...against the Euro in recent years b) Evaluate the likely economic effects of a significant fall in the value of sterling against the Euro. 2)a) Examine the effect of the Common Agricultural Policy on the world trade in agricultural goods. b) Evaluate the implications of a significant reduction in barriers to the trade and services for the global economy. 3)a) In 2002 the unemployment rates in Spain, France and Italy were significantly higher than in the UK. Examine the factors which might explain why the UK's unemployment rate was lower in these countries. b) To what extent might the pursuit of full employment conflict with other macroeconomic objectives? ------------------------------------------------- Exemplar: 1)a) 'The competitiveness of the Uk's manufacturing sector has declined in recent years'. Discuss the factors which may have affected the international competitiveness of UK goods. b) Evaluate the methods by which the UK's international competitiveness could be increased. 2)'Trading blocs are becoming increasingly important to the world economy' a) Discuss the benefits to a country belonging to a trading bloc. b) To what extent might the policies of the WTO conflict to those of trading blocs? ------------------------------------------------- June 02 1a) Examine the factors which have led to an increase in interdependence between countries in the world economy. b) Assess the impact on the global economy of the continued use by trading blocs...
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...How do we assess whether a city is global? What other criteria could be used? This essay seeks to identify criteria’s and different aspects to assess what makes a city global. Firstly, it will outline and explain the concept of globalisation and a global city, showing evidence from the use of academic sources and giving examples if necessary. It shall then continue to examine and focus on a specific global destination, discussing different types of aspects to show what criteria’s make up a global city. Globalisation is a very complex process in which national economies have become more and more integrated and inter dependant towards each other. Global cities are all able to be categorized using a number of different types of methods even though they all share a common ground (Sassen, 1991). There are a number of different types of criteria’s available that make up a global city. These aspects are used in different types of ways to examine whether a city can be considered, identified or revealed as being a global destination. In regards to this, Frieddman (1986) states that global cities are significant destinations that have specific characteristics or functions in terms of economics, political, cultural and connectivity in the global economic system. Global cities, which can also be referred to as Alpha cities or World cities, play a significant role in regards to the country’s economic status. They have become well known as the centre of the world’s global economy. Global...
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...ASSESS THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON GENDER EQUALITY IN THE PHIILIPPINES Our world today is fast changing than ever and one of the greatest change we are experiencing is related to globalization. “The term globalization is widely used to describe a variety of economic, cultural, social and political change that have shaped the world over the last fifty (50) years (Guttal, 2010).” It is treated to be the product of fast phasing technological change, societal and economic progress. Song (2006) likewise claims that globalisation “encompasses myriad fluid networks of increased human communication and interaction, global consciousness, system of interdependence and societal restructuring with far reaching consequences” (Song 2006, cited by Metcalfe and Reese, 2010). But when doesglobalisation begun in the Philippines? Does it come during the Spaniard colonization, the American occupation or probably during the arrival in Manila of thosestately galleons from Mexico. According to O’Rourke and Williamson, globalisation existed even during the time of Columbus, but its dramatic change in almost all parts of the world has been felt only during the dawn of the nineteenth century (O'Rourke& Williamson,2004). As globalization progresses in the Philippines, it had brought both positive and negative impacts specifically on women. Women has always been considered in the context of globalization, since they are the ones who always suffers itsnegative impact. Hence...
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...illustrate the process. 1.1.2 Describe the different ways in which a business may structure its activities: • Organisational structures can be based on the functions of the organisation, its product ranges, or geographical regions. Alternatively some less hierarchical organisations may use a matrix structure, especially if the firm is project based. 1.2.1 Discuss the complexity, volatility and uniqueness of an organisation's environment: • The organisation in its environment has to face a wide range of internal and external influences which affect business activity. • The immediate or operational environment interacts with suppliers, competitors, the labour market and financial institutions. • The general or contextual environment consists of economic, political, legal, and social factors. Each functional area of the organisation may be affected. • Whilst organisations have some control over their internal environment, the external environment is more volatile (e.g. technological change), and wide ranging and this makes decision making more difficult. • The uniqueness of organisations means that each one is affected to different degrees by external environmental factors. 1.2.2 Explain the influence of shareholders on the internal environment of an organisation: •...
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...Globalisation Understanding the different aspects and impacts of globalisation in today’s business is essential for nations and organisations in order to make the proper decisions in respect to its advantages and disadvantages. Hundreds of definitions for the term Globalisation are available, with every one of them having a different way of analysing it. Donald J. Boudreaux has provided a simple and clear definition in his book Globalisation: “Globalisation is the advance of human cooperation across national boundaries”. To better grasp such definition, globalisation can be seen as a process and a phenomenon. As a process, it includes integration between individuals, companies, and governments of different nations. Such processes are driven by international trade and investment, and aided by information technology. As a current phenomenon, it is based on factors such as growth of technology and information flows, trade liberalization, and free movement of capital and labor. Globalisation has various impacts on different businesses, organisations, and even on nations. The process is accompanied by a number of positive effects, such as offering lower prices to consumers, increasing the possibilities of knowledge dissemination, increasing regions competitiveness by harnessing resources, and providing better conditions for producers and consumers. In parallel, concerns are raising in different countries of the world, notably due to a number of issues such as: the ...
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...The growing impact of ICT on globalisation There is no doubt that scientific advances and technological change have been, are and will remain in the coming years important drivers of the globalisation process. They have been conducive to the creation, distribution and exploitation (in a positive sense of the word) of knowledge in such a manner that they have served as a major source of competitive advantage, wealth creation and improvement in the quality of life. The growing impact of ICT (information and communications technologies) on globalisation can be evidenced by the fact that it has led to a rapid application of recent scientific advances in new products and processes, a high rate of innovation across various countries, as well as a shift to more knowledge-intensive industries and services, together with rising skill requirements. In this day and age there has been a growing realisation that science, technology and innovation have served as the key to improving a nation's economic performance as well as its citizens' social well-being. For this reason government - irrespective of its political ilk and orientation - must serve as a facilitator, enabling business and consumers to adapt to the demands and opportunities of the new economy. When talking of globalisation one must not only assess it as a phenomenon but stock must also be taken of its vital and important policy implications. The impact of policy changes in any one country or region can be translated via...
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...Globalisation and Rising Inequality in Australia Is Increasing Inequality Inevitable in Australia? Tom Conley Griffith University Introduction I want to dedicate my government to the maintenance of traditional Australian values. And they include those great values of mateship and egalitarianism.1 10 years ago a Mitsubishi type development would have flattened people psychologically. Now they take it in their stride … 2 Policy-makers and commentators have long been cajoling Australians into accepting that they are a part of the global economy, which means an acceptance of a whole range of ‘new realities’. One of the major themes of the pro-globalisation position is that Australia has accepted these new realities and adjusted well to globalisation by embracing economic liberalism. The results, it is argued, have been overwhelmingly beneficial. John Howard points out the Australian economy has grown for fourteen years straight – a remarkable achievement by any standards. This success story of growth has tended, however, to override more disaggregated, negative analyses of social outcomes in Australia. A less sanguine part of this new globalising ‘reality’ appears to be an acceptance of rising inequality. Indeed, it is often implied that rising inequality is a spur for growth. The argument is that everyone is better off, it’s just that some people are better off than others. While commentary is often not explicit about the association of globalisation and rising inequality...
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...Global Policy and Strategy The impact of globalisation: A case study on Tesco Plc. Submitted by: Ferdous Ahmed AL Mamun B00676737 Abstract Globalisation has been removed geographical barriers among the countries and allow an unrestricted international trade. It refers to the integration of world economies, share of technology and knowledge, inflow and outflow of foreign capital. Reduction of tax and tariff, easy enter into the foreign market, easy transportation impacted large domestic company. Now they seek possible opportunity in the foreign market and no longer national but multinational. The intension of this paper is to explain the impact of globalisation on Multinational Corporation. This study selected a multinational company ‘’Tesco Plc.” From food retail industry. And study explores how globalisation impacted Tesco Plc. On their international market, global policy, market competition etc. Table of contents 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………… 4 2. Market Drivers………………………………… ………………………………………. 4 3. Competitive Drivers………………………………………………………… …………. 5 4. Cost Drivers…………………………………………………………………… ……… 6 5. Government Drivers…………………………………………………………… …… 7 6. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………… ……….. 8 7. References………………………………………………………………… …………. 9 1. Introduction Globalisation is not a new phenomenon, but it is process by which world is becoming interconnected. Globalisation has changing the world’s trade and production pattern, has...
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...Choose one African country or society and critically assess both the positive and negative consequences of one aspect of globalization that is affecting this society. The International Monetary Fund defined globalisation as ‘the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through the increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods, services and international capital flow’ (IMF, 1997). There was an increasing importance of an integrated economic platform in this new era. Nigeria made significant progress since it was first introduced into the globalisation process with Structural Adjustment Program, marking with a shift from protectionist policies to promoting free trade and economic growth. This essay will illustrate the pros of GDP growth and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) manifested in economic globalisation of Nigeria, but evaluation will be made on the societal impact into the economy, such as income inequalities and labour exploitation. Capital inflows into Nigeria had grown immensely over the last decade in the process of economic liberalisation. It was considered as the 120th freest economy in the 2013 Index (Index of Economic Freedom, 2013). The FDI reached 11billion USD in 2009, ranking Nigeria at 19th to receive the most FDI in the world. Most prominent investors include USA Chevron Texaco and UK Shell penetrating the oil sector. China was becoming an important source of FDI recently, seeking to expand trade relationships, and...
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...CPA PROGRAM GLOBAL STRATEGY AND LEADERSHIP STUDENT SUPPORT SLIDES Semester 1, 2016 MODULE 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO STRATEGY AND LEADERSHIP NEED TO MEET MODULE OBJECTIVES • • • • • • • • Explain the development of the evolution of strategy Outline the ethical responsibilities and challenges that leaders of organisations are confronted by Discuss the different approaches to strategy, and how they differ from one another Identify the strategy process and describe the purpose of each step Explain the concepts of strategic thinking and analysis Describe the various levels of strategy and the links between them Explain the drivers, challenges and benefits of globalisation Discuss the role of the accountant in the strategy process PRACTICE • • • Have you completed the questions in the Study Guide? Have you completed the Learning Examples in the Student Notes? Have you completed the knowledge check questions from this module? Key revision areas: • The different approaches to strategy: rational, processual, evolutionary, systemic • The levels of corporate strategy and the scope/content of each • The drivers, challenges and benefits of globalisation • Evolution of corporate strategy as a concept – Porter, Mintzberg • Operational effectiveness v. strategic positioning • Developing the strategy – see Focus slide • Ethics in leadership: classical and socioeconomic views Strategy and leadership Approaches ...
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...has become a must in every business and organisation. Nevertheless, there are major challenges managers face in a Trinbagonian society that must be dealt with in accordance to the policies, practices and procedures of the business. I believe one of the foremost problem managers experience is Globalisation. Most definitions of Globalisation is mostly centred on the economic aspects but people fail to realise globalisation has many dimensions worth considering, because all of them influences and shape every organisation in both a negative and positive way. Due to globalisation, organisations are no longer confined to one particular country. The Manager’s job is changing with the expansion of the organisations across the national borders. For Example, Volkswagen builds its cars in Mexico, Mercedes and BMW in South Africa. In Trinidad and Tobago there are also big foreign businesses that has set up locally based such as KFC, Wendy’s, Burger King that needs special training and development so that potential future incumbents can be recruited and hired. The functions of hiring, training, etc must acquire a global perspective. In addition to the training, cost of these programs and development can put a strain financially on the business. The...
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...Special articles Globalisation and the Management of Indian Cities Cities in Europe and North America have been through three decades of innovation in institutions and practices as they seek to accommodate the new environment of global economic integration. Many have learned to facilitate the creation of new economies that have institutionalised incremental change with a changing political consensus, liberating themselves in part from those rigidities that make for extreme vulnerability in conditions of crisis. The same is also true of cities in Latin America and in China. However, elsewhere – including possibly India – the sovereign state is often still struggling to retain its monopoly control. In doing so, the state stifles the full potential role of cities to advance the world, to reduce the burden of world poverty. Liberating the cities is thus a key part of the agenda for the new century and for the eradication of poverty. NIGEL HARRIS I Introduction his paper seeks to present a view of the era of globalisation through highlighting particular changes which mark the break with the preceding period, the heyday of the nationstate. The exercise is undertaken in order to assess the resulting radical changes in the conception of spatial planning and thus the emergence of a new agenda for the management of cities. Following the introduction, the second part seeks to clarify what might be meant by ‘globalisation’, and the third, the main features of the management of the...
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... | | This paper seeks to assess the rise of global governance by briefly discussing some pressing issues in the contemporary global economy and assessing issues which prevent deeper multilateral cooperation. | Introduction World War I proved that the governance of international relations was insufficient. The League of Nations was then created in an ambitious attempt to construct a global order. However with the outbreak of World War II instability, debt, and death surged. This created pressure to establish institutions which could facilitate international cooperation. The United Nations, General Agreement on Tariff and Trade, and the Bretton Woods institutions were created in order to bring about stability in the international political economy. “Over a time these developed into a form of global governance.” Charles Kindleberger proposed the hegemonic stability theory. He stated the reason for the Great Depression and for World War I and II was the absence of a strong leader to coordinate macroeconomic policies needed for a stable financial system. Robert Gilpin adds, there must be world hegemony to ensure world order. The leader will advance its status quo by utilizing its power to foster trade liberalization and a stable monetary system, while seeking cooperation of other states and coerce reluctant states to obey the rules of liberal international economic order. Other states will seek the leader’s assistance for economic and security interest and the leader...
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...for Group Presentation 1. Technology in the Age of Globalization Select a developing country of your choice and explore the contributions of technological developments to the process of globalisation. 2. Bretton Woods Institutions and Global Governance Evaluate the role of the World Bank and the IMF as the best institutions to govern the global economy. 3. Global Industrial Trade Discuss the constraints that developing countries face in participating in global industrial trade. How would this influence the economic development of these countries? 4. Global Trade in Agriculture Assess the effects of agriculture trade liberalisation on a developing country of your choice. 5. Global Trade in Services Examine the major changes that have taken place in the global trade in services and assess the opportunities these changes may offer for developing economies. 6. Financial Globalisation Discuss the impact of globalisation on the domestic financial sector in a developing country of your choice. 7. Financial Instability Study the financial crisis of 2008 in the United States. Describe how the crisis manifested itself and discuss its causes. 8. Poverty and Inequality in the Age of Globalisation Discuss how the global recession will affect the Millennium Development Goal of poverty levels. INFORMATION ON ASSESSMENT Student performance in this module is assessed 100 per cent by coursework, which consists of two short essays...
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...Case Study 1 – Debating the Merits of Globalisation Q1.) After studying the case study, it is clear that there are a number of drawbacks to globalisation. Hill (2014), describes globalisation as the merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge ‘global marketplace’. Firstly, the case study argues that globalisation has had detrimental effects on the natural environment. An increase in transport between countries due to international trade has resulted in increased CO2 emissions. Huwart et al (2013) argues that the aeroplane has been the main mode of transport to characterise globalisation, seeing an increase in greenhouse gas emissions by 86% between 1990 and 2004 due to aviation. However, globalisation is not only effecting the natural environment, it’s also using up it’s finite resources more quickly. For example, China joined the world trade organisation in December 2001. By 2008, it’s coal use had doubled (Tverberg, 2013). The next drawbacks according to the case study are: local job losses (leading to devastation in local economies), exploited workers in LEDC’s and child labour. Globalisation transfers jobs from developed countries to less developed countries – known as offshoring. Cavusgil et al (2013:76) defines offshoring as “the relocation of manufacturing and other value-chain activities to cost effective locations abroad.” E.g. In the US, the % of US citizens with jobs began to drop around roughly the same time China joined the WTO...
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