journey some eight hours before in Cleveland, Ohio, where they had reported to the board members of Cleveland Cliffs on the status of the plant that lay just below them. The purpose of the plant was to produce Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), a product of great importance...
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...An Approach to Corpus-based Discourse Analysis: The Move Analysis as Example THOMAS A . UPTON AND MARY ANN COHEN Abstract This article presents a seven-step corpus-based approach to discourse analysis that starts with a detailed analysis of each individual text in a corpus that can then be generalized across all texts of a corpus, providing a description of typical patterns of discourse organization that hold for the entire corpus. This approach is applied specifically to a methodology that is used to analyze texts in terms of the functional/communicative structures that typically make up texts in a genre: move analysis. The resulting corpus-based approach for conducting a move analysis significantly enhances the value of this often used (and misused) methodology, while at the same time providing badly needed guidelines for a methodology that lacks them. A corpus of ‘birthmother letters’ is used to illustrate the approach. Biber et al. (2007) explore how discourse structure and organization can be investigated using corpus analysis; they offer a structured, seven-step corpusbased approach to discourse analysis that results in generalizable descriptions of discourse structure. This article draws on the themes in this book, but focuses in particular on analyses that use theories on communicative or functional purposes of text as the starting point for understanding why texts in a corpus are structured the way they are, before moving to a closer examination and description of...
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...graphs A.1:By looking at the different graphs we can observe the effects of k in the function. In the graphs acts on the y-axis, by the changing the value of k the y axis goes down or up, it’s a vertical translation. When the value is positive the parabola goes up and when is negative it goes down. In the first graph when K is 4 it moves four spaces up in the y axis and the second one when K is -3 it moves three spaces down. Although the line moves the curve is not affected, this means that the gradient is not affected. A.2: My observations from last exercise apply to this graphs. The value of k is still a constant so the line keeps moving the y axis upwards or downwards depending on the value , it doesn’t move through the x axis , this means that the gradient never changes. A.3:Generalisation When ever the value of K is a constant it will only affect the line on the y axis .Theres a vertical translation on the line, when the value is positive it moves upwards and when is negative it moves dowards from the original line.The cruve of the line never changes this in other words mean that the gradient stays the same and the line don’t moves through the x axis. B.1 By looking at the graphs above we can observe the effects of h on the function. On the first graph the value of his 3 so it moves to the right three spaces.There is a horizontal translation on the x axis.If the values I positive it moves to the right and if negative it moves to the left. B.2 . This is because it...
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...decision was when I decided to move. I had a pretty good job, but the rest of my family was moving away, and I did not want to be the only one left there. I had been working at my job for just over a year, and had just recently found out that I was pregnant for the first time. My boyfriend and I had our own place, but neither one of us had a vehicle. With my family planning to move out of state I was forced to make a decision. I had to decide if I was going to move closer to my job, or quit my job and move closer to my boyfriend’s parents, or move back to the place that I was born and raised for most of my life. The first thing that I did when I found out that I was going to have to move was talk to my boyfriend. He said that he didn’t know what we should do, but he didn’t want to move to the town that was close to my job. He felt that the town was too small, and the fact that we did not know anyone there was the other reason. The next thing that we did was talk about who’s parents we were going to move with. I wanted to move with my parents, because I was seven months pregnant and wanted to be with my mom to have the baby. He was torn because he had never been more than a few hours away from his mom, but he thought it would be cool to see some place new. After about three weeks of discussing our options we came to an agreement on moving out of state with my parents. That is when the major planning and decision making began to happen. We had limited space so I had to...
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...enables the honest exchange of these items. If we can manage trust in every exchange through different protocols to verify the truth of facts in any exchange, we can then have an internet of trust. We will be demonstrating this trust by playing the classic game of Battleship between two players Alice & Bob that have just meet online for the first time. We will be implementing cryptographic hashing algorithms and digital signatures in order to verify the data between our two players to be true, but to also maintain the integrity of the moves being played. This will help to prove that our data has not been modified by an unauthorized entity or adversary...
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...biological systems, proteins are often associated with membranes, meaning that some portions of the molecule are prevented from interacting with others. In the case of a simple loop, the virtual knot theory of Kauffman provides a mathematical framework for studying such systems, as it allows some crossings of strands to be labeled “virtual,” i.e. non-interacting. We hope that a merging of these two theories, called virtual spatial graph theory, will prove equally useful in the biological sciences. Knot theory studies embeddings of circles up to isotopy. There are many ways to extend the ideas of knot theory; two natural choices are the study of spatial graphs and the theory of virtual knots. The theory of spatial graphs generalizes the objects we embed, by studying isotopy classes of arbitrary graphs embedded in S3. The theory of virtual knots is quite different–it generalizes the idea of an embedding. Knots and links can be studied by projecting the embedding into a plane, but retaining information about over- and under-crossings. These knot diagrams are then taken up to an equivalence defined by Reidemeister moves. Virtual knot...
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...the pivot We will find two entries: – One larger than the pivot (staring from the front) – One smaller than the pivot (starting from the back) which are out of order and then correct the ordering – I.e., swap them 1 7.6.5 Quick Sort Implementation Continue doing so until the appropriate entries you find are actually in order The index to the larger entry we found would be the first large entry in the list (as seen from the left) Therefore, we could move this entry into the last entry of the list We can fill this spot with the pivot 2 7.6.5 Quick Sort Quick Sort Example First, we examine the first, middle, and last entries of the full list The span below will indicate which list we are currently sorting 3 7.6.5 Quick Sort Quick Sort Example We select 57 to be our pivot – We move 24 into the first location 4 7.6.5 Quick Sort Quick Sort Example Starting at the 2nd and 2nd-last locations: – we search forward until we find 70 > 57 – we search backward until we find 49 < 57 5 7.6.5 Quick Sort Quick Sort Example We swap 70 and 49, placing them in order with respect to eachother 6 7.6.5 Quick Sort Quick Sort Example We search forward until we find 97 > 57 We search backward until we find 16 < 57 7 7.6.5 Quick Sort Quick Sort Example We swap 16 and 97 which are now in order with respect to each other 8 7.6.5 Quick Sort Quick Sort Example We search forward until we find 63...
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...Shoppers Professionals Highs Earners Savers MOVE Maestro 71% 57% 75% 78% 49% Roll Root 75% Solo Singular 70% Tops Tank5 77% Purchase Intentions by Consumer Segment Brand Firm Explorers Shoppers Professionals Highs Earners Savers MOVE Maestro 5% 4% 20% 21% 0% Roll Root 41% Solo Singular 14% Tops Tank5 13% Market Shares by Consumer Segment (%Unit) Brand Firm Explorers Shoppers Professionals Highs Earners Savers MOVE Maestro 8% 5% 24% 27% 0% Roll Root 31% Solo Singular 19% Tops Tank5 15% ♣♣ Part I ♣♣ Brand Market Share analysis ___________________________________________________________________________ For The 3 A’s Analysis of the brand, and the MOVE of Alpha, M team, we need to look at market share of the product, the MOVE, then, we get the following results. (1) Brand awareness 78%, so that we can assume that no more promotion is needed for MOVE. By brand awareness, MOVE is highest. (2) Attractiveness = purchase intentions /awareness = 21% /78%=0.27 Roll =0.55, Solo = 0.2, Tops =0.17 Since its release, ROLL’s attractiveness has been higher than MOVE, therefore, we need to boost attractiveness. Attractiveness can be beefed up via product, pricing and promotion, but our team will not push promotion since it seems fine. (3) Availability: Market Share / awareness =27%/78%=0.35 Roll=0.41, Solo =0.27, Tops 0.19 ROLL’s availability is higher than that of MOVE so our firm needs to enhance availability via...
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...management needs to be strong in driving their ideal cultures. As people we decide to do different things, and so without top management presenting this function then as employees and people we will continue on and do what we want to do and avoid company culture. In my current company, it was initially different in the beginning. No culture and no one person leading the focus of the employee base. Now, with work by our vice president, the culture is very focused and top line when going against suppliers and contractors. I feel this may be different again when I eventually move to another company.e top management needs to be strong in driving their ideal cultures. As people we decide to do different things, and so without top management presenting this function then as employees and people we will continue on and do what we want to do and avoid company culture. In my current company, it was initially different in the beginning. No culture and no one person leading the focus of the employee base. Now, with work by our vice president, the culture is very focused and top line when going against suppliers and contractors. I feel this may be different again when I eventually move to another company.e top management needs to be strong in driving their ideal cultures. As people we decide to do different things, and so without top management presenting this function then as employees and people we will continue on and do what we want to do and avoid company culture. In my current company, it was...
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...strategy. We believe these strategic moves broaden Starbucks’ product mix, allowing the company to better position itself globally. These acquisitions also signify the Although coffee will be Starbucks’ core business, the Company has taken initiatives to diversify its product lineup. Recent acquisitions of Evolution Fresh, Tazo, and Teavana demonstrate this strategy. We believe these strategic moves broaden Starbucks’ product mix, allowing the company to better position itself globally. These acquisitions also signify the Although coffee will be Starbucks’ core business, the Company has taken initiatives to diversify its product lineup. Recent acquisitions of Evolution Fresh, Tazo, and Teavana demonstrate this strategy. We believe these strategic moves broaden Starbucks’ product mix, allowing the company to better position itself globally. These acquisitions also signify the Although coffee will be Starbucks’ core business, the Company has taken initiatives to diversify its product lineup. Recent acquisitions of Evolution Fresh, Tazo, and Teavana demonstrate this strategy. We believe these strategic moves broaden Starbucks’ product mix, allowing the company to better position itself globally. These acquisitions also signify the Although coffee will be Starbucks’ core business, the Company has taken initiatives to diversify its product lineup. Recent acquisitions of Evolution Fresh, Tazo, and Teavana demonstrate this strategy. We believe these...
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...involved. Six stages have been developed in order to make the decision process easier and more organized. When wanting to move to from one state to the next, this decision making process can be used to be sure all points have been covered and researched. These six stages to decision making are: identifying and diagnosing the problem, generating alternative solutions, evaluating alternatives, making the choice, implementing the decision, and evaluating the decision. Identifying and Diagnosing the Problem The first stage of the decision making process is identifying and diagnosing the problem. The problem is the desire to move from Mississippi to Texas. Mississippi has been my home for the last 33 years and my son has asked me and my two daughters to move to Texas with him while he attends college there. Careful thought has to be made in order for this decision to be implemented. The decision has to be made within a four month time period in order to prepare for it. Generating Alternative Solutions The second stage of the decision making process is generating alternative solutions. Three solutions are present in this case. One solution is to not move at all but to stay in Mississippi. This solution would be the most cost efficient and would only require me to help my son find an apartment and help him move. Another solution would be to move in with my sister who lives thirty minutes from the college where my son will attend. This solution would be cost efficient...
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...Aquinas was one of the many philosophers who tried to prove the existence of God. He created five proofs. One of them is know as the proof of motion, which states two things. First that there is potential for something at rest to move. Second, there is actual motion happening. In this proof Aquinas tries to prove God’s existence by explaining that there is a first mover who was the cause for everything to move, which is God. For example, the first mover of a set of dominos would be my finger. My finger caused every other domino to move. Just like God is the cause for something to move, which causes everything else to move. Even though the proof of motion might seem reasonable, it has two objections. The first objection argued that...
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...divided into different ethnic groups within the countries that have their own dance to represent their tribe (African traditions). While the styles of dance may vary from region to region, one unifying aspect in African music is the African drum. Every tribe incorporates the drums into their music and dance (Njai). It is hard to separate dance from the drums, as it would be hard to separate lyrics from a song. In class, we were reminded over and over that life is dance and dance is life. At first, the relationship between the two seemed a bit exaggerated, as some people would view life more important than dance but in Africa, those rhythmic movements are used to represent almost every occasion in someone’s life. Even in the book African Dance, Pearl Primus describes the relationship between life and dance as a “hypnotic marriage” which are inseparable (Primus). Whether it is for celebrations or religious purposes, dance is used to represent many aspects that are important to life. The specific dance that I chose is a little section from a full dance that we did in class known as Sinte. Sinte is a dance beat that originates from the western regions of Africa, specifically from the areas around the city of Boke, Boffa in Guinea (Nas). For the audience, the dance may seem like it overpowers the performance but when it comes down to it, the drums are the backbone of the dance. Sinte is actually defined by the rhythm...
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...Rotterdam, The Netherlands Richard.Congram@paconsulting.com • C.N.Potts@maths.soton.ac.uk • S.Velde@fac.fbk.eur.nl Richard K. Congram • Chris N. Potts • Steef L. van de Velde T his paper introduces a new neighborhood search technique, called dynasearch, that uses dynamic programming to search an exponential size neighborhood in polynomial time. While traditional local search algorithms make a single move at each iteration, dynasearch allows a series of moves to be performed. The aim is for the lookahead capabilities of dynasearch to prevent the search from being attracted to poor local optima. We evaluate dynasearch by applying it to the problem of scheduling jobs on a single machine to minimize the total weighted tardiness of the jobs. Dynasearch is more effective than traditional first-improve or best-improve descent in our computational tests. Furthermore, this superiority is much greater for starting solutions close to previous local minima. Computational results also show that an iterated dynasearch algorithm in which descents are performed a few random moves away from previous local minima is superior to other known local search procedures for the total weighted tardiness scheduling problem. (Production Scheduling: Single Machine, Sequencing; Analysis of Algorithms; Dynamic Programming ) 1. A descent or iterative improvement algorithm is a simple and practical type of local search method for obtaining near-optimal solutions for a wide variety of NP-hard...
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...A Library of Local Search Heuristics for the Vehicle Routing Problem Chris Gro¨r1 e Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 cgroer@gmail.com Bruce Golden R.H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, bgolden@rhsmith.umd.edu Edward Wasil2 Kogod School of Business, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA, ewasil@american.edu The vehicle routing problem (VRP) is a difficult and well-studied combinatorial optimization problem. Real-world instances of the VRP can contain hundreds and even thousands of customer locations and can involve many complicating constraints, necessitating the use of heuristic methods. We present a software library of local search heuristics that allow one to quickly generate solutions to VRP instances. The code has a logical, object-oriented design and uses efficient data structures to store and modify solutions. The core of the library is the implementation of seven local search operators that share a similar interface and are designed to be extended to handle additional options with minimal code change. The code is well-documented, straightforward to compile, and is freely available online. The code contains several applications that can be used to generate solutions to the capacitated VRP. Computational results indicate that these applications are able to generate solutions that are within about one percent of the best-known solution on benchmark problems. Key words: vehicle routing;...
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