...reconstruct the crime scene to re-examine, test, and analyze the evidence. Now that the evidence has been assessed, it can be discussed between specialists and a report can be written based on their conclusions. The report is used during trials or hearings; however, the forensic scientist can also be called upon to personally testify as an expert witness. This career, which used to be an unknown field has now become a very trendy occupation thanks to the many popular investigative television series such as Bones, Castle, and Dexter. Some key forensic scientists that contributed to make this field so well-known are Mathieu Orfila and Bernard Spilsbury. Orfila was involved in the bringing of chemistry into forensic science by studying asphyxiation, decomposition of bodies, and exhumation (explained...
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...DESCRIBE INSTANCES WHEN THE MIRANDA WARNINGS ARE NOT REQUIRED. The Miranda warning is part of a criminal procedure rule that law enforcement is required to administer to protect an individual who is in custody and subject to direct questioning or its functional equivalent from a violation of his or her Fifth Amendment right against compelled self-incrimination. Generally, no Miranda warning is required if the suspect is not held in custody for criminal-investigative purposes. A citizen not in custody who is asked potentially incriminating questions by a police officer must claim the benefit of the Fifth Amendment instead of answering if he wishes to retain his privilege. For example, at a traffic stop, Miranda warning is not required unless the suspect is taken into custody. When arrested and you invoke your right to counsel before making several statements, the statements then are considered volunteered because they were spontaneous and not made during an interrogation. Also, a prison inmate is not in custody for Miranda purposes because his freedom of movement is not restricted more than it would normally be in the prison environment. In Miranda v. Arizona, the Supreme Court held that the admission of an elicited incriminating statement by a suspect not informed of these rights violates the Fifth and the Sixth Amendment right to counsel. If placed “in custody” for purposes of receiving Miranda protection, there must be either a “formal arrest, or restraint on freedom of...
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...After leaving a southeast Atlanta client to die bound and gagged on the bathroom floor of his apartment, Tamieka Gamble, a 38-year-old prostitute, has been sentenced to life in prison. Police found the 64-year-old Edward Jowers dead in his Atlanta apartment on August 9th, 2010. Prosecutors of criminal law stated that Tamieka Gamble and her pimp and boyfriend, Mark Ross, visited Jowers at his apartment and tied him up with cables. Afterwards, they covered his head with linens and repeatedly slashed his back with a knife as they demanded money. After the property manager did a welfare check at Jowers' home, he and the police discovered Jowers' body. Investigators soon discovered that the pair had demanded money from Jowers, so robbery was the...
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...Proponents for animal testing will also argue their necessity from a ‘rights’ stance. The argument goes, animals don’t have rights, because they don’t have the same cognitive functions as humans. Therefore, when testing on a human is unethical, because it violates their rights, then test on animals. This argument, however, draws an arbitrary link between rights and ethical permissibility. Excuse my extremity, but black people didn’t have rights for awhile in American history, does that make slavery ethically permissible? The answer is no, it doesn’t. On the other hand, placing animals and humans on the same level of ethical validity also poses problems. If we did, then we’d have to imprison lions for killing deer, or imprison you and I for...
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...Animal Testing Plenty of people argue about whether or not scientists should be allowed to test products intended for humans on animals. This is because it is cruel and inhumane towards animals. Animal testing is wasteful, unreliable, and misleading. Without a doubt, animal testing is unethical, barbaric, and a waste of time. Testing human products on animals is not necessary, when us humans are using them, not animals. According to Humane Society International, animals that are experimented are subjected to food and water deprivation, infliction of wounds and burns to study the healing process, and infliction of pain to study its effect and treatment. In addition, animals are also killed by carbon dioxide asphyxiation, neck breaking, decapitation, or other means. Research by Cruelty Free International suggests that about 115 million animals worldwide are burned, crippled, abused ,and poisoned in experiments every year. Moreover, the amount of anguish the animals are involuntarily exposed to causes unforeseen changes in neuroregeneration, neurochemistry and genetic expression, this leads to ineffectual...
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...A prisoner in the Southern French city of Marseille attempted to escape a penitentiary by switching places with a corpse in a burial bag and later died, as the bag was thrown into the ocean, prison management says. The incident occurred at the Chateau d’If, a high-security prison about one mile of the coast of Marseille. Prison officials claim that the prisoner, Edmond Dantés, who was, at the time, confined for conspiracy charges, entered the cell of Abbé Faria (Father Faria), an imprisoned Italian Priest who was dead of unknown causes, Sunday evening or early Monday morning via a tunnel dug under and between their two cells. Dantés proceeded to slit a hole in the burial bag in which Faria was contained, remove the corpse, take it back to...
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...The author will analyse the commander’s role in the Thredbo landslide and Pike River Mine tragedies. Thredbo Village is situated in the Australian Alps, New South Wales. Thredbo is a ski resort and local village in the snowy mountains and attracts large numbers of visitors during the winter as it has the longest ski runs in Australia. At around 11:30pm on the 30th of July 1997, an extensive resonant rumble shuddered the quiet sleeping residents of Thredbo. Around 10,000 tonnes of rock, trees and mud had disintegrated from the slope on the side which lead into another ski town known as Carinya Ski Lodge (Pike, 2013). One person occupied Carinya Ski Lodge and there was a second landslide movement causing Bimbadeen Lodge to collapse inhabited...
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...Statement of problems Everyone knows how important food consumption is to an individual. Without food, one may get totally insane and may revert to destroying people’s lives, including their own. As our country continue to battle with the worsening poverty problems and non-stop increase in oil and fuel prices, many Filipinos today rely on wood charcoal for cooking to save money. Food entrepreneurs like owners of barbecue stalls uses wood charcoal for cooking the barbecue. Without the knowledge that wooden charcoal releases carbon monoxide when burned making the food acquire the chemical when exposed. Charcoal means the black solid remaining after carbonization or pyrolysis of organic matter. There are various resources to produce a charcoal such as woods, agricultural and forest residues, Municipal Solid Waste and fossil type matter; like peat. Patterns of wood charcoal consumption are site-specific, they vary from country to country, and from area to area within countries. They are dependent on the type of area availability of local resources and alternative fuels, climate, and they can vary by season. Still, some general observations can be made. Especially in countries which have a long tradition of using wood charcoal as fuel. Household sectors are the greatest consumers. Restaurants and the handcraft sectors come in second position with low percent. The use of charcoal in industrial sector is not significant. Cooking is the main purpose for consuming wood charcoal. Water...
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...The Negative Effects of Animal Testing While animal testing for both medical and cosmetic research has long been accepted, there are many downsides to it. Animal testing can have misleading results, in which drugs that passed animal testing had entirely different effects on humans. It is also a cruel and inhumane way to conduct research. Animals can suffer just as humans do, and the Humane Society International states that, “animals used in experiments are commonly subjected to force feeding, forced inhalation, food and water deprivation, prolonged periods of physical restraint, the infliction of burns and other wounds to study the healing process, the infliction of pain to study its effects and remedies, and killing by carbon dioxide asphyxiation, neck-breaking, decapitation, or other means" (Watts). All of this is done to control variables and produce accurate results, which in more than one...
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...Chapter 23 Haz Mat Study Guide Hazard Types TRACEM: Thermal, Radiological, Asphyxiation, Chemical, Etiological/Biological, Mechanical. Thermal Hazards Elevated Temperature Materials: In a liquid phase at or above 212'F, Intentionally heated heated at or above its liquid phase flash point of 100'F, In a solid phase at or above 464'F. Low Temperatures: Liquefied gases and cryogenic liquids (convert to liquids at or below -130'F) can freeze materials on contact. Radiological Hazards Types of Ionizing Radiation: Alpha (can be stopped by paper or skin), Beta (After traveling 20 feet, can be stopped by a layer of clothing or 0.08 inches of aluminum), Gamma (Can be stopped by 2 inches of lead, 2 feet of concrete, or several feet of earth), Neutron (More penetrating than gamma). Types of Contamination: External, Internal, and Environmental. Asphyxiation Hazards Asphyxiants: Prevent the body from absorbing oxygen. Simple Asphyxiants: Displace oxygen. Chemical Asphyxiants: Prohibit the body from processing available oxygen. Chemical Hazards Poisons/Toxins: Cause injury at the site where they contact the body, Neurotoxins produce systemic effects in the nervous system. Corrosives: Acids (pH less than 7), Bases (pH more than 8), can react violently when mixed with water. Irritants: Cause temporary but sometimes sever inflammation. Convulsants: Cause involuntary muscle contraction. Carcinogens: PVC, Benzene, Asbestos, Arsenic, Nickel...
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...Excessive drinking has become one with the “college experience” for students and in hand has altered many lives. Students who are a part of the college campus drinking culture are at risk to encounter life threatening experiences due to binge drinking. Binge drinking can be defined as one consuming 4/5 drinks at least once in a two week span. After plenty of observations, I would say that this definition is consumer friendly. With that being said, I think it is safe to say that binge drinking is “normal” and is somewhat expected among college students. So I would assume since excessive drinking is so normal that one would also consider the consequences but as some of us know, that this is not always the case. Binge drinking can lead to impaired judgment and alcohol poisoning. Both can lead to life threatening experiences. Being on a campus that is known for working hard and playing hard, I have noticed that with excessive drinking comes impaired judgment. For instance I have seen students drink way too much and the more they drink, the more their motors skills decrease or their ability to make sound decisions decrease. Basic motor skills are affected due to the consumption of alcohol, especially if you are excessively drinking and this is because alcohol acts as a depressant on the central nervous system. One can lose muscle control, reaction time is impaired, and basic senses are affected as well, like vision and hearing, making someone less aware of danger and injury. That...
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...October 18th, 1788 My name is Thomas Trotter. Today is the third week that I’m working on the Brooks, a slave ship. The Brookes was built in 1781 for Joseph Brooks Jr., a slave-trade merchant in Liverpool, the most prosperous of England's three slave-ship ports. The reasons why I’m here because I needed a job and it required having a doctor on the ship. The ship started from Africa to bring millions African slaves to the “New World.” I heard that this one was big business, one merchant described it as “the hinge on which all trade of this globe moves.” The days on this ship, I have to face with danger, fear, and screaming. All in my head now is the screaming and sorrow faces of my patients. Every day, I have to come to see if there is any people are sick or dead. Most of them were injured because of being beaten or bad condition. They have to sleep in very small space. So small was the place allowed to each, they had not so much room as a man in a coffin. They were placed lying on their back, and sometimes they were packed spoon ways, one on the other; so close were they, you could not walk without treading on them, but then they were only slaves. One kind-hearted sailor, when passing over them, would remove his shoes so as not to hurt them. So close and foul was the stench arising from the Negroes, they have been known to be put down the hold strong and healthy at night; and have been dead in the morning. A trader stated that after remaining ten minutes in the hold, his shirt...
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...Matt Singleton August 6, 2014 HIST 337 Essay 3 The Einsatzgruppen were essentially mobile death squads primarily made up of members of the Gestapo and SS. Their initial role was as a follow on unit to the Blitzkrieg forces. They were to follow behind and round up and locate, detain, and silence any political threats, dissenters, and potential resistance leaders. By 1941, the groups had swelled to strength of four battalions of approximately 700-1,000 men each. After the invasion of the Soviet Union, the Einsatzgruppen’s mission evolved to include the “liquidation” of certain undesirables, to include Jews, Romani, and communists. Historical estimates credit the Einsatzgruppen with having killed over one million people throughout the war. Many scholars believe that the systematic killing of Jews in the occupied Soviet Union by Einsatzgruppen and Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) battalions was the first step of the "Final Solution," the Nazi program to murder all European Jews. The Final Solution evolved from Hitler’s policies toward Jews. Upon initially taking power, the Nazis adopted a series of legislations that were designed to isolate Jews from German society and urge them to leave Germany. After the invasion of Poland, the policies shifted. Now, Jews were rounded up and forced to live in Ghettos. By moving Jews into centralized locations, Hitler could better control them, which then led to the Final Solution, or the systematic extermination of all Jews...
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...protected from cruelty and abuse. Each year animals are used for experiments in testing cosmetic products. The problem with the testing is it has several dangers for the animals as it can result in death. As new technology for cosmetic testing has been created, it is apparent that these alternatives are put in place and there is an end to animal testing. Background • Whereas animals in the U.S. continue to suffer in experiments to test cosmetics like lipstick, deodorant, and shampoo; • Whereas there are several tests that are performed on mice, rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs for cosmetic purposes, and the harm to these animals can include: skin and eye irritation tests; • Whereas at the end of a test the animals are killed, normally by asphyxiation, neck-breaking or decapitation ; • Whereas the problems of testing on animals have scientific limitations, as different species respond differently when exposed to the same chemicals. Consequently, results from animal tests may not be relevant to humans; • Whereas there are several alternative technologies to animal testing that are cheaper, faster, and safer, such as using blood from human volunteers to test products; • Whereas more than 30 countries have ended cosmetic testing on animals, including Norway, Switzerland, Israel, India and every country in the European Union ; • Whereas The Humane Cosmetics Act (H.R. 2790), sponsored by U.S. Reps. Martha McSally (R-AZ), Don Beyer (D-VA), Ed Royce (R-CA), Tony Cárdenas (D-CA), Frank LoBiondo...
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...The health effects of tobacco are the circumstances, mechanisms, and factors of tobacco consumption on human health. Epidemiological research has been focused primarily on cigarette tobacco smoking,[1] which has been studied more extensively than any other form of consumption.[2] Tobacco is the single greatest cause of preventable death globally.[3] Tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart, liver and lungs, with smoking being a major risk factor for heart attacks, strokes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (including emphysema and chronic bronchitis), and cancer (particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx and mouth, and pancreatic cancer). It also causes peripheral vascular disease and hypertension. The effects depend on the number of years that a person smokes and on how much the person smokes. Starting smoking earlier in life and smoking cigarettes higher in tar increases the risk of these diseases. Also, environmental tobacco smoke, or secondhand smoke, has been shown to cause adverse health effects in people of all ages.[4] Cigarettes sold in underdeveloped countries tend to have higher tar content, and are less likely to be filtered, potentially increasing vulnerability to tobacco-related disease in these regions.[5] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that tobacco caused 5.4 million deaths in 2004[6] and 100 million deaths over the course of the 20th century.[7] Similarly, the United States Centers for Disease Control and...
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