...The Basel II was proposed in 1999 as a more comprehensive capital adequacy accord, formally known as A Revised Framework on International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards, and informally as “Basel II”. Each Pillar of Basil I was expanded to cover new approaches. A. Pillar I Known as Minimum Capital Requirements, Basel II creates a more sensitive measurement of a bank’s risk-weighted assets. It broadens the scope of regulation to include assets of the holding company of an internationally active bank to avoid the risk that a bank will “hide” risk-taking by transferring its assets to other subsidiaries. Basel II proposes three mutually exclusive methods. The first method, known as the Basic Indicator Approach, recommends that banks hold capital equal to fifteen percent of the average gross income earned by a bank in the past three years. Regulators are allowed to adjust the 15% number according to their risk assessment of each bank. The second method, known as the Standardized Approach, divides a bank by its business lines to determine the amount of cash it must have on hand to protect itself against operational risk. Each line is weighted by its relative size within the company to create the percentage of assets the bank must hold. The third method, the Advanced Measurement Approach is much more demanding for regulators and banks alike: it allows banks to develop their own reserve calculations for operational risks. Regulators, of course, must approve...
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...Minimum Capital Provisioning for Credit Risk – a Comparative Study of Basel I and Basel II Contact: Pradnya Desai Manager– Rating Analyst +62 21 576 1516 desai.pradnya@icraindonesia.com Drafted in 1988 and 2004 respectively, Basel I and II have, through quantitative and technical benchmarks, helped develop a level playing field in the banking The “Basel Committee on Banking Supervision” (BCBS) is comprised of the central banks and regulatory authorities of mainly the G20 countries (including Indonesia) and other leading nations. The committee issues broad guidelines and standards to ensure best practices in the banking supervision and risk management. (Source: www.bis.org) supervision, regulation and capital adequacy standards across the signatory nations. As of today, more than 100 countries have implemented Basel I and around 112 countries are implementing Basel II (Source: Wikipedia, Basel committee on banking supervision survey, 2010). Basel II generated more interest on account of the multitude of financial crises that the world economy faced during the 1990s and early 2000s. Further, its implementation gained momentum among the emerging economies after the 2008 crisis. While many countries have already commenced Basel III (drafted in 2010) implementation, Indonesia is yet to finalise the norms on the subject. Basel III while relevant at a future date will not be implemented in the near future and hence this article has confined itself to Basel II. This article limits itself...
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...Research Title Basel II Capital Accord and implementation implications in Albania Prepared: Elda Lila Mentor : Professor William Handorf, Ph.D., July 2007 Abstract: Basel II Capital Accord and implementation implications in Albania 2 Abstract: Basel II Capital Accord and implementation implications in Albania 2 I. What is New Basel Capital Accord and its Evolution 4 II. Adoption of Basel II 5 BCBS Countries 5 In Other Countries 6 Banking Supervision Improvement Priorities 6 III. History of Banking Supervision in Albania (Banking System in Albania and Supervisory Process. 7 IV. Three Pillars of Basel II and the implications related to the implementation in Albania: 10 1.Pillar 1 – Capital Defined 11 1.1 Pillar 1 – Credit Risk 11 1.2 Pillar 1 – Market Risk 15 1.3 Pillar 1 – Operational Risk 16 2. Pillar 2 – The Supervisory Review Process 16 3. Pillar 3 – Market Disclosure 18 V. Reference List 21 Abstract: Basel II Capital Accord and implementation implications in Albania I. The first part is concentrated in what is new Basel Capital Accord and its Evolution. Supervisors have long sought to ensure that banks maintain adequate capital to cover all risks. In 1988, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision agreed the 'International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards', more commonly known as the Basel Capital Accord which in most countries is fully implemented...
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...WHAT IS BASEL II? Basel ii is a framework, and the standards it contains have been endorsed by the Central Bank Governors and Heads of Banking Supervision of the Group of Ten countries. It presents the outcome of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s work over recent years to secure international convergence on revisions to supervisory regulations governing the capital adequacy of internationally active banks. Following the publication of the Committee’s first round of proposals for revising the capital adequacy framework in June 1999, an extensive consultative process was set in train in all member countries and the proposals were also circulated to supervisory authorities worldwide. The Committee subsequently released additional proposals for consultation in January 2001 and April 2003 and furthermore conducted three quantitative impact studies related to its proposals. As a result of these efforts, many valuable improvements have been made to the original proposals. The present paper is now a statement of the Committee agreed by all its members. It sets out the details of the agreed Framework for measuring capital adequacy and the minimum standard to be achieved which the national supervisory authorities represented on the Committee will propose for adoption in their respective countries. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision is a committee of banking supervisory authorities that was established by the central bank governors of the Group of Ten countries in...
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...THE BASEL CAPITAL ACCORDS BY JOE LARSON APRIL 2011 I. Introduction Banks are a vital part of a nation’s economy. In their traditional role as financial intermediaries, banks serve to meet the demand of those who need funding. As such, banks make it possible for people to buy homes and for businesses to expand. Banks therefore facilitate spending and investment, which fuel growth in the economy. However, despite their important role in the economy, banks are nevertheless susceptible to failure. Banks, like any other business, can go bankrupt. However, unlike most other businesses, the failure of banks, especially very large ones, can have far-reaching implications. As we saw during the Great Depression and, most recently, during the global financial crisis and the ensuing recession, the health of the bank system (or lack thereof) can trigger economic calamities affecting millions of people. Consequently, it is imperative that banks operate in a safe and sound manner to avoid failure. One way to ensure this is for governments to provide diligent regulation of banks. Yet, with the advent of globalization, banking activities are no longer confined to the borders of any individual country. With cross-border banking activities rapidly increasing, the need for international cooperation in bank regulation has likewise increased. Ready to meet this need is the Basel Committee on Bank Supervision (BCBS). In its role as the international advisory authority on bank regulation, the BCBS...
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...Is Basel III a better support to Islamic banks than Basel II? International Interdisciplinary Conference On Changes, Challenges and Consequences In Commerce, Engineering, Technology and Social Science. Institute of Business Management and Research, Chakan & Choice Institute of Management Studies and Research, pune, 15th March, 2014. Dr. Atmaram palnitkar Research Guide& Principal of Dayanand College OF Commerce, Latur. palnitkarav@rediffmail.com&9423347478 Abdul-Jabbar Qasem Ali Al-badaani Research Scholar of Com and Magt Sci, SRTM University, Nanded. Amaf3600@gmail.com&7709670130 ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT Banking activities involve many risks calculated and otherwise. Banks have to take appropriate measures and require management of their capital and credit and implementation procedures in keeping with the best international practices, to mitigate potential losses and avoid projected pitfalls. In view of the recent financial crisis, due to wrong management or improper implementation as well as the collapse of large economies has had a cascading effect all round the world in the form of collapses of famous institutions and banks, and thus arose a decision to have a better financial control in the form of Basel I to be later followed by Basel II and Basel III. Thus a new culture in financial controls and risk management has arisen to safeguard the banking...
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...Counter Party Credit Rating Under Basel II-A Challenge for Finance Managers 1 WELCOME Counter Party Credit Rating Under Basel IIA Challenge for Finance Managers 2 Discussion Summary 1. 2. 3. 4. Basel Vs. Risk Management BaselBasel-II Road Map and Objectives BB Guideline of Basel-II implementation BaselCounter Party Rating by ECAI in determining Capital Adequacy of Corporate 5. How to face ECAI by counter parties for good rating 6. Question and Answer 3 Basel Vs. Risk Management • Basel from the view point of Risk Management • Relating to Capital Adequacy of Banks • Reflecting Risk management in Operation of Banks/FIs 4 Risk Management in Banks- Why? © Banks are highly leveraged. © Bank Directors and Senior Management are the agent of shareholders. © International survey reveals that the the Bank Management does not adequately consider the risk management information in strategic decision making. 5 CEO and Directors of Financial Institutions are currently facing … Two Major Challenges 6 Two Challenges First v Creation of Value for the Shareholders v Need to deliver ever increasing returns as per the Expectation of the shareholders Second Keep the Capital without Erosion 7 First Challenge Senior management believes that Superior Risk Management can create value to the shareholders But not Sure - HOW. 84% of the managers believe that the risk management can improve price earning ratios and reduce cost of capital which again...
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...Basel II to Basel III: Changes and Requirements Hesham Hamdy Chief Risk Officer, Arab International Bank Nairobi, 7-8 March 2012 Basel; what is it? • A New Standard for the Measurement of Risks in Banks, and for the Allocation of Capital to cover those risks, published by the Basel Committee of G10 Central Banks. • What Does Basel Committee Do? - Acts as Think-Tank for banking regulators - Issues guidance on best practice for banks - Standards accepted worldwide - Generally incorporated in national banking regulations Basel I • Basel I was the round of deliberations by central banks from around the world, and in 1988, the Basel Committee (BCBS) in Basel, Switzerland, published a set of minimum capital requirements for banks. This was known as the 1988 Basel Accord, and was enforced by law in the Group of Ten (G-10) countries in 1992 . • Basel I primarily focused on credit risk. Assets of banks were classified and grouped in five categories according to credit risk, carrying risk weights of zero (for example home country sovereign debt), ten, twenty, fifty, and up to one hundred percent (this category has, as an example, most corporate debt). Basel I (continued) • Banks with international presence were required to hold capital equal to 8 % of the risk-weighted assets. • Basel I was then widely viewed as outmoded because the world has changed as financial corporations, financial innovation and risk management have developed. Therefore, a more comprehensive set of...
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...CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Basel Capital accord is a capital adequacy framework developed by the Basel committee. In 1988, the Basel Committee decided to introduce a capital measurement system commonly referred to as the Basel Capital Accord. This system provided for the implementation of a credit risk measurement framework with a minimum capital requirement of 8% on banks Risk Weighted Assets (RWA). The 1988 framework is also known as "Basel – I". Since 1988, this framework has been progressively introduced not only in member countries but also virtually in all other countries. The "international convergence on capital measurement and capital standard -2004" is popularly known as Basel-II. It is a capital adequacy related standard framed by Basel committee. After the successful implementation of 1988 accord in more than 100 countries, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision reached an agreement on a number of important issues for promoting best and uniform banking practices as well as setting standards and guidelines for supervisory function. Following extensive interaction with banks, industry groups and supervisory authorities that are not members of the Committee, the revised framework was issued on 26 June 2004, which is being regularly revised and updated. The Basel-II aims to replace Basel I and to make the capital framework more risk sensitive. Basel II has recommended major revision on the...
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...Basel I The Basel Accords are some of the most influential—and misunderstood—agreements in modern international finance. Drafted in 1988 and 2004, Basel I and II have ushered in a new era of international banking cooperation. Through quantitative and technical benchmarks, both accords have helped harmonize banking supervision, regulation, and capital adequacy standards across the eleven countries of the Basel Group and many other emerging market economies. On the other hand, the very strength of both accords—their quantitative and technical focus—limits the understanding of these agreements within policy circles, causing them to be misinterpreted and misused in many of the world’s political economies. Moreover, even when the Basel accords have been applied accurately and fully, neither agreement has secured long-term stability within a country’s banking sector. Therefore, a full understanding of the rules, intentions, and shortcomings of Basel I and II is essential to assessing their impact on the international financial system. This paper aims to do just that—give a detailed, non-technical assessment of both Basel I and Basel II, and for both developed and emerging markets, show the status, intentions, criticisms, and implications of each accord. Basel I Soon after the creation of the Basel Committee, its eleven member states (known as the G-10) began to discuss a formal standard to ensure the proper capitalization...
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...BASEL III NORMS AND INDIAN BANKING: ASSESSMENT AND EMERGING CHALLENGES C.S.Balasubramaniam Professor, Babasaheb Gawde Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai Email: balacs2001@yahoo.co.in ABSTRACT Banking operations worldwide have undergone phenomenal changes in the last two decades since 1990s. Financial liberalization and technological innovations have created new and complex financial instruments/products have increased their role and turnover in financial markets and have rendered banking operations vulnerable to a variety of risks. The financial crisis episodes surfaced since 2006 have highlighted this paradox to a number of central banks operating in different countries and RBI and Indian banking sector is no exception to this phenomenon. Basel framework has been drawn by Bank for International Settlements (BIS) in consultation with supervisory authorities of banking sector in fifteen emerging market countries with the basic objective of advocating codes of bank supervision and promoting financial stability amidst economic crises. This research paper is divided in three parts .The opening part attempts to briefly describe the changes in the banking scenario since 1991 reforms and the necessity of introducing Basel III to the Indian Banking sector. Part II presents the Basel standards framework and explains why the transition from Basel II to Basel III norms has become necessary to bring in measures and safety standards which would equip the banks to become more resilient...
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...CMYK CMYK Wo r k i n g P a p e r The Indian Journey to Basel II: Implementing Risk Management in Banks Dr. SS Satchidananda Sanjeev Shukla CBIT Centre of Banking and Information Technology Indian Institute of Information Technology 26/C, Electronic City, Bangalore And Oracle India Pvt. Ltd., DLF Corporate Park Block I DLF City Phase III Gurgaon 122002 CMYK CMYK CMYK CMYK CBIT Centre of Banking and Information Technology Indian Institute of Information Technology 26/C, Electronic City, Bangalore And Oracle India Pvt. Ltd., DLF Corporate Park Block I DLF City Phase III Gurgaon 122002 CMYK CMYK CMYK CMYK The Indian Journey to Basel II Implementing Risk Management in Banks ABSTRACT In this paper, we provide a perspective on the international regulatory framework for capital standards and its focus on implementation of risk management systems in banks with particular reference to the Indian scenario. We also discuss the Indian regulatory approach to this important challenge and the major issues involved in the Basel II implementation in the Indian context. We conclude with guidance for developing an implementation plan for ushering in effective and efficient risk management in banks. {SS Satchidananda1 Sanjeev Shukla2 } Banking in modern economies is all about risk management. The successful negotiation and implementation of Basel II Accord is likely to lead to an even sharper focus on the risk measurement and risk...
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...Analysing the strengths, weaknesses and effects of Capital adequacy, moral hazard and banking operations using current financial regulations in the UK. Basel 3 After the recent global financial crisis, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) decided to revise its previous Basel Accords and reform it; resulting in the implementation of Basel III. Basel I was considered extremely simple in its application and relatively easy to reduce capital with very little risk, through off-balance sheet activities therefore reducing the value of capital the bank required. There was poor management of the risk taken by banks and the guidelines were subject to “regulatory arbitrage, this is where banks keep on their books assets that have the same risk-based capital requirements but are quite risky i.e loans to companies with high credit ratings.” /\ /\ /\ BOOK Basel II although was more risk sensitive through its use of three pillars; which were minimum capital requirements, supervisory review and market discipline, it wasn’t adequate enough to prevent the global financial crisis. The first pillar sets capital requirements against the risks; credit risk, market risk, and operational risk. The second pillar allows supervisors to review the banks performance and activities and thus decide whether they require holding more capital than what was calculated within pillar one. The third pillar motivates banks to manage their risks sensibly through increasing the banks transparency...
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...the risk of default and that they have enough capital to sustain operating losses while still honoring withdrawals. Also known as "regulatory capital". A vital element of the work of any industry regulator is to ensure that the firms operating in the industry are prudently managed. The aim is to protect the firms themselves, their customers and the economy, by establishing rules and principles that should ensure the continuation of a safe and efficient market, able to withstand any foreseeable problems. The Basel Accords, published by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision housed at the Bank for International Settlements, sets a framework on how banks and depository institutions must calculate their capital. In 1988, the Committee decided to introduce a capital measurement system commonly referred to as Basel I. This framework has been replaced by a significantly more complex capital adequacy framework commonly known as Basel II. After 2012 it will be replaced by Basel III.[2] Another term commonly used in the context of the frameworks is Economic Capital, which can be thought of as the capital level bank shareholders would choose in absence of capital regulation. For a detailed study on the differences between these two definitions of capital, refer to.[3] The capital ratio is the percentage of a bank's capital to its risk-weighted assets. Weights are defined by risk-sensitivity ratios whose calculation is dictated under the...
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...risk or the contagion effect means failure of one bank leads to possible collapse of several other financial institutions. * A liquidator is the officer appointed when a company goes into winding-up or liquidation who has responsibility for collecting in all of the assets of the company and settling all claims against the company before putting the company into dissolution * G-10 countries include Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, The United Kingdom and The United States. * G-10 countries along with Luxembourg , formed the “Basel Committee on Banking Supervision “ (BCBS) under the aegis of the Bank of International Settlements (BIS) in Basel for laying down the standards for banking regulations. This was because of the failure of German bank Herstatt in 1974 which was an under capitalized bank. * In July 1988, the Basel...
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