...Number: Observing Bacteria and Blood, Assignment #1 Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to learn how to use a compound microscope and an oil immersion lens by observing (and preparing) prepared slides of bacteria and blood, to identify and observe various bacterial shapes and arrangements in a yogurt culture and to identify and observe red and white blood cells in a blood smear. Procedure: After reviewing the section of the manual as instructed I cleaned the ocular lenses and prepared the slides. I made required adjustments to the microscope and ocular distances for view during experiment. I practiced using six prepared slides that were in the kit to ensure I was viewing the slides accordingly. I placed a drop of oil onto the slide and rotated it until bringing it to fine focus on the microscope. I then observed the same slides in part 1 but I added the oil immersion to view the differences. The difference was in the magnification and the ability to see more of the substances in finer view. I then made my own sample of yogurt, I left it undisturbed for 24 hours and observed it under the microscope. I viewed the specimen under the microscope. I pricked my finger with the sterilized pin and placed my blood on a slide with a slip cover. I observed the specimen under the microscope. I placed the prepared slide with my blood on the microscope stage, and brought it into focus on low power. I saw a lot of tiny particles that appeared to be blood cells through the microscope...
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...assumption has been that hemolysis-induced macrophage dysfunction is responsible for the increased systemic bacterial (salmonella) load following salmonella and malaria co-infection, however no direct evidence has documented macrophages acting as the primary refuge of NTS in the context of hemolysis. (SLIDE) The hemolytic effects of Malarial infection results in the liberation of heme into the bloodstream, inducing neutrophil migration and activating the neutrophil oxidative burst by catalyzing the production of ROS.|||| Concurrently, free heme leads to the expression of HO-1 (an enzyme responsible for degrading heme to biliverdin, CO and Fe), limiting the formation of ROS and sparing the body of their cytotoxic effects. (SLIDE) Thus the production of HO-1 presents an interesting dichotomy, while ROS are critical in resistance to certain pathogens (such as Salmonella) their inherent cytotoxicity means they are targeted by cytoprotective enzymes. This raises the possibility that tolerance to one pathogen may sometimes come at the price of loss of resistance to another. (SLIDE) We hypothesized that liberation of heme by intravascular hemolysis may lead to HO-1 induction and impairment of resistance to NTS with increased bacterial replication (SLIDE) (1) In order to determine whether heme liberated by hemolysis impairs resistance to NTS infection we compared survival and bacterial loads of Salmonella typhimurium infected mice with or without preceding Py17XNL co-infection, PHZ or...
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...Bacterial Meningitis Meningitis is a bacterial infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meninges). Meningitis can be acute, with a quick onset of symptoms, it can be chronic, and lasting a month or more, or it can be mild or aseptic. Acute bacterial meningitis is the most common form of meningitis.Meningitis is a disease that can be passed from person to person (contagious). It is caused most often by viruses or bacteria that infect the tissues, meninges and sometimes the fluid (cerebral spinal fluid, or CSF) that surround the brain and spinal cord. Organisms that cause meningitis can be passed from one person to another or passed from rodents and insects to people. But exposure to an organism that causes meningitis does not mean you will get the infection. During birth, a mother can pass organisms that cause meningitis to her baby even if the mother does not have symptoms. Delivering a baby by cesarean section rather than through the birth canal does not always protect the baby from getting the infection. Both bacteria and viruses can be transmitted this way. Through stool, stool could have enteroviruses or certain types of bacteria in it. Washing hands on a regular basis can help prevent you and your children from getting infected this way. More children than adults get meningitis this way. Through coughing and sneezing. Infected people can pass certain bacteria that are normally found in saliva or mucus in their noses and throats. Through kissing...
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...(2010)," bacterial meningitis in the United States remains a medical emergency with a prospective for high morbidity and death even though the annual incidences are declining. With the increased use of conjugate vaccines, the yearly occurrence of bacterial meningitis in the United States dropped from 1.9 to 1.5 cases per 100,000 people between 1998 and 2003, with overall death rate of 15.6%". The age, immunosuppression and neurosurgical procedures add to the like hood of infection from specific pathogens. In people with community-acquired meningitis, aseptic meningitis is a lot more frequent than bacterial meningitis. At least 96% of children with cerebrospinal fluid exocytosis have aseptic meningitis. In adults, the incidence of aseptic meningitis is 7.6 cases per 1000,000 people and most common etiologies are enterovirus, HSV, and varicella-zooster virus infections (Bamberger, 2010). According to Bamberger, D. (2010), "in adults with community-acquires bacterial meningitis, 25% have recent otitis or sinusitis, 12% have pneumonia, and 16 % are immunocompromised". Fever, neck stiffness and altered mental statues are present in 99% to 100% of patients with meningitis. Of the patients that have meningococcal meningitis 63 % of them have a rash that is petechial. Pneumococcal meningitis is more likely than meningococcal meningitis to be associated with seizures, focal neurologic findings, and altered consciousness (Bamberger, 2010). The peripheral white blood cell...
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...Bacterial Dysentery Dysentery is the result of inflammation and swelling within the intestinal walls, which causes food and water to be improperly absorbed, leading to diarrhea. Bacterial dysentery is caused by bacteria infecting the intestines, leading to localized tissue damage and inflammation. In general, bacterial dysentery is not life-threatening, although serious complications can develop. Causes Bacterial dysentery is most commonly caused by the consumption of contaminated food or water, according to the Mayo Clinic. The most common types of bacteria that can cause dysentery are salmonella, E. coli, shigella and campylobacter. Bacterial dysentery is especially common among people traveling to underdeveloped nations; in these cases it is often termed "traveler's diarrhea." Contamination Sources Food can become contaminated as a result of poor hygiene during food preparation, which can in bacteria spreading from unwashed hands or utensils into the food. Food can also get contaminated by being prepared with water from an untreated well other water source. Foods containing mayonnaise or undercooked eggs or meats can also contain bacteria, especially if they are allowed to remain at room temperature for extended periods, which encourages bacteria to form. Symptoms Bacterial dysentery causes patients to develop diarrhea. Sufferers may also develop cramps and abdominal pain. Other common gastrointestinal symptoms include nausea and vomiting. Some types of bacterial...
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...most of the common manifestations of alcoholic cirrhosis. He was recently hit by a car and was hospitalized for a broken leg. He appeared to be under the influence of alcohol at the time of the accident and had a blood alcohol level of 0.18. F.C.’s family reports that his mental functioning has deteriorated significantly over the past few months. Discussion Questions 1. What are the common manifestations of alcoholic cirrhosis? Which of these are secondary to hepatocellular failure? Which are secondary to portal hypertension? Common manifestations of alcoholic cirrhosis are as follows: * Jaundice: yellow pigmentation of the skin caused by hyperbilirubinemia. This condition is secondary to hepatocellular failure because the bilirubin metabolism becomes impaired due to malfunction of liver tissue. * Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis: acute bacterial infection of ascetic fluid caused by contamination of dialysate. This condition is considered secondary to portal hypertension because the normally, the fluid passes the portal vein into the liver to be killed off, but with a fluid back up, bacterial infection grows due to the increased fluid retention within the portal vein. * Hepatic Encephalopathy: accumulation of toxic substances in blood that are not removed because with a damage liver, the liver cannot kill of toxins leading to infection or constipation. This condition is secondary to both hepatocellular failure and portal hypertension. The relation...
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...Explain the three mechanisms for transporting carbon dioxide in the blood. How is most of the CO2 in blood transported? How much do the other mechanisms account for? 2. Background: Elephantiasis is caused by a filarial nematode that infects the lymphatic vessels after an individual is bitten by an infected fly. As you clear the parasite infection, a large amount of debris is left in the lymphatics which leads to a burst of bacterial growth inundating the lymph nodes. In advanced cases complete blockage of the flow of lymph from an appendage by the bacterial overgrowth. Over time the infected patient’s limb distorts to incredible size as it accumulates interstitial fluid that does get returned to the blood. Pressure in the tissues surrounding the vessels in the limb leads to reduced blood flow and opportunistic bacterial infections of the epidermis increase.. The infections leave grey or tan rough patches of scar tissue covering the appendage that now resembles an elephant’s limb - hence the name of the disease. Your essay prompt: Where did all the fluid come from in the first place?? Explain the forces within and around a capillary that are responsible for the edema characterizing elephantiasis. You should start by explaining the role of the lymphatic system as it pertains to the osmotic balance of the blood, then define net filtration pressure and how it can be interpreted, and describe the different relationships between filtration and reabsorption along a capillary...
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...At the age of two months old my brother was diagnosed with meningitis in the year of 1978. He had a fever of 104.0 and was taken to St.Christopher’s hospital but then after a few hours was released by staff, stating there was nothing more that they could do. My mother then took him to CHOP Children’s Hospital Of Philadelphia where they immediately started running test on him. The results were in. the doctor’s had concluded that he had a rare case of meningitis, and would need to stay in the hospital for a while before they could find a cure or treatment. In the mean time the staff did everything they could to break the fever, and once it was broken they realized something. My brother wasn’t making any sounds or noises even when they called his name. The social worker came into the room, and spoke to my mother regarding our experience at St.Christopher’s hospital.She was told to speak to a lawyer at once to take legal action for the safety of her child. My mom was grateful to the staff and she thanked them for saving my brothers life. The Er nurses and doctors explained to us that he would have died if he hadn’t come to the Er the time that he did. This is a very serious condition and at this time very less about it was known. Several weeks later the fever finally dropped and stabilized but his hearing was lost. This was such a big transition for us to adjust to but, without knowing how we were going to communicate...
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...the Black Sea. Europe’s communities were devastated by the amount of suffering and death the disease brought to the people. The most common characteristic of the black plague is the black boils that appear all over the human body and then the boils bursts open with the blood oozing out black. The black blood that oozes out is why people call it the black plague. The symptoms of the disease can progress to other categories of the black plague which are: septicemia plague, pneumonic plague, and bubonic plague. The Sopticemic plague is the rarest deadliest bacterial infection caused by a bacterium called Yersinia Pertis. The plague begins to destroy the human body “when the bacterium enters the bloodstream through an open wound the person is known to be infected by plague. The bacterium multiplies in the blood and results in septicemic plague. This form of plague like the other types is capable of causing disseminated intravascular coagulation, which is a blood clotting mechanism leading to formation of small clots in the blood vessels of the body. The bacterial endotoxins released in the blood cause blood coagulation, which in turn conduces to abnormal bleeding in the skin and also disruption of normal blood flow to various vital organs”(Johnson). The Soticemic plague is a horrible disease to have and is highly...
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...A infections, such as impetigo, cellulitis, erysipelas, and scarlet fever. The allotted testing time given was a total of four laboratory periods, or two weeks total. MATERIALS AND METHODS The unknown bacterial pathogen was presented via a liquid broth suspension in a double-walled glass test tube and on two nutrient agar (NA) plates. Its appearance was creamy yellow in color with sparse growth of medium-sized colonies...
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...that they are lightly lavender in color and are multilobed (about 5 lobes) with a nucleus that is easily visible. Neutrophils are the most abundant and have cytoplasmic granules that can be visible under a microscope. Some functions of neutrophils are that they fight bacterial infections, phagocytize bacteria along with damaged tissues, and they travel out of the blood to the site of infection. They become motile and secrete lysosome’s also consist of 50-70% of leukocytes (white blood cells). Eosinophils have lightly colored cytoplasmic granules that appear to be somewhat red. They have 2 lobes (which is also called bilobed) and have a blue colored nucleus that is also easily seen under a microscope....
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...Neisseria Meningitidis Neisseria Meningitidis is a bacteria that is best known for its role in endemic bacterial meningitis (Bingen, 2008). N. Meningitidis is described as gram negative diplococci. Neisseria Meningitidis is non-motile and is transferred among people via direct contact with bodily fluids in which the bacteria has inhabited (Bingen, 2008). N. Meningitidis is classified among the prokaryotes and is a member of the kingdom bacteria because it is unicellular and small as most bacteria (Bingen, 2008). N. Meningitidis can be detected by doing a spinal tap to extract some cerebrospinal fluid from an individual’s spine (Bingen, 2008). If the spinal fluid appears to be cloudy it is most likely infected with bacterial meningitis and is cloudy because it has been placed under increased pressure (Bingen, 2008). The white blood cell count and protein concentration of the CSF will also be elevated if Neisseria Meningitidis is present (Bingen, 2008). N. Meningitidis resides in the nose and throat of humans (Bingen, 2008). It can be found in about 2-8% of humans that are carriers of the bacteria in a normal setting (Bingen, 2008). The bacteria are found in much higher percentages in areas where many people are living together (Bingen, 2008). N. Meningitidis cannot grow in temperatures below 30 degrees Celsius. These bacteria can only grow where fatty acids and trace metals are also present. The nose and throat of humans is perfect because of the warm temperatures...
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...Blood pressure cuffs: friend or foe? Walker N, Gupta R, Cheesbrough J. Source Department of Microbiology, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK. nwalker@doctors.org.uk Abstract A study to assess the level of bacterial contamination of blood pressure cuffs in use on hospital wards was performed. Viable organisms were recovered from all the 24 cuffs sampled at a density of between 1000 and >25 000 colony-forming units/100 cm2. Potential pathogens were isolated from 14 cuffs (58%). Eleven cuffs grew a single pathogen and three cuffs grew a mixture, yielding a total of 18 isolates. Meticillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from eight (33%) cuffs, meticillin-resistant S. aureus was isolated from two (8%) cuffs and Clostridium difficile was isolated from eight (33%) cuffs. This study serves as a reminder that hands are not the only fomite to go from patient to patient on hospital wards, and that measures should be taken to reduce the risks posed by blood pressure cuffs. AANA J. 1996 Apr;64(2):141-5. Nondisposable sphygmomanometer cuffs harbor frequent bacterial colonization and significant contamination by organic and inorganic matter. Base-Smith V. Source University of Cincinnati College of Nursing and Health, Ohio, USA. Abstract In the hurried milieu of operating rooms, emergency departments, and intensive care units, contaminated sphygmomanometers (blood pressure cuffs) may not be routinely sanitized or replaced with clean...
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...68-year-old male who comes into the clinic complaining of a fever with a temperature of 103 °F. He has had a cough for the last three days that is producing some thick green brown mucous. The MD feels he most likely has bacterial pneumonia. He also has a history of having rheumatoid arthritis, and being immune compromised as he is on an immunosuppressant methotrexate. He has noted that over the last year he has lost weight unintentionally and feels he is underweight. 1. Understanding epidemiologic concepts of the chain of transmission of organisms from host to victim, describe how EH could have been infected. * Pneumonia is refers to an infection in the lungs that causes swelling in the lungs tissue and this inflammation will cause fluid to collect in or around the sac of the lungs. Mostly, weakened defenses will allow bacteria to multiply in the lungs, and the most common that can cause pneumonia is Streptococcus. Pneumonia can spread when the infected person sneezes, coughs, and when inflected person touches an objective with out washing his/her hands. 2. Describe the epithelial barriers that were overcome by EH’s bacteria. 3. With each of the following risk factors, put EH at risk for getting a bacterial pneumonia. The risk factor of getting bacterial pneumonia that increase is 4. After looking at each of the risk factors, list three things that you would suggest to EH to help prevent infections in the future. KH is a 67-year-old African-American man...
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...This article is about the diagnosis, initial management, and prevention of meningitis. It discusses the different and most effective ways to diagnose meningitis, such as lumbar puncture, blood cultures, computed tomography, and electronic resonance imaging. Evaluation of the cerebrospinal fluid is the key element in diagnosing meningitis. This article also points out that it is important to start therapies as soon as possible while waiting for the scan results, blood cultures, and lumbar puncture. It is suggested to start antimicrobial therapy or concomitant dexamethasone based on the patient’s history and physical exam, and what type of meningitis is suspected. It is extremely important to determine whether the meningitis is bacterial or aseptic, because bacterial meningitis is life threatening. The mortality rate in adults with bacterial meningitis in developed countries is 21 percent, and in children it is 3 percent. (Bamberger, 2010) In this article we are given a rundown of the common symptoms of bacterial meningitis such as fever, neck stiffness, nausea, headache, altered mental status, seizure, and papilledema. It also states that there are conjugate vaccines available to help with prevention of bacterial meningitis. These include meningococcal, pneumococcal, and H. influenzae vaccines. This article was educational for me because it gives you information that is important to know about meningitis that most people may not know. I now know what signs to look for in my children...
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