...Intellectual Disabilities Tina Brazell South University This paper is to explore the research purpose, methods used, how the research was conducted, the results and the conclusion of a study done on Same-Sex Relationships and Women With Intellectual Disabilities. The study was conducted to examine the attitudes of women with intellectual disabilities towards homosexuality and gender role beliefs. To be able to develop a positive identity as gay or lesbian one first needs to know that such an alternative sexuality exists and second to be open in one’s attitudes towards it (Hunter 2007). Previous research has shown that people with intellectual disabilities have tended to hold at minimum negative and at most blatantly homophobic attitudes towards homosexuality (McCabe & Schreck 1992). The purpose of this study was two-fold. First it is to gain more insight about the current knowledge level and the attitudes in reference to same-sex relationships by women that have intellectual disabilities. Second, it is to examine to see if this sample of women with intellectual disabilities replicates previous research in examining if the relationship between stereo-typical beliefs and attitudes towards same-sex relationships have the same outcome. The methods used for this study begins with its design. The design was a cross sectional within a group, correlational design was employed using the data obtained from three self-report measures and demographical data. The participants of this study...
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...Sexuality: Annotated Bibliography and Outline Unit 5 Course 5334 Annotated Bibliography Aldrich, R. (2004). Homosexuality and the city: an historical overview. Urban Studies, 41(9), 1719-1737. Aldrich gives a historical overview of the history of homosexuality. He goes back to the Roman times and discusses Sodom and Gomorrah and continues to the present day. He makes mention of how homosexuals left various cities to escape the traditional life constraints and went to other cities to begin transforming the city into much construction of the gay and lesbian culture. Bonilla, L & Porter, J (1990). A comparison of latino, black, and non-hispanic white attitudes toward homosexuality. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 12(4), 437-452. This article discusses Latinos, Blacks, and non Hispanic whites attitudes towards homosexuality. It has been researched that the Latino culture is more inclined than blacks and non whites to believe that homosexuality and the spread of AIDS are invariably related. This one assumption has the capacity to cause the rights of homosexuals to be restricted. Goldsmith, S. J. (2001). Oepipus or orestes? Homosexual men, their mothers, and other women revisited. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 49 (4), 1269-1287. The author of this article discusses gender roles and how they have an effect on the sexuality of men and women. He mentions when people sense femininity in a man it causes them to fear that man simply because of the...
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...The Effects of Socialization on Attitudes Regarding Homosexuality in Relation to the Implicit Associations Test Elaina Lucido Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University Bloomington Abstract In this study, I investigated whether explicit measures of personal attitudes regarding homosexuality are correlated with implicit measures of personal preference between heterosexuality and homosexuality. Participants were first given a self-report survey in order to gauge their explicit attitudes or prejudices in regards to homosexuals in society. Then, a Sexuality IAT was administered in order to test for a suggested implicit preference for Straight over Gay or vice versa. Overall average scores on the Sexuality IAT revealed implicit preferences for heterosexuality over homosexuality. When the explicit and implicit measures were paired together, correlation analysis revealed that there was no statistically significant correlation between the two. The Effects of Socialization on Attitudes Regarding Homosexuality in Relation to the Implicit Associations Test Attitudes and behaviors towards homosexuality are usually attributed to the moral standings, values, upbringing, and personal experiences of an individual. Opinions regarding the acceptance of homosexuality in America have changed drastically within the past decade partly due to an increased population of younger generations and open homosexuals within the United States. Dimock, et al...
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...Examine the differences in ethical and religious views concerning homosexuality. Homosexuality has been the topic of ethical debates for many years, concerning the rights of homosexuals, and whether or not they should be treated equally. In the modern day homosexuality is comparatively far more tolerated than in the past, when it had been at least somewhat illegal until progressive thinking led to the 1957 Sexual Offences Act, which set the wheels in motion towards ending the inequality between homosexuals and heterosexuals. One of the focal points of the issue is whether homosexual marriage should be permitted in the same way as heterosexual marriage – it can be argued that the introduction of Civil Partnerships in 2004/5 was, although progressive and still offering equal rights to those of married couples, still disrespectful to not allow homosexuals to be specifically ‘married.’ This kind of view suggests that ethical attitudes towards homosexuality are progressive and accepting, reaching a conclusion that would satisfy homosexuals in their quest for equal rights. Discrimination against homosexuality, however, is still fairly prominent, and the lack of ease in passing laws relating to homosexuality suggests that there is still a lot of unease surrounding the topic. It cannot yet be said that to see a homosexual couple canoodling in public is considered to have as subtle an effect as a heterosexual couple doing the same. John Harris, however, states that homosexuality is...
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... | | |not take individual differences into | | |account | |Prejudice |a negative attitude toward an entire | | |category of people, such as a racial or | | |ethnic minority | |Labeling theory |through negative stereotypes has strong implications for | | |the self-fulfilling prophecy. | Part II Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: • Race • Ethnicity • Religion • Gender • Sexual orientation • Age • Disability |Category |Stereotype 1 |Stereotype 2 |Stereotype 3 | |Race |Puerto Ricans are poor and lazy.|Black people are all...
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...Assess sociological explanations of the relationship between ethnicity and educational performance in Britain. Sociologists have traditionally placed strong focus on the effects of race and ethnicity on a wide range of social outcomes to conclude genuine reasons for the educational under-achievement of some pupils. Ethnicity refers to a shared culture, religion, language or geography. At GCSE level, students that received their average 5 A*-C grades showed that it was Chinese students that are the most successful, followed by Indian, White, Pakistani/Bangladeshi students and then lastly Afro-Caribbean origin students. Another factor I studied in the past was whether gender has an effect on educational achievement and to my surprise it links to this category of explanation as in every social group (expect Asian pupils) females perform better then males. However it is clear that Afro-Caribbean, Pakistani, Gypsy and Bangladeshi students are less likely to gain A-levels and then go on to attend university. Lastly there is evidence suggesting that gypsy students are by far the lowest achievers in the education system. Cultural deprivation theory claims that the underachievement of some ethnic groups is caused by inadequate socialisation in the home. This consists of two main aspects; these are intellectual and language skills and attitudes, values and family structure. This theory claims that children from low-income black families’ lack intellectual stimulation. This means that...
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...Connor Inc. | Ethnicity and the Police | Public Opinion of Police By Different Ethnic Groups | | Patricia Connor | 11/19/2012 | The purpose of this study is to provide the reader with an overview on the public image of the police based on race. An in depth analysis is designed to provide the public, the police, and agencies alike the deliverables necessary to provide high quality of service. | Ethnicity and the Police Ethnicity and the Police The public opinion of police tends to fluctuate over time and may vary among different ethnic groups and communities at any given time. The events, factors, and forces that affect this opinion are numerous. Thus, leaving the public opinion of the police a slippery task to measure. With that being said, many perceptions of the police exist. These perceptions range from police misconduct to police corruption. However, for the purposes of this article, one will examine the perceptions of police misconduct in the United States and the factors that influence these perceptions. Through research, one was able to determine that citizens believe there are four types of police misconduct – verbal abuse, excessive force, unwarranted stops, and corruptions. However, to save on time, one will The public opinion of police tends to fluctuate over time and may vary among different ethnic groups and communities at any given time. The events, factors, and forces that affect this opinion are numerous. Thus, leaving the public opinion...
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...part of the Los Angeles region today. In addition to this vast social polarization there is a large immigrant population that struggles with integration, poverty and alienation. The movie is filmed as a series of vignettes focusing on the lives of several characters over a two-day period in post-9/11 America. Haggis’ characters exemplify various substantive birth cohorts and vast differences in gender, age, and class relations. These include characters of Caucasian, African American, Persian, Mexican, Korean, and Hispanic decent. He depicts these characters as forming harmful prejudices from a combination of impressions and individual beliefs toward each other as well as using stereotypes to define each other. The concepts and theoretical approach that helps explain this film is identifying the coalescence of class, age, and ethnicity and how it shapes the views of three distinct characters in the film: Anthony, a black male that chooses to initially conform to his stereotype of a gangster from the Los Angeles ghetto; Cameron Thayer, a successful middle-aged black man that is conflicted about his role in society based on...
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...Race and Ethnicity has been equivalently used by people as referring to both meanings being the same. Race is a biological myth, because society believes that it’s real. Ethnicity is a self-identity with a shared culture. Society is structured around one’s social perception of race and ethnicity, which enables society to categorize according to importance. I’ll discuss how one’s position in the racial hierarchy encourages and permits prejudice and discrimination. Today’s society is structured in a way by the dominant group that prejudice and discrimination comes across more subtlety and even at times unintentionally. This wasn’t always depicted that way in the past. For instance, in the 1930’s and 40’s the Nazi Party, the dominant group, was very open about their prejudice and discrimination toward the subordinate groups which included Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, and Jehovah Witnesses. Not only did they express their feelings of hate, but also acted upon them by taking away their civil rights and perused them with violence. The terms race and ethnicity are often used synonymously to each other. The definition of race has altered by society and time. These terms need to be independently defined in order to fully understand when and how to use the terms race and ethnicity correctly. Race is socially defined as a category based on people’s distinctive physical characteristics that are inherited, such as color of skin, shape of eyes, facial structures. Many groups have...
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...------------------------------------------------- University of Phoenix Material Appendix B Part I Define the following terms: Term | Definition | Stereotypes | unreliable, exaggerated generalizationsabout all members of a group that donot take individual differences intoaccount | Prejudice | is most often used to refer to preconceived judgments toward people or a person because of race/ethnicity, gender, social class, age, disability, religion, sexuality, nationality or other personal characteristics. It can also refer to unfounded beliefs and may include "any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to rational influence. | Labeling theory | a sociological approach introducedby Howard Becker that attempts toexplain why certain people are viewedas deviants and others engaging in thesame behavior are not | Part II Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: * Race * Ethnicity * Religion * Gender * Sexual orientation * Age * Disability Category | Stereotype 1 | Stereotype 2 | Stereotype 3 | Race | All Afro American can play basketball | White cannot dance | All Hispanics can speak English | Religion | all Muslims are terrorists. | All Catholic Priests molest boys | Christians are brainwashed | Gender Male | Is to be the financial provider | He is also to be assertive, competitive, independent, courageous, and career-focused. | Hold...
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...brought up. If being educated about the progressing world around us helps to keep negative judgments to a minimum, we could slowly make our way up on the “Happiest Countries” list. We call it equality and unfortunately, we are far from perfect when it comes to treating out neighbor like we’d want to be treated. The way to achieve such a feat can only be done by educating the public about their innate bias towards others. However, success is not achieved overnight. We get a little closer to total equality every day, even if it is a slow journey. The first step to make progress in this journey is for people to be educated. An anti-bias curriculum needs to be implemented into classrooms nationwide because it will lead to greater understanding between mainstream America and non-mainstream America, promote acceptance of diversity, and allow the already diverse to accept themselves. Bias is everywhere. It is impossible to live life without some form of bias. However, what anti-bias education seeks to do is enlighten people about the differences and similarities between different ethnicities, gender identities, people with disabilities, different religions and people from different economic backgrounds. Although there are many different categories of bias in our everyday lives, with America even more so rapidly becoming a melting pot over the recent years, the largest form of bias seen throughout the nation concerns the differences if the many diverse cultures emerging....
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...Tajfel was known for his pioneering work on cognitive prejudice. The social identity theory suggests that when an individual is linked to a certain group, they will fight to ensure that their specific group is more valued than others, for example, different ethnicities with the British Nation. In Britain, there are many different ethnic groups, with each ethnicity within their in-groups holding varied beliefs and values. Ultimately, stereotyping within ethnicities leads to social categorisation. The results from the research of Katz & Braly suggest that in addition to the explicit stereotypes they discovered people also harbour implicit biases outside of their awareness, which is that they hold prejudiced attitude and stereotypic association without even realising...
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...Can be an insult, accusation, joke, or the name of an effort to change a society by means of wide-ranging but often small-scale cultural reform. Part II Write a 150- to 250-word response to each of the following questions: • How is discrimination different from prejudice and stereotyping? Discrimination, prejudice and stereotyping are all similar but they differ in many ways. Discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights because of prejudice or other reasons. Prejudice is negative attitude about an entire group. Stereotyping is where someone makes an assumption about a person or group by the way they look. People’s individualities are not taken into consideration when it comes to prejudice. Stereotypes are not always a negative attitude toward a person or group. However discrimination and prejudice are always negative attitudes toward a certain person or group. Another difference is that discrimination and prejudice result in rejection toward a certain person or group of people. Stereotypes usually do not always result in rejecting anyone form anything. Stereotypes can be either negative or positive. The last difference is that discrimination deprives a group from certain rights or opportunities. One place where I see discrimination is in certain work places. • What are the causes of discrimination? There are many causes for discrimination; however there are two particular causes that come to mind. The first cause...
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...attend schools that were primarily attended by White students, positive intergroup attitudes would be created. This overtime did indeed reduce prejudice between Black and White children and dramatically decreased the number of segregated schools in America during the 1960s. Overall, the case of desegregating schools supports the notion that intergroup contact is successful in changing attitudes. When people learn more about groups that they did not know much about before, they become less biased in their beliefs. In summation, contact will be most effective when members of in-groups become more respectful out-group members and when the social norms of a situation encourage equal treatment of all groups. But if groups...
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...Research Method Report Analysis Hypothesis – Asian pupils are more likely to place a higher value on education and have a more positive attitude towards education than black African and white pupils. We chose to study students of different ethnicities – Black African, White, and South Asian. Specifically, we wanted to find out how different ethnic groups value education and their attitudes towards education. The reason why we chose this particular hypothesis was because we wanted to approach the stereotype of South Asians valuing education more than other ethnic groups. Also, we wanted to investigate how attitudes changed over years, as pupils did not have positive attitudes towards education and did not value it as much as they do nowadays. As our research method, we chose to use semi-structured interviews. These are interviews that consist of the same set of questions, but the researcher can probe the interviewee for more information. Usually, researchers use open-ended questions so that they can gain deeper insights. A pilot study was conducted before beginning the real interviews because we wanted to see who would fit what role and whether we were interviewing correctly. One reason as to why we chose this research method is that it allows you to gain deep insights because the researcher is able to probe for more information. Also, we are able to correct the students when confusion occurs. Another reason is that we can establish rapports with the interviewees, allowing...
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