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Asante Royal Arts

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In this essay I will discuss the persuasive use of metaphor in the Ashanti royal arts particularly looking at their Kente cloth, brass weights, gold rings, and the meaning and significance of the Golden Stool. The Asante was united and founded by Osei Tutu who was a chief of the small state of Kumasi, with the intention of fusing the small separate Ashanti kingdoms into one and to achieve political independence from the Denkiyra. Traditional legend tells of the Golden Stool descending from the heavens onto the lap of Osei Tutu, with the guidance of his chief sage Okomfe Anokye, thus marking him as the first Asantehene of the Asante Kingdom. The stool thus became a strong unifying symbol of the spirit (sunsum) of the Asante people in the same light as stools are believed to house one’s spirit after their death. The Asante tradition is richly built on proverbs and metaphors, which is very evident in their way of life and art. What would be passed as ordinary or mundane objects, is often transformed to meaningful symbols of great insight. This can be seen in the creative ways proverbs have been incorporated into their arts, whether it be in the royal cloth (Kente Cloth), gold and brass weights, stools and gold rings.

Figure [ 1 ]: Unknown artist, Peanut ring (Gold), 20th century, H. 3.8cm,Asante, Ghana, Gift of Katherine White and the Boeing Company. (McClusky:78)
Rings are generally common jewelry pieces made of one or other material, but infused with a strong message or tied with a strong proverb the ring can become a great vessel of communicating societal values, codes of conduct, wise lessons and embody sacred qualities of a nation. A gold ring depicting a peanut (figure 1) may not mean much to many people, but to the Asante people an insightful and wise metaphor can be interpreted from it such as: “If you want to grow something for me, plant ground nuts, not corn” (in regard to how nuts are not easily uprooted in comparison to corn: this may demonstrate a yearning for a more solid or permanent relationship, than one that can be easily destroyed.). Another example of profound proverbial meaning in a ring is illustrated in a ring with a tortoise’s head peaking out from its shell. There are a number of proverbs connected to tortoises and in this case one may deduce interpret the saying “When you go to the village of the tortoise and he eats earth, you eat some too” (which is to say that when in another’s home/village, one must respect the traditions and customs regardless of ones owns cultural ignorance and how strange they may seem.). It is in this way that the Asante have been able to communicate important messages to the people and making them part of daily life in a seemingly small but very effective and creative way.
This use of metaphor runs through the Asante’s way of life and trading. Gold dust was weighed against small brass pieces or brass weights. Brass weights were often made in geometric shapes, influenced by the Islam and Arabesque decorative styles. Brass and gold weights wee then designed and sculpted in more figurative ways, to best portray the proverbs and idioms. A popular figure is the depiction of the Sankofa bird with its neck turned backwards. There are many interpretations of related to the Sankofa bird one being that: “when it lies behind you, take it” (referring to the importance of taking and using the wisdom left behind you or of the past). It is regarded wise to look at the past for future reference within the Asante people, though, to quote Asantehene Prempeh I, 1894 (in McClusky,2002:89) “That bygones will be bygones” implying that what ever bad things done in the past, it is gone by with the past and rather reconcile than to fester on a grudge.

Kente cloth is a ceremonial cloth richly woven with philosophical and devine metaphor. According to legend, two men came across Ananse (a wise trickster spider) weaving and spinning his web and they observed the way the spider wove intricate designs. The two men learnt from observing the spider and later developed skill and patterns and took this knowledge back to the kingdom. Over 300 patterns have been developed since then and each with its unique proverbial meaning. Kente is traditionally worn as a powerful medium of communication among the people and can be used to portray beautiful symbolic statements. Many leaders and chiefs wore different cloths to convey different messages to the public. The first president after Ghana’s political independence, Kwame Nkrumah, made a bold statement after his release from British imprisonment by wearing a Kente cloth with the name “Mmeeda” (figure 2), meaning something unheard of, or something extraordinary. This was a triumphant moment as such an event was truly triumphant and had never been done before. Nkrumah continued to strategically wear Kente in office to communicate with his people.

Figure [ 2 ]: Unknown artist, Kente cloth (Mmeeda, “something that has not happened before”), Cotton and Silk, 20th Century, L235cm, Asante, Ghana, Gift of Katherine White and the Boeing Company. (McClusky:103)
The concept of unity threads deeply within the Asante culture and we recognize it in their art, from their ingeniously place proverbs in their Kente cloth back to the most important symbol that unified and strengthened the Ashanti people. The Golden Stool (Sika Dwa Kofi). Ever since its birth, the stool is considered to be the most sacred to the Asante people as it houses the united spirit of the nation. The gold is considered an interpretation of the sun’s enduring power and force. The Golden stool is so important to the Asante that it has a throne of its own and like the kings (only more important) it is to not touch the ground, signifying its power to be greater than of human and natural forces. The Golden stool is not a throne and no one is allowed to sit on it. A great war broke out over the Golden Stool. A culturally Ignorant British governor came to the Kingdom and demanded he be given the Golden stool for him to sit on, as tough it were a throne. The Asante people were outraged and insulted by the lack of respect this person had for their culture, regardless of their courteous hospitality. Many of their leaders and chiefs were captured and deported during this war. The Asante people did mange to keep the Golden stool from the British, until it was unearthed years later accidentally. Even though on the surface the British did win the war, the Asante also won the war, for their goal was to fight for the Golden Stool and never have to give it over to anyone.

The Asante culture, from its birth, has been profusely emphasized and weaved with linguistic metaphors and philosophies that have kept it strong and continues to do so even to through the changes colonialism has forced onto it. It is the ideas that their persuasive used of language has provided that preserved their rich culture of using metaphor as a way of life.

List of Illustrations

Figure 1 Unknown artist, Peanut ring (Gold), 20th century, H. 3.8cm,Asante, Ghana, Gift of Katherine White and the Boeing Company. (McClusky 2002:78)

Figure 2 Unknown artist, Kente cloth (Mmeeda, “something that has not happened before”), Cotton and Silk, 20th Century, L235cm, Asante, Ghana, Gift of Katherine White and the Boeing Company. (McClusky 2002:103)

Bibliography
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Keneilwe Mokoena

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