...for the better in the fight against crime, freedom and justice for everyone. The justice and security have evolved two keep up with the changes in technology, and new laws that are passed every year. The laws allow new forms of promoting justice throughout the country as crime increases and changes. Justice and security are working together to solve cyber-crimes, enforcing laws of the land, and to fighting terrorist. Balancing the justice and security is an important perception in criminal justice. It provides a guide to the administration in decision on the operation of justice and security to make sure that all laws that are enact is balanced for the benefit of everyone in the nation. By during so it helps to sustain justice for all those involved and to ensure that laws shares powers and resources evenly by everyone in the county. Justice gives everyone equal protection under the law and punished those who violates the laws that have been enacted. Punishment will be determined by the type of crime a person has committed against the humanity. The laws make it easy to eliminate some crimes and ensure security to all. The Constitution does protect the right of the accused to guarantee that the offender rights are protected and not violated by all new and old laws that have been enacted. Punishment of the offender in the justice system and offering security the innocent help balance the administration of justice and security. The issues involving citizen Constitution rights and...
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...territory from the horror of September 11, 2011 (Peak, 2010). The domestic terrorism has been difficult for the U.S. to adjust because the security and liberty should manage an image of balance. Balancing the liberties against the security the real diminution in liberty may affect some people more than others (Meisels, 2003). The wake of 9-11 between security and liberty that advocates would “striking a new balance” between liberty and security post to 9-11 (Wulf, 2003). Criminal justice agencies made some changes to improve the security within the U.S. The USA Patriot Act was enacted after 9-11 attack. The USA Patriot act gave the government an opportunity to investigate Americans without establishing probable cause for “intelligence purpose,” and to conduct searches with reasonable believe if the national security is threaten (Peak, 2010). The U.S financial made a big impact on the after math of 9-11. Financial Impact September 11, 2001 had affected the finances in the U.S. in different aspect of American people. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) took a plunged and when 9-11 occurred, the NASDQ and NYSE were close until September 17, 2011 (Davis, 2011). Terrorist threats and attack do affect the travel, tourism, and hospitality it took a major beaten, because the federal governments were concern about the American people security and safety. Insurance firms had to pay out over millions of dollars to families and eventually some insurance companies discontinue...
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...expect to be treated justly by the criminal justice system. While laws have been amended and created over the years, lawmakers have neglected to create a substantial amount of laws that take diversity into account. In the instance of selling drugs, certain drugs such as crack, a drug used primarily by African Americans, result in longer prison sentences and higher penalties. On the other hand, cocaine, a drug used primarily by Whites, ensues fewer penalties. Our laws must take ethnic differences into account because not all crimes result in the same course of punishment. In this paper, I will discuss the impact of culture on the criminal justice system and describe contemporary methods used by the police department and security firms while working with diverse populations. Furthermore, I will detail nondiscriminatory practices within the criminal justice system and outline Sir Robert Peel’s nine principles in relation to police departments. Race and ethnicity are important factors to incorporate into laws. Many of the current laws are outdated in the sense that they do not take cultural differences into account. Current US populations have a different racial and ethnic make-up than when most laws and the Constitution were created. Present day America has numerous immigrants, legal or otherwise, who must live and abide by outdated, and at times, unfair laws. Immigrants, on a whole, are fearful of being a part of the criminal justice system, whether as a witness, perpetrator...
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...Constitution that followed natural law. They also wanted the separation of branches of government with checks and balances to ensure no one branch gets too much power, which is still in use to this present day. There are three branches of government that come together to make up a bill and keep it in place. There is the legislative branch, executive branch, and judicial branch. The legislative branch is there to make the laws. The executive branch carries these laws out and finally the judicial branch evaluates all these laws. The founding fathers put these three branches in place having in mind that they wanted all three to have equal power and an equal amount of work. These three branches consist of many checks and balances to share the power; it’s all about compromising. Each branch checks the power of the other branches to make sure power is balanced between each of them. The legislative branch introduces and votes on a bill, and then the bill goes to the executive branch where the president decides whether or not to veto the bill. Finally, once a bill is passed people can test it through the court system and this is where the judicial branch takes places. The legislative and executive checks and makes sure that the judicial branch is enforcing the law that was put into place is being enforced. Each branch works together, checks on each other, balances work, and work together on making and maintaining the law (Edwards). The judicial system was set up to look over...
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...new nation. In order to “form a more perfect union” the forefathers of the United States of America generated a balance in the interior of the government. The division of the government into three branches would therefore establish a series of checks and balances that set into action the proposition that all men and the government are created equal. Three Branches There are three types of branches of government that the American people deal with: executive, legislative, and judicial. The first branch of government is the executive government. According to The White House website (n.d.), “The power of the Executive Branch is vested in the President of the United States, who also acts as head of state and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The President is responsible for implementing and enforcing the laws written by Congress and, to that end, appoints the heads of the federal agencies, including the Cabinet. The Vice President is also part of the Executive Branch, ready to assume the Presidency should the need arise. The Cabinet and independent federal agencies are responsible for the day-to-day enforcement and administration of federal laws. These departments and agencies have missions and responsibilities as widely divergent as those of the Department of Defense, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Social Security Administration and the Securities and Exchange Commission. Including members of...
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...psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at: enquiries@supremecourt.gsi.gov.uk You can download this publication from www.supremecourt.gov.uk ISBN: 9780102983234 Printed in the UK by The Stationery Office Limited on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office ID 2557463 05/13 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum. The Supreme Court Annual Report and Accounts 2012–2013 4 Contents one FOREWORD AND INTRODUCTION SETTING DIRECTION: OUR OBJECTIVES AND OPERATING CONTEXT two THE SUPREME COURT JUSTICES three SERVING THE UK AND BEYOND: JURISDICTION AND CASEWORK (A) UKSC (B) JCPC 15 (A) UKSC Overview of jurisdictions Rules and Practice Directions 19 19 19 four INCREASING ACCESSIBILITY: COMMUNICATIONS AND EXTERNAL RELATIONS A warm welcome to visitors Educating and inspiring Explaining our role Working with media A user-focused online presence...
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...General of all the British territories in India and the reforms of 1774 and 1780 were passed. The Company was dissatisfied with the plan of 1780 because it had separated the revenue and judicial functions, thus proving to be costly. Accordingly, the Directors advocated a merger of the two functions on the grounds of simplicity, efficiency and economy. Lord Cornwallis assumed the role of Governor-General of the Company in 1786 and continued till 1793. He was directed to take up three specific matters, one of them being reforms of the judicial system. The other tasks were resolving the problem of land revenue and improvement in the administrative machinery. During his tenure, he made significant and far-reaching reforms in the judicial administration, some of which constitute the foundation of the present legal system. The reforms were primarily made in three stages: first in 1787, then in 1790 and, finally in 1793. Judicial Plan of 1787 The main feature of this plan, as previously stated, was that the revenue, judicial and magisterial functions would vest in one person, the Collector who was incharge of each district. Firstly, Lord Cornwallis reduced the number of districts from 36 to 23. Only the East India Company’s English servant could be appointed to the said post. The Collector was responsible for the collection of land revenue and to...
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...The Mathews vs. Eldridge Case: A Review of the Significance of Due Process. In my opinion of the case Mathews vs. Eldridge was a valid claim in such that Mr. Eldridge wanted to be heard and felt as if his social security benefits had been unjustly terminated. In review of the case it is found that the Mathews vs. Eldridge case established a new precedence in deciding if due process is appropriated. The result of the case was that there should be a balance between “the interests affected and the administrative burden.” (www.invisipress.com). Mr. George Eldridge had been a Social Security beneficiary from June of 1968 up until July of 1972. His original Social Security disability benefits were noted as being because of back strain and chronic anxiety, later Mr. Eldridge contended in a written reply to the administration, after being told his benefits were to become terminated, that he had spinal arthritis and that there was enough formal documentation to determine disability benefits presented at earlier dates. The agency proceeded to terminate his benefits and informed him that he had the right to file a rebuttal within six months to be heard for reconsideration. Mr Eldridge did not do so; though Mr. Eldridge had been offered a post-termination procedure in which an oral evidentiary hearing was to be included, he instead chose to bring suit and argued that Fifth Amendment Rights had been violated. The suit claimed that Mr. Eldridge’s benefits had been terminated in violation...
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...Chapter 24: The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929-1939 I. Causes of the Depression A. The Stock Market Crash · There was extreme prosperity in the 1920’s. · Prices were steadily rising and the stock market was values at $27 billion. · Some 9 million Americans were playing the stock market, borrowing most of what the stock was worth. · Margin buying - the use of credit, in which stockbrokers lent speculators up to 75% of the stock’s actual cost. · Black Thursday - October 24, 1929 - there was an unexpected volume of selling on Wall Street, and stock prices plunged. · Black Tuesday - October 29, 1929 - the bottom fell out as millions of investors ordered their brokers to sell, when there were no buyers to be found. · From then on the stock market continued to decline. B. Uneven Distribution of Income · Wages were barely rising compared to the rise in production and corporate profits. · The top 5% richest people received a third of the income. C. Excessive Use of Credit · Brought on by the increased desire for material things. D. Overproduction of Consumer Goods E. Weak Farm Economy · Farmers suffered from high debts and low cost for their products. · Severe weather and long drought. F. Government Policies · Government had high faith in businesses and did little to control them. · High tariffs protected U.S. industries, but severely hurt farmers. G. Global Economic Problems · Resulting in high debts from...
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...Kate Martin director of Center for National Security Studies in Washington D.C. conveys a disturbing speech to the Conference on Terrorism, Law, and Democracy regarding serious threat to civil liberty. This speech addresses the offense of the adoption to preventative detention resulting in the secret imprisonment of Arabs and Muslims where there has been no evidence following that they are terrorists. Martin argues that such arrests are unethical in a democratic society. If the government were to implement targeted investigations that focused on actual terrorists activity, but respected the political and religious activity of citizens and non- citizens, it would result in a much more effective approach versus hundreds of secret arrests. Martin begins her speech by pointing out an observation she has made after the post 9/11 attacks. She notes that since September 11 there has been an enormous shift in the eyes of Washington D.C. It has now been made possible that nuclear devices could be set off in any American city bringing up the question and difficult responses of not knowing how to take action. If this event did occur the Bill of Rights could possibly be suspended. The argument could then be made that suspending the Bill of Rights would be an inappropriate and ineffective response to the event. There is now a huge responsibility on the United States government to prevent the terrorists attacks. Unfortunately, the United States is in a predicament...
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...Leilani Stertz Jane Zunkel Writing 121 29 April 2013 Justice The word justice evokes passion in the people who speak it but what is Justice and where did it come from? Justice is a noun and the word has origins in Middle English, from the Anglo-French word justise, further in Latin justitia, from justus. The current definition according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary is: 1(a) The maintenance or administration of what is just especially by the impartial adjustment of conflicting claims or the assignment of merited rewards or punishment. (b) Judge (c) the administration of law; especially the establishment or determination of rights according to the rules of Law or equity. 2 (a) the quality of being just, impartial, or fair (b) 1. The principal or ideal of just dealing or right action. 2. Conformity to this principal or ideal: righteousness. (c) The quality of conforming to law. 3. Conformity to truth, fact, or reason: correctness. Justice can only be satisfied through law, legislation, and impartial judgment. Without justice a society cannot survive. In modern society the very system who decides how to serve justice is the only system not ruled by it. (Merriam-Webster ) In 1215, a document giving birth to the English legal system, which grants rights to 'freemen' or non-serfs, was enacted. The Magna Carta limited the power of King John and provided legal securities only allowing prosecution through the 'Law of the land'. "No free man shall be seized or imprisoned, or...
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...an additional sum was deducted for the prisoner's share of tools. The prisoner was also required to pay the costs of the trial, as well as a fine to the State. If there was a balance against the prisoner at the time of expiration of sentence, the person was retained until it was liquidated.”(Takagi, n.d) Incarceration in the United States is one of the main forms of punishment for the commission of many offenses. The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world and the highest prison population in the world. When researching the American Correctional System there is a lot of information to cover, such as the types of offenders in the system and the different levels of security. How do the United States correctional system compare to Canada’s correctional system? In the American correctional system there are varying levels of security ranging from minimum security to high security prisons. “Prisons are operated on the basis of care, custody, and control. Prisoners are classified by security level or type of crime as well as by custody level and privileges earned by good behavior, but prisons are only classified by security level. A maximum security prison tends to put the cellblocks near the center of the facility, and the movements of inmates are severely restricted. 3 Medium security...
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...When Affirmative Action Was White describes the period from the depression to the aftermath of the second world war, Roosevelt's and Truman's administrations, focussing on federal policies and programmes in four areas affecting living standards and life chances: 1) relief, welfare, Social Security (state pensions); 2) "rules for work", minimum wages, union membership and benefits; 3) mobilisation and military service; 4) the G.I. Bill (benefits for veterans). Katznelson argues that these national government interventions - essential to deal with global depression, world war and peacetime readjustment - produced a virtual social transformation, a middle-class welfare state, in which white and black Americans participated and benefited. However, southern Democrats in Congress held the balance...
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...over FRE 503 at the discretion of the Court. 1. FRE 503(a)(1) only makes “broad propositions that a governmental body may be a client for purposes of the attorney-client privilege” (In Re Duces Tecum, 8th circuit, 916). a. “We are instructed by Rule 501 to interpret the attorney-client privilege via common law ‘in light of reason and experience’ and not solely in light of the rule promulgated by the Supreme Ct. in 1972” (Id). ii. Necessity of Granting Potentially Relevant Info to Fed. Grand Jury as a matter of Constitution and Criminal Justice. 2. It is up to the federal grand jury to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to justify a formal accusation against a person for a crime (US Constitution, 5th amendment). 3. The rule of law should reign supreme and should be considered natural that every step be taken to ensure that justice be served promptly. b. “Supreme Ct. recognizes that the principle that the public is entitled to ‘every man’s evidence’ is particularly applicable to grand jury proceedings” (In Re Duces Tecum, 8th Circuit, 918,919). 4. Not even the chief executive can simply state an absolute privilege without giving valid reasons for the privilege. c. “A President’s acknowledged need for confidentiality in the communications of his office...
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