...Reactive Attachment Disorder in Children and Adolescents in Institutionalized and in Foster Care, and Adoptive Families Lisa W. Marshall Liberty University Abstract It is believed children exposed to early institutional rearing are at risk for developing psychopathology (McGoron, et. al., 2012). Comparisons were made to discover if Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) was more prevalent in children raised institutions, foster care or adoptive families. Measurements included the Observational Record of the Caregiving Environment, Strange Situation Procedure, Disturbances of Attachment Interview, and the Preschool Aged Psychiatric Assessment (Smyke, et. al. 2012), the Reynolds Adolescent Adjustment Screening Interview (Cone, et. al., 2009) in addition to the Reactive Affective Disorder Checklist (RAD-C) and the Relationships Problem Questionnaire (RPQ), in the diagnosis of Reactive Attachment Disorder (Thrall, et al., 2009). These measurements were not only utilized to discover the existence of RAD, but to test the validity of the methods. Additionally, treatment studies including holding, narrative therapy, parenting skills training, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, psychodrama, and/or neurofeedback (Wimmer, et. al.,2009) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (Cone, et. al.,2009) are examined. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) lists Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) as a serious, directly linked...
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...Adoption: The Negative Emotional Impact of Adoption Research Writing Introduction Growing up there is one point in time when all children wish they had different parents or wished they could be adopted by adults who are “cool, understandable, and rich” because out parents seemed to always find a way to ruin our lives. Unfortunately this is no wish for some children, being adopted by strangers is some children’s reality. Adoption is viewed as a lifetime commitment to raise babies or children who are not biologically yours into the best person they can be. People who adopt get that great sense of satisfaction that they reached out and changed a person’s life. Even though the adopters get that great sense of satisfaction, no one stops to think about the hurt and negative emotions that the adoptee may feel in regards to their adoption. Adoption can have a harmful negative reaction impact on the adoptees as they go through their journey of life. I believe that even though there are negative emotions that come with adoption there are some solutions such as therapy to cope with the emotions. Review of the Literature The emotional effect adoption can have on a child is a problem in society today. Researchers show there are different aspects of adoption people need to understand and different ways to cope with adoptees and the emotional hurt they feel. The following researchers discuss different emotional effects adoption can have on adopted children. Child Welfare...
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...Introduction Attachment is the bond that links humans to vital people in their lives. This bond begins to develop early on in life. According to Berk (2012), infants can become attached to regular people in their lives before the second half of their first year of life. These early attachments are normally to the primary caregivers of the infant. An infant with an attachment disorder is an infant who is unable to connect with his or her caregiver. This can also be called insecure attachment, meaning that the infant is indifferent or opposed to the affections of his or her caregiver. Reactive attachment disorder, or RAD, is a common attachment disorder that causes an infant to show either no attachment to anyone or sweeping attachment to everyone (Lubit, 2009). Multiple studies have been performed to reveal the how individual situations affect the development of attachment disorders. Depressed mothers, parental divorce, and maltreatment situations have all been investigated to establish their connections to attachments disorders in children. By identifying the factors related to attachment disorders, the development of attachment disorders can be reduced by taking actions against these factors. Maternal Depression A great deal of research has found a link between maternal depression and the appearance of attachment disorders in children. A study performed by Campbell, Brownell, Hungerford, Spieker, Mohan, & Blessing (2004) examined...
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...Abuse and Its Effects on the Child’s Ability to Form Attachments The moment that a child is conceived begins a lifelong journey of attachment. Studies have shown that embryos begin bonding in the womb when they feel movement, hear voices, and through the stimulation of smell and taste. This attachment with a caregiver grows even stronger when the child is born and as they move into childhood develops further into other relationships. The intensity associated with the importance of this development is best described by Perry (2001), “The most important property of humankind is the capacity to form and maintain relationships. These relationships are absolutely necessary for any of us to survive, learn, work, love and procreate” (p. 1). That is, as long as the proper environment and development is exposed to the child. Exposure to constant distress or inflicted abuse and/or neglect to a child can result in reactive attachment disorder, along with many other socioemotional problems and disorders. This will affect all relationships, as well as their ability to accomplish goals and lead a directed, goal-oriented life. When and if others intervene within the abusive situation, will determine how the child will deal with an attachment disorder. If intervention does not occur, attachment disorders associated with abuse and/or neglect can lead to violence in children and adults. There are ways to help children cope with this disorder, but it will become a struggle they will have to deal...
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...Tim learned to pick on kids that is smaller than him just like the boy bullied Tim because he was smaller than the boy. Tim developed some bad and selfish ways he thought it was OK to be mean because the bigger boy did it to him I feel that the caregiver should have paid close attention to the toddlers. Because Tim had already had attachment issues children with attachment disorders or other attachment problems have difficulty connecting to others and managing their own emotions. This results in a lack of trust and self-worth, a fear of getting close to anyone, anger, and a need to be in control. A child with an attachment disorder feels unsafe and alone. A child who does not develop a secure attachment might show anger or aggression to adults and peers. He may be fearful and unable to venture away from adults. He may find it difficult to be comforted or to feel safe and not respond to warmth from adults. What needs to be different in this day care setting? Be specific as to how you would approach this scenario and what actions you would take if you were the center supervisor/director. This day care setting needs better supervisions when a daycare teacher fails to set rules or use appropriate ways to discipline children, chaos can ensue in a daycare setting. My approach would have been making sure Tim feel safe and I would have more patience with him because patience is exercised throughout the day as children throw tantrums, make messes and exert extreme amounts of energy...
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...spanking. With the family having a limited income, Timothy continued to go to a daycare that was unclean, unhealthy and detrimental to his development. When Timothy started school at a public school he was not prepared. Having had no structure, healthy social interaction or exposure to learning, he was very behind his peers. He had limited experience controlling his emotions and therefore was subject to angry outbursts and an inability to follow the rules. By the time he was eleven years old; he failed a grade and was not able to continue to 6th grade with his peers and was even suspended for instigating a fight. Secure attachment is the term used to support the instance of infants using their parents as a sense of security, or base. This then causes infants to feel relaxed and protected as opposed to fearful and agitated. Parents can foster this healthy attachment relationship through affection and positive interaction. Four factors that can have an impact on security are: “early availability of a consistent caregiver, quality care giving, the...
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...Have you ever considered doing foster care? If you haven’t you really should think about it! Foster care is an amazing thing to do, and will change your life forever! My mother loves kids and always has, and once she got a divorce she thought about doing it all the time. My mother is a single parent with two girls my sister Shelby that is 21 and me at 19. When my mom finally decided to fulfill her dream about doing foster care my sister was in her first year in college and I was just starting out freshmen year of high school. I always thought that my mom was experiencing empty nest syndrome early, but my mother is that type of women. We are now foster caring two little ones one little girl and one little boy! In this essay I am going to talk about the life of foster care family, and what experience you will have if you consider foster care. In experience of being in foster care family our lives have changed dramatically! I personally now have to be an older, more responsible, and a good influence sibling to these kids. I would have never had to be that way if it wasn’t for these kids. Having foster kids does change the way you used to live. We now not only housing ourselves but two little kids that need food, apparently a lot of toys, clothes, and attention at all times. If you don’t pay enough attention to them they will be all over the house, and lets just say that the living conditions will defiantly change too! The more toys and clothes you have the more of a...
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...Robertson helped change ideas of what should happen to children when they are in hospital. Previously parents were hardly even allowed to visit their sick children; now they are usually allowed to stay with their child all the time that their child is in hospital, so bond disruption is minimised. Rutter and Tizard and Hodges show that adoption is a good outcome for children, even if the adoption takes place after the child is 6 months old. These studies showed that for children that were adopted (and the earlier the better) the negative effects of privation could be reversed. Ideally adoption should happen very quickly after it becomes clear that the child cannot stay with its birth parents, and after Bowlby’s ideas were published it was common for babies to be adopted when they were only one week old. Whilst this isn’t the case any more, it is recognised that adoption is good and that more needs to be done in the UK to speed up the adoption process, which is lengthy. Studies such as The EPPE Project showed that day care is good for children if it is high quality, including factors such as low staff: child ratio, low staff turnover, good resources, and good staff training. As a result of this from 2004 free pre-school places were available to every 3 year old. Campbell showed that day care at an early age could be associated with negative social effects, such as aggression. Therefore maternity leave has recently been extended to last for 12...
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...A. The single biggest problem in communication is the illusion that it has taken place. B. The TV show The Fosters is a formal group due to the fact that foster children could not date their siblings. C. This is a group where they come together as a family that requires understandable norms. 1. They accept each other for who they are. 2. They know what makes them happy. 3. They learn to appreciate D. The Fosters/Brad Bredeweg, Peter Paige, - June 3,2013 Thesis Statement: The directors and the years involved in the film express how much work was put into The Fosters. A. Formal Group 1. Follow Rules 2. Get along 3. Get pass difficult situations B. To become a normal family 1. The have family time 2. Be happy 3. Achieve their beliefs C. The individual needs 1. Mariana and Jesus needed a family. 2. Their mother ran away from home and left them at 4 years of age. 3. They were picked up by the Cop which was named Stef Foster. 4. Stef and Lina wanted a family. 5. They adopted Mariana and Jesus 6. They also adopted Cali and Jude How do the roles of group members influence a group’s effectiveness? A. Stages of Development 1. Clip- when Cali first arrives at her foster home 2. When Cali skips school in search...
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...The Impact of Foster Care on Child Development Demeka F. Gaddy Liberty University Abstract The foster care system was designed to provide a safe temporary placement for children who can no longer stay in the care of their parents or guardian. The overall goal of foster care is for the children to return home to their caregiver. If the caregiver fails to regain custody the child is placed in other living arrangements, to include foster homes. However there is a controversy over the effectiveness of the foster care system in regards to child development. Foster care has been linked to negative impacts in child development to include; physical and sexual abuse, attachment disorders, and behavioral problems that eventually lead to children being placed in multiple placements and in some cases the juvenile justice system,. Children who are in foster care are a vulnerable group due to the being removed from their home, in some cases abruptly. It has been proven that the longer children living in foster care are subject to negative development more than children who do not live in foster care. Based on these factors the foster care system needs to focus more on the needs of the child so that positive development can occur. Keywords: child welfare, abuse, child development The Negative Impacts of Foster Care on Child Development The foster care system was designed to provide a safety net for children and families and to reunite children with their biological parents if possible...
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...Due to the client losing both her parents during infancy in a tragic car accident, the client’s disorder can be viewed as a disorder of attachment. The client’s history shows deficits in three of the five Pathogenic Care Realms: settings where there is persistent disregard for the child’s emotional needs, settings in which there are repeated changes in primary caregivers, and settings in which child is raised with limited opportunities for stable attachments (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The strict, cold religious school where the client spent the majority of her childhood offered little support for the client’s emotional needs. The client did not bond with any teacher at the school and had no particular primary caregiver after the death...
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...Adoption is an Option Adoption is but one of the many things in this world we can do to make a difference. Young couples, or families just getting started, should know that adoption is a positive option for starting a family. Adopting a child can change a family’s life. By adopting, families are helping children feel loved and safe. Adoption can be a struggle, useful for homosexual couples, good to get children out of inadequate countries, and a way to give a child what the birth parents could not. Adopting a child, or more, is both a struggle and exciting. Spending hours upon hours making phone calls and filling out paper work all to make a new addition to your family. The adoption process is where an individual or couple achieves the legal status of being the parent of a child that is not their own (Butler and Kirkby 3). The individual/couple must work with a child’s social worker to be able to adopt that child. Almost everyone is eligible for adoption, although different agencies may hold different requirements. It does not matter whether they are married or single, their age, their income, or their sexuality (“Who Can Adopt?”). Everyone has an equal chance to start out. Having the requirements for adoption so widely open help for more adoptions because more/different kinds of people are eligible. In 2013, 7,092 adoptions happened in the U.S. (“Life with Four Parents”). It is expected to keep increasing each year. Maybe one day all the children of the world will have a place...
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...Privation of attachment means failure to form an attachment. Privation usually occurs when children have been kept in extreme isolation and therefoe have never had the opppurtunity to form an attachment. There are 3 main types of evidence regarding privation and those are longitudinal studies of children in instituational care; case studies of children raised in extreme isolation; and studies of reactive attachment disorder which is a category of mental disorder attributed to a lack of early attachments. A longiudinal study of ex-institutional children was done by Hodges and Tizard in 1989, to investigate the effects of privation by following the same children over a long period of time to collect reliable information linking early experiences to later outcomes for the same individual. The participants were 65 children who had been placed in an instituation when they were less than 4 months old. There was an explicit policy in the institution against caregivers forming attachments with the children. This would suggest the children experienced early privation. By the age of 4, 24 of the institutionalized children had been adopted, 15 had returned to their natural homes and the rest remained in the institution. Assessment at the age of 8 and 16 years old involved interviewing those children who were adopted and those who had returned to their original homes. Their parents, their teachers and their peers were also interviewed. Data was also collected from a control group...
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...Adoption is a very important process for children without a family. A woman who decided to become a mother of children she didn’t give birth too, she became very happy. The reason why adoption matters and why one women giving children a home is it shows it can do a lot for one or more child by giving them a home. It can bring a smile to a sad child’s face. Adoption is a way to get the love they never had but needed. They’ve been hurt for so long, some forgot what it’s like to feel loved. Anyone can save children from abused or miss treated homes. Finding them a good home where there safe can change lives. It can stop children from being abused or save a life that matters; it’s a very special process and takes time to make the child feel safe again. Adoption is a positive thing for kids. What adoption can do is… “They have to love them no matter what “Lee said” Adoption can help save lives; kids are someone dressed because it helps make them feel loved and wanted. Children need to be shown that someone loves them and will take care of them. Can’t explain how good it feels to be a mother to kids who don’t have one. There’s a special place for child in the mother’s heart. Not only is it a good thing for the child but for the mother as well. Mother of child adopted child dropped out of foster care after social services paid a visit. Mother treated children poorly the children need help in a lot of ways such as mental therapy and a stable home. The foster care program needs to...
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...three centers. The interview took a turn as we discussed some of the special needs of her own adopted children and this showed me how demanding it can be to parent a child with a disability or a mental illness. I started the questions with, "how do you balance the everyday tasks of making sure the staff at each center fulfill the needs of the children?" Mrs. Washburn responded "my staff is given the best tools and knowledge to make sure the children in their care are given the best possible preschool experience necessary. Although I am a big advocate for making sure the children feel loved." We discussed how they prepare the teachers to handle students that may have special needs such as ADHD, autism, and sensory processing disorder to name a few. All of the teachers are required to take a special needs class that helps understand the concept of inclusion in the class room and gives techniques to allow the teachers to provide proper care in special situations. Still it all comes down to each child and how they need to be cared for. Each...
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