...Contributions to the Discovery of DNA |Contributor(s) |Contribution | | |Demonstrated and quantified inheritance of traits between generations. 1857, Austria | |Gregor Mendel | | | |Discovered transformation. 1928, bacteriologist trying to develop a vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Two | |Frederick Griffith |strains, smooth edge (with polysaccharide capsule) and rough (without). S bacteria killed mice, R did not. Dead S | | |bacteria did not. Heat killed S. with the capsule did not. R bacteria mixed with heat-killed S bacteria killed mice. | |Vaccine |Material produced from weakened or killed microorganisms to stimulate an immune response and thereby protect the body | | |against infection. | |Transformation |A change in phenotype when bacterial; cells take up foreign genetic material. | | ...
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...great scientist that many students of science learn of, born in 1877 Walter began by studying grasshopper chromosomes and in 1902 Sutton made a discovery and deduced that chromosomes were the base of heredity. His paper drew the connection between Mendel’s laws of heredity and chromosomes. While conducting his research Walter would have been limited by technology and ideas of the time for example during this time period religion was very powerful and manipulated and shamed many discoveries during this time period that disagreed with their beliefs in this case it meant that a person was not created by god but by DNA. Another limitation that Walter had while researching was the technology available at the time the high tech microscopes needed to assist his research were unavailable. Another great scientist is Thomas Hunt Morgan. American geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan, (1866-1916) is credited with confirming the relationship between chromosomes and heredity in 1910. As well as the discovery of a pair of chromosomes called the sex chromosomes that determine the sex of offspring, Morgan’s fruit fly breeding experiment showed that the information carried is in the form of genes. He was the first geneticist to associate a specific gene with a specific chromosome. Morgan’s research team carried out experiments with white-eyed male fruit flies and red-eyed females flies. After a multitude of mating’s Morgan’s team concluded that white eyes were a characteristic that the male chromosome possessed...
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...Microbiology Mid Term Review What contribution did these dudes make to science and what type of experiments were involved in the discoveries they made? Louis Pasteur- Heat pasteurization- 1st vaccine for rabies. Found alcohol only produced in wine if yeast was present. “Swan necked” flasks experiment for spontaneous generation. Robert Koch- Studied anthrax, Koch’s postulates (germ theory) studied and awarded for TB research. Anton van Leewenhoek- Made the 1st lens to observe living microorganisms. The lens magnified up to 300x and were free of distortion. Edward Jenner- Studied small pox. Came up with the first vaccine for smallpox. Alexander Fleming- Discovered lysozyme (an enzyme) was found in tears, saliva, and sweat could kill bacteria. What issues and types of instruments are involved in visualizing bacteria and viruses with a compound light microscope? Reflection- transmission-absorption with florescence-refraction. Condenser-is a lens that serves to concentrate light from the illumination source that is in turn focused through the object and magnified by the objective lens. iris diaphragm-regulates the amount of light on the specimen. objective lenses- magnifies ranges from 10x to 40x, ocular lenses. stage- supports the slide for viewing. focusing knobs-moves the stage up and down for focusing. total magnification- take the power of the objective (4X, 10X, 40x) and multiply by the power of the eyepiece, usually 10X. What are the differences...
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...specifically devoted to the science and technology of SPM. AFM and SFM have been also newsworthy items in Science and Nature in the past year [14••,15•–17•,18••,19]. An introduction to AFM is covered well in a recent issue of Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, which describes and illustrates the design and mode of operation of AFM [4••]. The AFM images sample surfaces by raster-scanning a sharp tip back and forth over the surface. The tip is on a cantilever that responds to height changes on the sample surface in a way that generates a topographical map of the surface. We build on this excellent introduction by presenting some of the many advances in SPM that have occurred since that review was written. (The accompanying images are from AFM research in the authors’ lab). Atomic force microscopy imaging Proteins Entropic brush...
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...and Discussion can also be combined as one section) [A short section on General Conclusion(s) can also be included] References Appendices (if there is any) Pagination All sections before the Introduction (except the Title Page) should be numbered in Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, iv, etc.) at the bottom centre of the page. All other pages should be numbered with Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) Appendices will not be paginated. Length of Thesis The maximum length of the thesis text is 15,000 words. A length of 100 pages from the Introduction to References is recommended. Please do not ‘pad’ your thesis and reach this suggestion. This is detrimental! Typing The entire thesis must be typed on white A4 paper with double spacing, using Times New Roman font and font size of 12 points and with 3.5 cm left margin, and 2.5 cm margins on all other sides. The contents in the References section of thesis may be typed with single spacing. Submission Date & Format Two hardcopies of the thesis (ring-bound; both single-sided and double-sided printings are acceptable) as well as a softcopy (in PDF format)...
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...NINTH EDITION Burton’s MICROBIOLOGY FOR THE HEALTH SCIENCES Paul G. Engelkirk, PhD, MT(ASCP), SM(AAM) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Janet Duben-Engelkirk, EdD, MT(ASCP) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biotechnology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Acquisitions Editor: David B. Troy Product Manager: John Larkin Managing Editor: Laura S. Horowitz, Hearthside Publishing Services Marketing Manager: Allison Powell Designer: Steve Druding Compositor: Maryland Composition/Absolute Service Inc. Ninth Edition Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 1996 Lippincott-Raven, © 1992, 1988, 1983, 1979 JB Lippincott Co. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in the People’s Republic of China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees...
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...Chemtrails There is something in the skies above us that cannot be easily explained. We see it almost every day, yet we take it for granted. Vast patterns of cloud like contrails cover every major metropolitan area in the world on a daily basis. They are referred to as ‘chemtrails’ and they stretch from horizon to horizon in either direction. Sometimes the patterns resemble a tic-tac-toe like grid and at other times form huge X shaped patterns. After being sprayed, the chemtrails slowly merge together to form a huge blanket of cloud cover. The particles that make up these artificial clouds can take as long as a day to fall to the ground. When they fall they resemble soap bubbles or an ashy snow like substance and when they settle they leave a sticky residue on everything they touch. We don’t know for certain what these chemtrails are comprised of or why they are being sprayed above us on a routine basis. Theories range from an attempt to stop global warming to government attempts to poison us for population control, but one thing we know for sure is that they do exist. Most people discover the reality of chemtrails by initially reading about it on the Internet and then going outside and looking up into the sky. They are shocked to realize that what they had been reading about and seeing in countless photographs is also taking place right over their heads. What some people had dismissed as mere "jet plane exhaust" are dismayed to realize that chemtrails are indeed the...
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...* DNA technology – Methods for studying and manipulating genetic material, has rapidly revolutionized the field of forensics, the scientific analysis of evidence for legal investigators * Has practical applications beyond its use in forensic science * Include the use of gene cloning in the production of medical and industrial products, the development of genetically modified organisms for agriculture, and even the investigation of genealogical questions * DNA evidence was used to solve a double murder in England * Showed that two murders could have been committed by the same person * Showed the innocence of someone who confessed to one of the murders * Showed the absence of a match in 5,000 men tested when the murderer persuaded another man to donate blood in his name * Showed a match with the murder and DNA found with both victims * Biotechnology: The manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products * Grew out of discoveries made about 60 years ago by American geneticists Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum * Performed a series of experiments with E.coli that demonstrated that two individual bacteria can combine genes * Genetic engineering involves manipulating genes for practical purposes * Gene cloning leads to the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA * Recombinant DNA is formed by joining DNA sequences from two different sources ...
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...FunTaskSticks: Aligning the games with course outcomes of Physics and Biology for Pre-science students Irma Ahmad1, Suhaiza Hasan2, Nur Azimah Osman3 1UiTM Negeri Sembilan (Malaysia) 2UiTM Negeri Sembilan (Malaysia) 3UiTM Negeri Sembilan (Malaysia) irma@ns.uitm.edu.my, suhaiza@ns.uitm.edu.my, azimah@ns.uitm.edu.my Abstract The demand for increasing the number of students to pass the pre-diploma programmes has boost up the need for active and motivating learning tools. To rouse the number of passing grades, various programs and series of lectures were conducted for pre-science students at UiTM Negeri Sembilan. However, none of the activities is in form of games. FunTaskSticks is a game that has been modified from the original Pick-Up Sticks and repurposed into instructional lesson as part of learning exercises to support students learning activities in informal educational settings. Therefore, in this study it attempts to investigate how FunTaskSticks could engage the learning process of Physics and Biology and assist them to improve their fundamental grammar of English language by using the terms and terminologies that they have learned in classes and from the game. There were 24 pre-diploma students who participated in this study. The finding revealed that FunTaskSticks is not only educating the students cognitively, but also affectively. Students learn to acknowledge, criticized and praise each other which has increased their motivation level and also their...
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...al., 2001). Later dynamic inoculation systems have concentrated on the B-cell epitopes of the Aβ protein situated at the N-end of the protein while dodging the T-cell epitopes situated at the C-end of the protein. These incorporate Affitope; which is made out of a manufactured six amino corrosive arrangement copy of the Nterminus of the Aβ peptide involving the B-cell epitope without the C-end T-cell epitope (Schneeberger et al., 2009). Affitope is as of now in stage II trials. Outskirts in Aging Neuroscience www.frontiersin.org June 2014 | Volume 6 | Article 114 | 2 Spencer and Masliah Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's infection CAD-106 is involved various duplicates of amino acids Aβ1-6 communicated from the infection Qβ. Utilizing the bacteriophage Qβ gives a framework to introduction of various duplicates of the Aβ1-6 epitope to a solitary cell to guarantee greatest enactment of resistant cell reaction, a need when endeavoring to conquer selftolerance. Inoculation in mouse models of AD indicated lessened CNS Aβ stack (Wiessner et al., 2011). Clinical trials indicate great wellbeing information dosage decency with immune response generation (Lemere and Masliah, 2010; Winblad et al., 2012). Vanutide cridificar is made out of various duplicates of Aβ1-7 intertwined to an inactivated diphtheria poison. Clinical trials demonstrate great wellbeing and averageness with counter acting agent titer creation, and trials are at present in stage II (NIH, 2014a). Detached IMMUNIZATION While...
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...Index SR. NO. | TOPICS | 1 | Acknowledgement | 2 | Introduction OF Water Pollution | 3 | Types of Water Pollution | 4 | Water Pollution Effects | 5 | Ganga River pollution in India | 6 | Extent of problem in West Bengal | 7 | CONSEQUENCES IN KOLKATA AS A RESULT OF WATER POLLUTION | 8 | Water Pollution Solutions | 9 | Water Pollution Preventions | 10 | “Ganga Action Plan” (GAP) | 11 | Conclusion | Introduction Water Pollution India is a land with many beautiful rivers and countryside. In India many of the rivers are considered to be holy, but water pollution in India has caused many of the rivers to be too polluted for use. Water pollution is a very serious problem in India which is the second most populous nation in the world. It is estimated that over 70% of all of India’s surface water is polluted in some way and many of the groundwater reserves have also been contaminated as a result of biological and industrial pollutants. As more and mre water becomes polluted the water pollution in India gets more and more severe. Many rivers have been deemed to be unsafe for human consumption which leads to water scarcity. Water pollution in India also makes irrigating crops difficult. If the water supply is too polluted to drink it should not be used for watering crops. With limited sources of water and pollution increasing every day India is facing a serious water crisis. Water pollution is becoming a huge problem which is faced by all of the human...
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...Growth Commitment Results 20 13 Impact Partners DATA B OO K DuPont Investor Relations Contents 1 2 DuPont Overview Corporate Financial Data Consolidated Income Statements Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Selected Additional Data 6 DuPont Science & Technology 8 Business Segments Agriculture Electronics & Communications Industrial Biosciences Nutrition & Health Performance Materials Safety & Protection Performance Chemicals 22 Corporate Financial Data Segment Information Selected Additional Data Inside Back Cover Board of Directors and DuPont Leadership Individual Shareholder Relations: (302) 774-3033 Main Office Number: (302) 774-4994 Internet: www.dupont.com The DuPont DATA BOOK has been prepared to assist financial analysts, portfolio managers and others in understanding and evaluating the company. This book presents graphics, tabular and other statistical data about the consolidated company and its business segments. Forward-Looking Statements This DATA BOOK contains forward-looking statements which may be identified by their use of words like “plans,” “expects,” “will,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “intends,” “estimates” or other words of similar meaning. Although they reflect our current expectations, these statements are not guarantees of future performance, but involve a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. Some of which include: fluctuations in energy and raw material prices; failure to develop and market new products...
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...THE EFFECTIVENESS BANANA (MUSA X PARADISIACA) PEELS USED AS FERTILIZER APPLIED IN DIFFERENT KINDS OF PLANTS SAMPLES RESEARCHER: BERLENE GAIL H. LAMA CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the study A banana peel, known as a banana skin in British English, is the outer covering of the banana fruit. As bananas, whether eaten raw or cooked, are a popular fruit consumed worldwide, with yearly production over 145 million tonnes in 2011, there is a significant amount of banana peel waste being generated as well. Banana peels are used as feedstock as they have some nutritional value. Banana peels are widely used for that purpose on small farms in regions where bananas are grown. There are some concerns over the impact of tannins contained in the peels on animals that consume them.[3][4] Banana peels are used as feedstock for cattle, goats, pigs, poultry, rabbits, fish and several other species. The specific nutrition contained in peel depends on the stage of maturity and the cultivar; for example plantain peels contain less fibre than dessert banana peels, and lignin content increases with ripening (from 7 to 15% dry matter). On average, banana peels contain 6-9% dry matter of protein and 20-30% fibre (measured as NDF). Green plantain peels contain 40% starch that is transformed into sugars after ripening. Green banana peels contain much less starch (about 15%) when green while ripe banana peels contain up to 30% free sugars. Banana peels are also used for water purification...
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...registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners and are hereby acknowledged. Do not make illegal, unauthorized copies of the PhraseBook. The PhraseBook and digital version are protected by copyright law and international treaties. The publisher and authors have striven to ensure the accuracy and correctness of the PhraseBook; however, they can accept no responsibility for any loss or inconvenience as a consequence of use, information or advice contained in the PhraseBook. PhraseBook versions ISBN 978-1-903384-02-2 paperback ISBN 978-1-903384-01-5 digital version (download) ISBN 978-1-903384-00-8 digital multiple user version (CD-ROM) for research groups, departments and universities For PhraseBooks and English books for education, visit EnglishforResearch.com ▪ EnglishforStudents.com ▪ EnglishforSchool.com End User Licence Agreement End User Licence Agreement 1. You must accept the...
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...Biology guide First assessment 2016 Biology guide First assessment 2016 Diploma Programme Biology guide Published February 2014 Published on behalf of the International Baccalaureate Organization, a not-for-profit educational foundation of 15 Route des Morillons, 1218 Le Grand-Saconnex, Geneva, Switzerland by the International Baccalaureate Organization (UK) Ltd Peterson House, Malthouse Avenue, Cardiff Gate Cardiff, Wales CF23 8GL United Kingdom Website: www.ibo.org © International Baccalaureate Organization 2014 The International Baccalaureate Organization (known as the IB) offers four high-quality and challenging educational programmes for a worldwide community of schools, aiming to create a better, more peaceful world. This publication is one of a range of materials produced to support these programmes. The IB may use a variety of sources in its work and checks information to verify accuracy and authenticity, particularly when using community-based knowledge sources such as Wikipedia. The IB respects the principles of intellectual property and makes strenuous efforts to identify and obtain permission before publication from rights holders of all copyright material used. The IB is grateful for permissions received for material used in this publication and will be pleased to correct any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted...
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