...© 2012 American Psychiatric Association. All Rights Reserved. See Terms & Conditions of Use for more information. DSM-IV and DSM-5 Criteria for the Personality Disorders General Criteria for a Personality Disorder DSM-IV General Criteria for a Personality Disorder DSM-5 Criteria - Revised June 2011 The essential features of a personality disorder are impairments in personality (self and interpersonal) functioning and the presence of pathological personality traits. To diagnose a personality disorder, the following criteria must be met: A. An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior the deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture. This pattern is manifested in two (or more) of the following areas: 1. Cognition (i.e., ways of perceiving and interpreting self, other people and events) 2. Affectivity (i.e., the range, intensity, liability, and appropriateness of emotional response) 3. Interpersonal functioning 4. Impulse control B. The enduring pattern is inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations. C. The enduring pattern leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. D. The pattern is stable and of long duration, and its onset can be traced back at least to adolescence or early adulthood. E. The enduring pattern is not better accounted for as a manifestation or consequence of another mental disorder. F. The enduring pattern is not...
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...–213 © 2012 American Psychological Association 1931-3896/12/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0026937 Can Sad Music Really Make You Sad? Indirect Measures of Affective States Induced by Music and Autobiographical Memories Jonna K. Vuoskoski and Tuomas Eerola University of Jyvaskyla ¨ ¨ The present study addressed music’s disputed ability to induce genuine sadness in listeners by investigating whether listening to sad music can induce sadness-related effects on memory and judgment. Related aims were to explore how the different mechanisms of music-induced emotions are involved in sadness induced by familiar, self-selected music and unfamiliar, experimenter-selected music, and whether the susceptibility to music-induced sadness is associated with trait empathy. One hundred twenty participants were randomly assigned into four conditions with different tasks: listening to unfamiliar sad or neutral music, or to self-selected sad music, or recalling a sad autobiographical event and writing about it. The induced affective states were measured indirectly using a word recall task and a judgment task where participants rated the emotions expressed by pictures depicting facial expressions. The results indicate that listening to sad music can indeed induce changes in emotion-related memory and judgment. However, this effect depends, to some extent, on the music’s relevance to the listener, as well as on the personality attributes of the listener. Trait empathy contributed to the susceptibility to...
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...The Influence of Affective Empathy and Autism Spectrum Traits on Empathic Accuracy Marije aan het Rot*, Koen Hogenelst Department of Psychology and School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands Abstract Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by interpersonal deficits and has been associated with limited cognitive empathy, which includes perspective taking, theory of mind, and empathic accuracy (EA). The capacity for affective empathy may also be impaired. In the present study we aimed to determine if EA in normally developing individuals with varying levels of autism spectrum traits is moderated by trait affective empathy. Fifty male and fifty female participants (‘perceivers’) completed the Autism-Spectrum Quotient and the Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale to assess autism spectrum traits and trait affective empathy, respectively. EA was assessed using a Dutch-language version of a previously developed task and involved rating the feelings of others (‘targets’) verbally recounting autobiographical emotional events. Targets varied in trait emotional expressivity, assessed using the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire. Perceivers with more autism spectrum traits performed worse on the EA task, particularly when their trait affective empathy was relatively low. Interpersonal deficits in autism spectrum disorder may be partially explained by low cognitive empathy. Further, they might be aggravated by a limited capacity...
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...In the 1992 film Aladdin, the antagonist character Jafar presents with several personality disorders that explain his behavior. At first analysis, Jafar may present with Schizotypal Personality Disorder, but considering cultural and contextual factors, this diagnosis is incongruous. However, Jafar’s behavior throughout the film indicates the presenting problems associated with Antisocial Personality Disorder and Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Diagnosis According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM–5; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013), individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder fail to conform to social norms, are deceitful, impulsive, aggressive, reckless, irresponsible and lack...
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...CHAPTER 2:- SELF DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNSELOR – NEED, HOW AND WHY Need For Counseling: * * To empower the organization. * * * To express management’s concern. * * * To uplift the spirit. * * * To empower individual. * * * To inspire the spirit. * * * To build a team. * * * To spread competence. Counseling is vast field and its area of specialization are : Parental./ child./old age. Educational stress. Personality development. Industrial/Organisational. Community. Marriage. Career. Factors responsible for counseling. 1. Conflict. 2. Frustration. 3.Stress. 4.Moral & Philosophical issues. 5.Economic changes and challenges. 6.Educational aspects. 7.Psychotherapy. 8.Social theories. Conditions for counseling: 1. General climate of openness and mutuality. 2. General helpful & empathic attitude of management. 3. Sense of uninhibited participation by the subordinates in the performance review process. 4. Dialogic relationship in goal setting & performance review. 5. Focus on work related problems& difficulties. 6. Avoidance of discussion of benefits & rewards. Major role of counselor: 1. To prevent emotional tensions, anxieties and indecisions. 2. Resolution of problems. 3. Improving personal effectiveness. 4. Help in introducing...
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...shallow, defensive, and opinionated (Argosy University, 2018). A counselor displaying any form of bias, judgmental, or defensive behavior can enhance an uncomfortable environment between them and the client and potentially damage the relationship. This paper analyzes how George’s methods of dealing with others are ineffective and what effective counseling...
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...ASSIGNMENT/ASSESSMENT ITEM COVER SHEET Student Name: FIRST NAME Family / last NAME Student Number: Email: yiuapril430@yahoo.com Course Code Course Title (Example) (Example) Campus of Study: Hong Kong (eg Callaghan, Ourimbah, Port Macquarie) Assessment Item Title: Bob Knowlton case study Due Date/Time: Tutorial Group (If applicable): Word Count (If applicable): Lecturer/Tutor Name: James Hunt Extension Granted: Yes No Granted Until: Please attach a copy of your extension approval NB: STUDENTS MAY EXPECT THAT THIS ASSIGNMENT WILL BE RETURNED WITHIN 3 WEEKS OF THE DUE DATE OF SUBMISSION I declare that this assessment item is my own work unless otherwise acknowledged and is in accordance with the University’s academic integrity policy available from the Policy Library on the web at http://www.newcastle.edu.au/policylibrary/000608.html I certify that this assessment item has not been submitted previously for academic credit in this or any other course...
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...Running Head: EMPATHY AND SOCIAL LEARNING Developing Empathy: Nurturing Through Social Learning Abstract This paper explores the Social Learning Theory and how prosocial behavior, specifically empathy, is cultured through observation, modeling and imitation. Empathy is defined through a review of Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment, Jeremy Sloan’s article on developing empathy and the impact it has on animals in our world, and an assessment of empathy in future criminal justice professionals. All provide evidence and data to support the finding that adults have lasting influence on children and how ones behavior is formed. Empathy is a vital trait and it’s a primary requisite for successfully managing daily experiences. Key words: Empathy, Modeling, Social Learning, and Development Introduction The development of empathy allows us the innate ability to relate to another’s experiences, motives and feelings. It is the foundation of compassion and caring, and is monumental in many of life’s challenges and successes. It is what allows us to learn from others and become responsible, caring adults. Many significant professions require empathy: medical care, fire rescue, education, criminal justice, and most importantly parenting. Tragic events such as slavery and the Holocaust illuminate the significance of empathy, it’s part in humankind’s wellbeing, and how requisite it is to encourage healthy development of the trait (Sajo, 2011). It is therefore of utmost...
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...Personality is defined by thoughts, behaviours and feelings; a five factor model was created which underlines the personality types, they consist of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism (Lundberg, 2013). Agreeableness, conscientiousness and neuroticism are the chosen personalities for this essay. Agreeableness is an individual’s behaviour whereby they contain characteristics such as being, generous, thoughtful, trusting, they are also very loving (Schmitt, Allik, McCrae & Benet-Martínez, 2007). Conscientiousness is where a person is hardworking, careful and they stick to the rules (Roberts, Lejuez, Krueger, Richards & Hill, 2014). Neuroticism is defined as an anxious personality, with a lot of emotional...
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...THERAPY PLAN COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY Baron Jones Southern New Hampshire University, Online This paper will focus on the theoretical part of this case study that is how we can help the 23yrear old girl overcome the disorder that she is suffering from. Additionally the paper will incorporate the counseling knowledge gained in this course for example ways of dealing with patients in terms of being patient with the victim since the recovery process does not happen over a day it is a step by step process as the patient gains the ability to overcome the feeling and thought that make her regurgitating food and deal with the fear she has of being overweight and her friends calling her fat as the mother and friends explained. We will apply the cognitive theory of depression to help her since experts have confirmed that the techniques that the theory proposes are actually effective especially in dealing with eating disorders. This is just a recap of what we are going to discuss in this paper so let being our detailed discussion. THE COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THEORY To being our discussion we are going to talk about the cognitive behavior theory, and as we mentioned earlier cognitive behavior has been proven to be the best method of dealing with psychotherapeutic disorders and for our case we are going to use it to develop a therapy plan to help the 23year old girl overcome her eating disorder. Additionally, cognitive behavior therapy has its advantage and disadvantage and as we have mentioned...
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...The biology of leadership The relation between leadership, psychopathy and hormones Master thesis Economics and Business 8th of August 2012 Name student: Ricardo Westendorp Student number: 294819rw Supervisor: Wouter van den Berg The biology of leadership PREFACE Around October, 2011, I started looking for a subject to graduate on, when a neuro-economical subject, involving the connection of leadership to psychopathy and hormones, crossed my path. I had to jump into it, because this subject matched the field I am interested in. Now, 8 months later, I present you my final work and I have enjoyed working on it. I have to be honest, this product would not have been able to be written if it wasn’t for the help of certain people. Therefore, I would like to use this section, to show my gratitude to some people, that helped me along the way. First of all, I thank the Erasmus School of Economics, for providing the financial support for this research. This research would definitely not have been possible, without the financial support of the ESE. Secondly, I would like to thank my supervisor, Wouter van den Berg, who has supported me, guided me and who has contributed intellectually. I would also like to thank Kashin Hau, who has made great contributions to the construction of the leadership questionnaire. Also, I would like to thank Sarstedt, who provided 500 saliva tubes. I am very thankful for the help of my parents. A great contribution has been made by my parents, Wim Westendorp...
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...Traditional Psychodynamic Theories Drive Theory, Its Strength and Application to Personality and Behaviour “Drives” are hereditarily indomitable and seek preference for instance libidinal drive and aggressive drive as well as Pleasure & non-pleasure principle. Free association permits us access to curbed reminiscences of the past. By remembering past and voicing memories, ordeal or trauma can be “worked through”. Wishes and desires are in skirmish with other forces of the mind. The mind is in comatose conflict. Indications develop from the insensible symbolic appearance of the encounters in our minds. Human growth follows general psychosexual stages: oral, anal phallic (oedipal), latency genital (adolescence) ,transference consists of thoughts and feelings for someone based on feelings about another person. Management takes place through considerate and interpreting conveyance (client’s feelings toward clinician) and counter transference (clinician’s feelings toward the client) Ego Psychology Its Strength and Application to Personality and Behaviour The ego is the biologically based “decision-making branch” of the brain that works by assisting us adapt and have coherence, identity, and organization. Kids have in-born independent potentials free from conflict when newborn has “goodness of fit” with an “average expectable environment”. Insentient ego fortifications ward off apprehension to defend self from harm as well as unwanted instincts. Ego growth is “epigenetic” and...
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...the most influential. According to psychology, a major part of other people's perception about a person is determined by these two dimensions of personality (Cuddy, Kohut and Neffinger, 2013, p. 56). The dilemma of the choice between these two is inherently present in the nature of the two extremes i.e. either of the choices will make you fall at the opposing ends of the human emotional spectrum. It is interesting to note that the question of choosing between the two extremes is not a new one . Tracing this conundrum back to the sixteenth century takes us to the writings of Machiavelli. His political philosophy in 'The Prince' acknowledges the best leaders to command both fear and love. Having said that, Machiavelli recognizes the opposite polarity of the two emotions and maintains that since it is difficult to combine both in one person, it is better to be feared as a leader than to be loved (Machiavelli, 2003, p.53). Today, about five hundred years later, the Machiavellian concept of a feared leader is still quite rigorously followed by leaders in fields including business. The issue that crops up here is the overemphasis on soft emotions like love in almost every facet of life as opposed to the use of fear when it comes to leadership. If humans are managed better through fear, what is the place of emotions like love, empathy and compassion in organizational dynamics and leadership? Another aspect that relates to this...
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...the therapy to be seen as patient centred. I will compare the benefits and disadvantages of Person-Centred Therapy and try to establish whether a therapist can treat all clients effectively using just the one approach or whether it is more beneficial to the client for the therapist to use a more multi-disciplinary approach. To be able to discuss this subject, it is important to describe first what we mean when discussing PCT. Person-Centred Therapy, also known as client-centred, non-directive, or Rogerian therapy, is an approach to counselling and psychotherapy that places much of the responsibility for the treatment process on the client, with the therapist taking a non-directive role. PCT emphasises person to person relationship between the therapist and client and focuses on the clientâs point of view; through active listening the therapist tries This essay is intended to explore the statement that Person-centered therapy offers therapists all they need to treat clients. In order to do this I intend to further explore the opinions of other individuals practicing and researching counseling therapies. My first thoughts are that if the Person centered approach was sufficient, there might not have been such a great variety of other approaches such as Cognitive therapy, Existential therapy, Rational Emotive Behavioral therapy, Psychotherapy etc. Hence, we are embarking a course on Psychotherapy. A large part of therapy is set in taking individuality into consideration...
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...therapist all that he/she will need to treat clients Person-centered therapy, which is also known as client-centered, non-directive, or Rogerian therapy, is an approach to counseling and psychotherapy that places much of the responsibility for the treatment process on the client, with the therapist taking a nondirective role. Developed in the 1930s by the American psychologist Carl Rogers, client-centered therapy departed from the typically formal, detached role of the therapist emphasized in psychoanalysis and other forms of treatment. Rogers believed that therapy should take place in a supportive environment created by a close personal relationship between client and therapist. Rogers's introduction of the term "client" rather than "patient" expresses his rejection of the traditionally hierarchical relationship between therapist and client and his view of them as equals. In person-centered therapy, the client determines the general direction of therapy, while the therapist seeks to increase the client's insight and self-understanding through informal clarifying questions. This essay will evaluate this type of therapy to establish if it is the only therapy needed by therapist to treat their clients. Rogers was a humanistic therapist which differed greatly from other approaches at that time which were based on the psychodynamic ideas of Freud, Carl Yung, Alfred Adler and others. Person Centred Therapy is not active, challenging or involving role play such as Gestalt and...
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