...AUSTISM “Autism is a brain development disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. These signs all begin before a child is three years old. Autism affects many parts of the brain; how this occurs is not understood. The autism spectrum disorders (ASD) also include the related conditions Asperger syndrome and PDD-NOS, which have fewer signs and symptoms.” Back in the 1900’s, Autism had been confused with schizophrenia. “For year people thought that autism was from one single cause”. A Dr. named Eugene Bleuler, identified a pattern in schizophrenia behaviors which he called self-absorbed. This is when he decided to label it as autism. He was not the very first person to actually identify and recognize the behavior as being different from schizophrenia. Leo Kanner was the very first person to recognize autism as having behaviors of its own. He observed 11 children and noticed that these children had sensitivity to sound and food, had trouble with certain task, and they were not very intellect. After his observation he labeled these children as having early infantile autism. A Dr. named Hans Asperger also observed a group of autistic children and noticed that they had some of the same signs and symptoms as the Asperger’s syndrome which includes: lack of social skills, lack of empathy, focus on a particular topic, lack of motor skills and physical coordination. In the...
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...Week 7 Assignment: Autism and Mental Retardation CUT AND PASTE THIS ASSIGNMENT TO SUBMIT IT Respond to the following: 1. List the primary features of autism. • Unresponsive to others • Uncommunicative • Repetitive • Rigid • Pronominal Reversal Language and communication problems 2. Which explanation for autism is no longer considered valid and lacks research support? Theorists first believed that autism was due to family dysfunction and social stress. Kanner thought that particular personality characteristics of the parents caused an unfavorable climate for development and contributed to the child’s disorder. Research has been unable to support this theory. Another theory that was not supported is a high degree of social and environmental stress. 3. What forms of treatment are helpful for a person with autism? There is no treatment that reverses the autistic pattern, but behavioral therapy, communication training, parent training, and community integration are very beneficial. 4. List the criteria for a diagnosis of mental retardation: People tend to be diagnosed with mental retardation when they display general intellectual functioning that is well below average also have poor adaptive behavior. 5. Explain one way in which sociocultural biases in testing might pose problems for assessing mental retardation. Intelligence test are biased due to the fact that middle and upper socioeconomic class have an advantage. 6. Of the four levels of mental retardation...
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...harm than good, their main reason is that they believe that Vaccinations cause Autism. There are NO exact causes of autism that are currently formally known anti-vaxxers believe this thanks to a group of British researchers that published a cohort study in the lancet showing that iindividuals that have been vaccinated with the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine were more likely to have bowel disease compared to individuals who hadn’t received this vaccination, But what does this have to do with Autism? Andrew Wakefield one of these researchers went onto further study a possible link between the vaccine and and bowel disease by speculating that persistent infection caused disruption of the intestinal tissue that led to bowel disease and Austism After hearing about this study and Andrew Wakefield’s so called findings many parents jumped on the bandwagon of not vaccinating their kids many without reading the facts, Wakefield’s findings have never been proven to be correct so basically there is no actual link between vaccinations causing Autism The rising numbers of anti-vaxxers has sparked the implementation of the No jab No play program that has now made it illegal for children that have not been vaccinated to be enrolled in childcare services after January 1st 2016, this law has been put in place to protect the children that have been vaccinated from contracting infectious diseases. All children need to be vaccinated to help protect each other and our future generations...
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...The Development of Language and Communication from Infancy to Preschool 510: Early Childhood Development Cleveland State University Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine how language and communication develop in early childhood, from in uerto through preschool. And how language is the expression of human communication through which knowledge, belief, and behaviors’ develop, and experiences are explained and shared. Other areas to be examined is the developmental milestones functional skills that are age specific tasks that children achieve during various levels of development, infant brain development, and attachment. Although each milestone is age appropriate, children development varies from child to child taking in to consideration every child is unique. Introduction In a study conducted (2009) on babies language learning starts from the womb. From the first day a newborn cries they already bear the mark of the language their parents speak. In another dramatic finding of this study is that not only are human neonates capable of producing different cry melodies, but they prefer to those melody patterns that are typical for the ambient language they have heard during fetal life, within the last trimester of gestation. Even through prenatal exposure to their native language was known for some time to influence newborns, scientist now believe that it happens much earlier than the preconceived notion that surrounding language affected sound production...
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...Visual Information Processing Brenda Upsey Psycho/640 Dr. Samatha Hickman Visual Information Processing A person eyes and brain is the key to help express or interpret what they see. Our eyes and brain are an important part of our daily life and we need our eyes to see the world and to express what we see. The brain and eyes work together to help processing information through our vision. The brain stimulates our five senses, such as touch, smell, sight, taste, and hearing however, most stimuli are interpret through the sight. Our eyes allow us to see things, such as objects, shapes, and colors. The brain helps to perceive and interpret what we see. This process is called visual information processing which pertain to person cognitive skills. Our cognitive skills allow us to see things, process it, and interpret it to make sense. By using our eyes we can see things and hold on to memories and tell our children family history. This paper will describe visual information processing and explain two conditions that impair visual information processing. This paper wills also discuss current trends in research of visual information processing and give two scholarly peer reviews on visual information processing. Visual Information Processing The human brain is responsible for to help understand information that see to the brain.. To understand visual information processing one must for know how the brain and eyes work together. The human brain is an important part of our...
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...Autism Autism is the most common condition in a list of developmental disorders known as the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). People with autism may display impaired social interaction, problems with verbal and nonberbal communication, and unusual, repetitive, or severely limited activities and interests ("What is autism," 2011). As of today there is no official cure for autism but through education and training of parents most can have some sort of productive life. The word “autism” has been used for about 100 years comes from the Greek word “autos” meaning “self” (Nickolson, 2008). The term describes conditions in which a person is removed from social interaction or other words an “isolated self”. In 1911, Eugen Bleuler, a Swiss psychiatrist, was the first person to use the term autism. Austic children at one time thought or classified as schizophrenic as it was thought to be a behavioral issue. There are many key dates in the history of autism since 1911 and some more important than others. Here is a list of some of the important dates in the history of autism: * 1944 - Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger publishes his work on autistic symptoms, Autistic Psychopathy in Childhood. * 1964 - American psychologist Bernard Rimland writes in Infantile Autism: The Syndrom and Its Implications For a Neural Theory of Behavior that autism is a biological disorder. * 1967 - Bernard Rimland founds the Autism Research Institute ARI in San Diego. Bruno Bettelheim...
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...him in a brightly-lit office with an IQ examiner – a stranger – asking him to do things he doesn't understand. Will he perform at his best, that is, assuming he can complete the test? Almost 10 years ago, when the Interactive Autism Network (IAN) began collecting research data from families, it faced a problem when it came to reporting on the intelligence of children with autism. One in 10 children in IAN had been diagnosed with intellectual disability (ID), but more than twice that many had an intelligence quotient (IQ) score of 70 or less, according to their parents.1 On most IQ tests, a score of 100 is considered standard (essentially, average), and a score of 70 or below suggests intellectual disability.” ( Measuring Intelligence in Austism)Autistic individuals are always seem to be an intelligent well they often thrive and one subject. They are often put in special classes that are “dumbed down” when they just need some patients and teachers who understand them. While their test scores may come out low and speech impairments might inhibit them from classwork and class conversations, it definitely does not mean that they are stupid or intelligent. The other major way ASD is marginalized is socially. Because it is hard for ASD individuals to pick up on social cues and hints, show emotion, and sometimes even speak they are labeled socially impaired or awkward. “The most striking feature of autism is social disconnection. People with autism may appear neither to be interested...
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...Title To investigate and reflect on the use of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) with students who have Autism. Aims The aim of my project was to gain knowledge of Applied Behaviour Analysis and its effectiveness in working with children with Autism. My focus questions ask • What are the key principles underlying Applied Behaviour Analysis and how and why it benefits children who are autistic? • What is involved in setting up an Applied Behaviour Analysis program in the classroom environment? Both focus questions have helped me to investigate ABA, implement strategies that ABA employ and reflect on the program as a whole. I became part of a withdrawal program established for the purpose of intensive early intervention based on the principles of ABA. Harris, (2002 p19) explains “Applied Behavior Analysis takes basic principles in behaviour science and emphasizes the intensity that is needed for particular children”. As I progressed through my journey I discovered that ABA was indeed an extremely effective intervention program for autistic children. I felt that the whole process was a huge learning curve which in turn has had positive affects on my future practice. PARTS OF THE REPORT Rationale Explains why I embarked on this particular topic, process I used in decided topic, list of research strategies to achieve aims, Kemmis & McTaggarts (1988) Action Research Planner model Process -What were the key principles underlying Applied Behaviour...
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...To what extent is Theory of Mind innate? Critically discuss with reference to genetic, social and cultural evidence. Theory of mind refers to an individual’s ability to understand the mental states of others (Baron-Cohen, 1989b). According to Buttelmann et al. (2008) over the years; psychological practice has seen an increase in research, debating whether theory of mind is innate. This apparent increase stems from controversial standard false-belief tasks and its influence on a person’s ability to have an operative theory of mind (Chandler, Fritz & Hala 1989). The connotations of these standard false-belief tasks act as an indicator for specific age boundaries, in which children are meant to start attributing mental states to others, through their understanding of false belief (Perner and Ruffman, 2005; Fodor, 1992; Mitchell,1996). The implications of these standard false-belief tasks will steer this discussion to focus on the extent at which theory of mind can be considered as innate with reference to genetic, social and cultural evidence. According to Whiten, (1993 pg. 3) “a theory of mind remains one of the quintessential abilities that makes us human” .Yet prior to Baron-Cohen’s (1989a) study, the traditional view held by most child developmental psychologists, (Piaget, 1983) was based on the idea that, any understanding of what goes on in another person’s mind has to be a calculated and difficult thing (Appleton and Reddy, 1996). Hence, in order to work...
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...ABSTRACT Disfluency is the interruption of an otherwise continuous flow of speech. Current views explain speech disfluency in terms of both an epiphenomenon of cognitive overload, and as an intentional function for easing social interaction to convey non-explicit thought processes. This study looked at both of these hypotheses, with main focus upon disfluency as a form of social communication. The disfluencies focused upon were: ‘uh’, ‘um’, ‘hmm’, ‘oh’, laughter and silences. The Autism Spectrum Disorder is partially defined by a lack of social awareness. The Autism Quotient (AQ) test is used for determining where any individual lies on the continuum from typical development (TD) to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This study used the AQ as a measure of meta-cognitive awareness. TD students at the University of Edinburgh (N=50) undertook both a written AQ test and a verbal general knowledge test. Disfluency use during the general knowledge test was analyzed and compared to: utterance length, question answer confidence ratings, gender and AQ scores. All modeled disfluencies were found to increase with utterance length, which has been related to cognitive load (Oviatt, 1995; Shriberg, 1996). The use of ‘um’, laughter, and silence increased during moments of uncertainty, as shown by the individual confidence ratings. However, this does not distinguish whether participants were intentionally communicating uncertainty or whether it was accidental. Conversely, the...
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