...Roche, Novartis and UBS Syngenta which the Financial Times includes in its FT Global 500 Index as one of the most important companies worldwide Pharmaceuticals, Biotechnology & Life Sciences 4-Antibody Acino Actelion Aerosol-Service AG Bachem Basilea Beiersdorf Bühlmann Laboratories Carbogen AMCIS Cimex CIS Pharma DSM Nutritional Products AG Evolva Gaba Genedata Inotech Karger Lonza Mepha MondoBIOTECH Novartis Pentapharm Permamed Polyphor Proreo Pharma RCC Ltd. Roche Santhera S.L.A. Pharma SwissCo Services Swiss Pharma Contract Syngenta Synosia Tillots Pharma AG Triplan Vivendy Therapeutics Weleda Xenometrix ------------------------------------------------- Chemicals & Nanotechnology Acino Bachem Clariant Concentris Lonza Nanosurf Rohner Chem Rolic Solvias Swiss Nanoscience Institute Zeptosens ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Agribusiness & Food Bell AG Bio.inspecta AG DSM Nutritional Products Feldschlösschen Jungbunzlauer Louis Ditzler AG Ricola Syngenta Medical Technology * Camlog * Medartis * NaviSwiss * SIC invent AG Switzerland * Straumann * Synthes * Thommen Medical ------------------------------------------------- Commerce & Logistics ...
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...Basel II to Basel III: Changes and Requirements Hesham Hamdy Chief Risk Officer, Arab International Bank Nairobi, 7-8 March 2012 Basel; what is it? • A New Standard for the Measurement of Risks in Banks, and for the Allocation of Capital to cover those risks, published by the Basel Committee of G10 Central Banks. • What Does Basel Committee Do? - Acts as Think-Tank for banking regulators - Issues guidance on best practice for banks - Standards accepted worldwide - Generally incorporated in national banking regulations Basel I • Basel I was the round of deliberations by central banks from around the world, and in 1988, the Basel Committee (BCBS) in Basel, Switzerland, published a set of minimum capital requirements for banks. This was known as the 1988 Basel Accord, and was enforced by law in the Group of Ten (G-10) countries in 1992 . • Basel I primarily focused on credit risk. Assets of banks were classified and grouped in five categories according to credit risk, carrying risk weights of zero (for example home country sovereign debt), ten, twenty, fifty, and up to one hundred percent (this category has, as an example, most corporate debt). Basel I (continued) • Banks with international presence were required to hold capital equal to 8 % of the risk-weighted assets. • Basel I was then widely viewed as outmoded because the world has changed as financial corporations, financial innovation and risk management have developed. Therefore, a more comprehensive set of...
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...BASEL III NORMS AND INDIAN BANKING: ASSESSMENT AND EMERGING CHALLENGES C.S.Balasubramaniam Professor, Babasaheb Gawde Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai Email: balacs2001@yahoo.co.in ABSTRACT Banking operations worldwide have undergone phenomenal changes in the last two decades since 1990s. Financial liberalization and technological innovations have created new and complex financial instruments/products have increased their role and turnover in financial markets and have rendered banking operations vulnerable to a variety of risks. The financial crisis episodes surfaced since 2006 have highlighted this paradox to a number of central banks operating in different countries and RBI and Indian banking sector is no exception to this phenomenon. Basel framework has been drawn by Bank for International Settlements (BIS) in consultation with supervisory authorities of banking sector in fifteen emerging market countries with the basic objective of advocating codes of bank supervision and promoting financial stability amidst economic crises. This research paper is divided in three parts .The opening part attempts to briefly describe the changes in the banking scenario since 1991 reforms and the necessity of introducing Basel III to the Indian Banking sector. Part II presents the Basel standards framework and explains why the transition from Basel II to Basel III norms has become necessary to bring in measures and safety standards which would equip the banks to become more resilient...
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...Basel Committee on Banking Supervision FIN 311 Bank Management and Turkish Banking System What is Basel Committee? An institution created in 1974 by central bank Governors from the Group of Ten nations. It has many of members come from Argentina, Turkey, Japan, Australia, Russia, the United Kingdom, United States, France, Germany, India and other countries. They meet four times a year at the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) in Basel, Switzerland. The role of the committee is that set out the minimum capital requirements of financial institutions with the goal of minimizing credit risk. Additionally, the first contract was the Basel I. It was issued in 1988 and focused on credit risk by creating a bank asset classification system. The system has five risk categories. Some of those are; * 0% - cash, central bank and government debt and any OECD government debt * 0%, 10%, 20% or 50% - public sector debt * 20% - development bank debt, OECD bank debt, OECD securities firm debt, non-OECD bank debt (under one year maturity) and non-OECD public sector debt, cash in collection * 50% - residential mortgages * 100% - private sector debt, non-OECD bank debt (maturity over a year), real estate, plant and equipment, capital instruments issued at other banks. There is a significant point in this system, that the bank must maintain capital equal to at least 8% of its risk-weighted assets. I mean, if a bank has risk-weighted assets of $100 million, it...
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...Student’s Name: Instructor’s Name: Course Name & Code: Date of Submission: The Impact of Basel III on European Banking Sector As extensively anticipated, the oversight body of the Basel Committee declared on September 12 2010 that it has approved the capital and liquidity improvement package initially proposed in December 2009 and modified in July 2010, identified as Basel 3(Adrian B. W. 77). The Basel 3 package was recommended to ensure that the monetary system cannot experience the type of collapse and resulting economic slowdown that took place between 2007 and 2009. Even though the effects of the Basel 3 rules on an individual bank will depend on its asset/capital base and on the appropriate regulator's appliances of the rules, the publication of the standardized ratios and rules is one of the most important developments for banks ever since the disaster began. Banks can now concentrate on a future policy to meet the combined impacts of these rules (BCBS et al.). The Basel 3 rules that a bank should hold 4.5%of the common equity. This essentially consists of common shares in addition to retained earnings. The rules call for banks to have 4.5% of common equity (Kane, E.J 88). The total Tier 1 requirement rises from 4% to 6% under the rule. This implies that other forms of Tier 1 requirement will account for up to 1.5% of Tier 1 capital. The entire minimum capital requirements stand at 8%, subject to a new capital buffer. Nevertheless, 6% of capital has to be Tier 1, which...
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...Members | | Argentina | Central Bank of Argentina | Australia | Reserve Bank of Australia Australian Prudential Regulation Authority | Belgium | National Bank of Belgium | Brazil | Central Bank of Brazil | Canada | Bank of Canada Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions | China | People's Bank of China China Banking Regulatory Commission | European Union | European Central Bank European Central Bank Single Supervisory Mechanism | France | Bank of France Prudential Supervision and Resolution Authority | Germany | Deutsche Bundesbank Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin) | Hong Kong SAR | Hong Kong Monetary Authority | India | Reserve Bank of India | Indonesia | Bank Indonesia Indonesia Financial Services Authority | Italy | Bank of Italy | Japan | Bank of Japan Financial Services Agency | Korea | Bank of Korea Financial Supervisory Service | Luxembourg | Surveillance Commission for the Financial Sector | Mexico | Bank of Mexico Comisión Nacional Bancaria y de Valores | Netherlands | Netherlands Bank | Russia | Central Bank of the Russian Federation | Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency | Singapore | Monetary Authority of Singapore | South Africa | South African Reserve Bank | Spain | Bank of Spain | Sweden | Sveriges Riksbank Finansinspektionen | Switzerland | Swiss National Bank Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority FINMA | Turkey | Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey ...
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...Basel I The Basel Accords are some of the most influential—and misunderstood—agreements in modern international finance. Drafted in 1988 and 2004, Basel I and II have ushered in a new era of international banking cooperation. Through quantitative and technical benchmarks, both accords have helped harmonize banking supervision, regulation, and capital adequacy standards across the eleven countries of the Basel Group and many other emerging market economies. On the other hand, the very strength of both accords—their quantitative and technical focus—limits the understanding of these agreements within policy circles, causing them to be misinterpreted and misused in many of the world’s political economies. Moreover, even when the Basel accords have been applied accurately and fully, neither agreement has secured long-term stability within a country’s banking sector. Therefore, a full understanding of the rules, intentions, and shortcomings of Basel I and II is essential to assessing their impact on the international financial system. This paper aims to do just that—give a detailed, non-technical assessment of both Basel I and Basel II, and for both developed and emerging markets, show the status, intentions, criticisms, and implications of each accord. Basel I Soon after the creation of the Basel Committee, its eleven member states (known as the G-10) began to discuss a formal standard to ensure the proper capitalization...
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...About Ratings & Segments on IRB Approach João Pires da Cruz1 Introduction The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, on the process of definition of the New Capital Accord, establishes a stepwise framework for regulatory capital allocation for credit risk, starting on what is designated as Standard Approach, in which banks must allocate capital according to regulatory rules, and finishing on what is designated as the Advanced IRB Approach, in which banks must allocate capital based on their own risk evaluation and on the committee guidelines for that evaluation. The committee defines several guidelines for the IRB Approach depending on the type of credit exposure but, technically, we can group the several lines of attach into two ways of deal with the credit portfolio, the rating approach, for the major exposures like banks, sovereigns and corporate; and the segmentation approach for retail and small business exposures. The most accepted credit risk frameworks are rating based models since, historically, the aim of the models was the bond market, the market of debt securities issued by stable corporations, banks and states. In this market, the assumption that a debt security is less risky than other debt security become the essence of the market, since debt issuers need to disclose information to lower the price of the debt security, affected by a risk premium over the interest rate. And the disclosed information includes rating agencies evaluations of financial figures...
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...Basel Committee on Banking Supervision reforms - Basel III Strengthens microprudential regulation and supervision, and adds a macroprudential overlay that includes capital buffers. Capital Pillar 1 Capital Quality and level of capital Greater focus on common equity. The minimum will be raised to 4.5% of riskweighted assets, after deductions. Capital loss absorption at the point of non-viability Contractual terms of capital instruments will include a clause that allows – at the discretion of the relevant authority – write-off or conversion to common shares if the bank is judged to be non-viable. This principle increases the contribution of the private sector to resolving future banking crises and thereby reduces moral hazard. Capital conservation buffer Comprising common equity of 2.5% of risk-weighted assets, bringing the total common equity standard to 7%. Constraint on a bank’s discretionary distributions will be imposed when banks fall into the buffer range. Countercyclical buffer Imposed within a range of 0-2.5% comprising common equity, when authorities judge credit growth is resulting in an unacceptable build up of systematic risk. Liquidity Pillar 2 Containing leverage Leverage ratio A non-risk-based leverage ratio that includes off-balance sheet exposures will serve as a backstop to the risk-based capital requirement. Also helps contain system wide build up of leverage. Pillar 3 Market discipline Revised Pillar 3 disclosures requirements The requirements introduced...
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...What are Basel Norms? Basel is a city in Switzerland. It is the headquarters of Bureau of International Settlement (BIS), which fosters co-operation among central banks with a common goal of financial stability and common standards of banking regulations. Every two months BIS hosts a meeting of the governor and senior officials of central banks of member countries. Currently there are 27 member nations in the committee. Basel guidelines refer to broad supervisory standards formulated by this group of central banks - called the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS). The set of agreement by the BCBS, which mainly focuses on risks to banks and the financial system are called Basel accord. The purpose of the accord is to ensure that financial institutions have enough capital on account to meet obligations and absorb unexpected losses. India has accepted Basel accords for the banking system. In fact, on a few parameters the RBI has prescribed stringent norms as compared to the norms prescribed by BCBS. Basel I In 1988, BCBS introduced capital measurement system called Basel capital accord, also called as Basel 1. It focused almost entirely on credit risk. It defined capital and structure of risk weights for banks. The minimum capital requirement was fixed at 8% of risk weighted assets (RWA). RWA means assets with different risk profiles. For example, an asset backed by collateral would carry lesser risks as compared to personal loans, which have no collateral. India...
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...Evolution of Basel Norms and their contribution to the Subprime Crisis The article highlights the emergence of the Basel Accord in 1998 and how it has evolved over the course of the last 23 years. Contrary to the popular belief capital regulations have been considered the biggest underlying factor of the subprime crisis owing to securitization, the shadow banking system and the flexibility given to banks in risk assessment. The recent Basel III norms though aim to mitigate the already caused damage, the results are still left to be witnessed. Evolution of Basel Norms and their contribution to the Subprime Crisis The article highlights the emergence of the Basel Accord in 1998 and how it has evolved over the course of the last 23 years. Contrary to the popular belief capital regulations have been considered the biggest underlying factor of the subprime crisis owing to securitization, the shadow banking system and the flexibility given to banks in risk assessment. The recent Basel III norms though aim to mitigate the already caused damage, the results are still left to be witnessed. The Financial Crisis of 2008 shook the financial world and is still in tatters even after 3 years of its outbreak. From the New York investment bank Bear Stearns collapse in June 2007, Northern Rock liquidity support (Sep’ 07), Bank of America purchases of Countrywide Financial (Jan’ 08), Nationalization of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac by the federal government (July 08), Lehman Brothers...
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...Overview[edit] Unlike Basel I and Basel II, which focus primarily on the level of bank loss reserves that banks are required to hold, Basel III focuses primarily on the risk of a run on the bank by requiring differing levels of reserves for different forms of bank deposits and other borrowings. Therefore Basel III rules do not, for the most part, supersede the guidelines known as Basel I and Basel II; rather, it will work alongside them. Key principles[edit] Capital requirements[edit] The original Basel III rule from 2010 was supposed to require banks to hold 4.5% of common equity (up from 2% in Basel II) and 6% of Tier I capital (including common equity and up from 4% in Basel II) of "risk-weighted assets" (RWAs).[3] Basel III introduced two additional "capital buffers"—a "mandatory capital conservation buffer" of 2.5% and a "discretionary counter-cyclical buffer" to allow national regulators to require up to an additional 2.5% of capital during periods of high credit growth. Leverage ratio[edit] Basel III introduced a minimum "leverage ratio". The leverage ratio was calculated by dividing Tier 1 capital by the bank's average total consolidated assets (not risk weighted);[4][5] The banks were expected to maintain a leverage ratio in excess of 3% under Basel III. In July 2013, the U.S. Federal Reserve announced that the minimum Basel III leverage ratio would be 6% for 8 Systemically important financial institution (SIFI) banks and 5% for their insured bank holding companies...
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...Basel Accord Risk is one of the core issues of the finance and economics. Number of models applied to estimate the possibility and frequency of risk. However none are perfect. Factors affecting risk are so vast and complicated that no precise model can estimate the future of the risk. When the term risk is used the first thing comes to your mind is the banking sector. Banking is one of the risky sides of the finance. For instance they always encounter the asymmetric information risk. Imagine bank lend money of its depositors to the borrower, there is always a risk that the borrower will default. There is also a risk that, if the payment is fixed bank can have a risk of declined interest rates. Since 1960 due to the increased financial innovations the concept of the risk became more complicated. For instance in the U.S. banks are the main source of funding for households and business, besides this they are also main source of credit borrowings, payments, and main determinant factor in monetary policy conduct. Conduction so many operations simultaneously banks healthy business shape is always heated interest of public. The main concerning factor is always bank capital and its risk related management. Starting from 1981 U.S. banking industry started establishing general standards for bank capital risk and its management. By the time these rules were more specified due to the low capital ratios of the banks. Due to low capital ratio the quality of loans declined. The risk of default...
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...Accountants of India - Batch 129 Basel II Implications on Indian Banks Group Members Rahul Sharma (ERO0097549) Abhishek Tulsyan (CRO0137558) Sikha Kedia (ERO0105399) Gourav Modi (ERO0016925) Praveen Didwania (ERO0110131) Index of Contents Topics Page No. I. Introduction A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Background Functions of Basel Committee The Evolution to Basel II – First Basel Accord Capital Requirements and Capital Calculation under Basel I Criticisms of Basel I New Approach to Risk Based Capital Structure of Basel II First Pillar : Minimum Capital Requirement Types of Risks under Pillar I The Second Pillar : Supervisory Review Process The Third Pillar : Market Discipline 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 II. The Three Pillar Approach A. B. C. D. 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 III. Capital Arbitrage and Core Effect of Basel II A. Capital Arbitrage B. Bank Loan Rating under Basel II Capital Adequacy Framework C. Effect of Basel II on Bank Loan Rating IV. Basel II in India A. Implementation C. Impact on Indian Banks D. Impact on Various Elements of Investment Portfolio of Banks E. Impact on Bad Debts and NPA’s of Indian Banks D. Government Policy on Foreign Investment E. Threat of Foreign Takeover 8 8 9 10 10 10 V. Conclusion A. SWOT Analysis of Basel II in Indian Banking Context B. Challenges going ahead under Basel II 11 11 13 13 VI. VII. References The Technical Paper Presentation Team 2 I. Introduction: A. Background Basel II is a new capital adequacy framework...
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...The Basel II was proposed in 1999 as a more comprehensive capital adequacy accord, formally known as A Revised Framework on International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards, and informally as “Basel II”. Each Pillar of Basil I was expanded to cover new approaches. A. Pillar I Known as Minimum Capital Requirements, Basel II creates a more sensitive measurement of a bank’s risk-weighted assets. It broadens the scope of regulation to include assets of the holding company of an internationally active bank to avoid the risk that a bank will “hide” risk-taking by transferring its assets to other subsidiaries. Basel II proposes three mutually exclusive methods. The first method, known as the Basic Indicator Approach, recommends that banks hold capital equal to fifteen percent of the average gross income earned by a bank in the past three years. Regulators are allowed to adjust the 15% number according to their risk assessment of each bank. The second method, known as the Standardized Approach, divides a bank by its business lines to determine the amount of cash it must have on hand to protect itself against operational risk. Each line is weighted by its relative size within the company to create the percentage of assets the bank must hold. The third method, the Advanced Measurement Approach is much more demanding for regulators and banks alike: it allows banks to develop their own reserve calculations for operational risks. Regulators, of course, must approve...
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