...Battle of Kadesh In 1274 BC, the young Egyptian pharaoh Rameses II led an army of 20,000 against 50,000 troops from the Hittite Empire. 3,000 years ago, the Levant was the crossroads of the ancient world, where trade routes for metals from the West merged with trade routes for spices from the East. At this convergence of three continents lay the area of modern-day Syria, a region unable to establish a state of its own and defend itself, hence making a prime target for the superpowers of the time to compete for. Kadesh happened to lie precisely on the border where the mighty Egyptian and Hittite empires met. To both superpowers, Kadesh represented a critical asset, controlling trade access from Egypt in the south to the Hittite lands in the north. This historical battle is amazingly well documented, largely thanks to Rameses II’s self-glorifying reliefs and carvings found throughout his former territory. The Egyptian Empire was firmly rooted in the fertile corridor of the Nile, dependent on the river for their sustenance. The military exploits of Seti I, Rameses II’s father, managed to expand the empire into the Levant in the late 1200s BC and capture Kadesh, only for it to fall back into Hittite hands. Ramsees II, a young, extremely ambitions man desperate to prove himself to both the gods and the Egyptian people, took on the task of reestablishing Egyptian rule in Kadesh once and for all. To the North lay the Hittite Empire, led by King Muwatalli, whose father had clashed...
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...The Origin and Evolution of War. Gabriel Turner Com172 12/12/2012 The Origin and Evolution of War. War has plagued our society for quite some time. This research paper will focus on war and its origin, and determine which society first declared war and how has war evolved over time. Its purpose is to give accurate information to the reader. In order to answer the question, where did war originate, it would be helpful to know the exact meaning of the word. Most people know what war is but may not know the correct definition. According to Webster’s Dictionary (2012), “A contest between nations or states, carried on by force, whether for deference, for revenging insults and redressing wrongs, for the extension of commerce, for the acquisition of territory, for obtaining and establishing the superiority and dominion of one over the other, or for any other purpose; armed conflict of sovereign powers; declared and open hostilities.” Pg.1. Essentially war has no origin; it came into existence since the dawn of time. War was born when the need arose. It is the result of man wanted to resolve conflict by force because his fellow man did not agree or believe the same thing they did. War appeared into society as natural as the sun rises from the east every morning. Now ordinary war could not exist without greed or politics, just as peace is only profound by love and understanding...
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...Ramses II Military Leadership Kadesh was a city in what is today the country of Syria, an important center of trade in the ancient world. In 1274 BC Pharaoh Ramses II prepared to campaign in the region due to waning influence in Canaan. Though this area had been secured by his father Seti I, it had slipped back under the influence of the Hittite Empire. Gathering an army at the fortress Tharu, Ramses divided it into four divisions called Amun, Ra, Set, and Ptah. To support this force he also recruited a force of sherden mercenaries. Marching north, the Egyptian divisions traveled together along the trade routes they sought to defend while he had some troops along the Syrian coast. As they approached the city of Kadesh, Ramses received false information about the Hittites locations. This lead to an ambush but Ramses was able to gather what troops he had left and fend off the Hittites. Ramses II showed good military leadership because demonstrated some of the characteristics of a military genius discussed by Carl Von Clausewitz such as courage, presence of mind, and strength of character when they were ambushed by the Hittites. However he is not a military genius because he lacked the high intelligence to suspect he received false information about the Hittites location in the first place. In the bulletin and poem for the battle of Kadesh, Ramses was repeatedly compared to gods such as Mont, the god of war. Since the people of ancient Egypt would attribute victories to the intervention...
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...GKE Task 1 Development of Societies The Nile River was a major environmental structure that contributed to the early development of society in Egypt. The Nile had such predictable flooding and recession patterns that farmers were able to create a yearly calendar based on them. This assisted them with knowing when to plant and harvest crops. Knowing when the water levels would be high enabled them to build reservoirs for crop irrigation during the times when there was less water. The river also contained silt, a mineral which enhanced the soil and the crops that grew along the banks. (Orlin, 2010, p. 284) Some of the major crops that were utilized included beans, cotton, wheat, barley, emmer, and papyrus, a reed that was used to make things like baskets, sandals, and boats. (Association, 2014) The Nile River opens to the Mediterranean Sea with dessert surrounding the east and west sides. Due to this layout, farmers were confident that their land and crops were protected from invasions. With this security they were able to focus on learning about their crops, excelling a food production, and eventually learned to do things like make clothing from cotton. (Association, 2014) Diffusion between Societies Chariots, two wheeled horse-drawn carts were first used by the Indo-Iranians in 2000 BCE. They were made of solid, heavy wood and held together with wood pegs. Being made of such substantial material could make them very difficult to turn and control. (Carney, 2014) Around...
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...| Name: Ms. WoodruffGrade:6th gradeSubject:HistoryWeek of:11/3-11/7Essential Questions:Enduring Understandings: | | Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | CCSS Standard (TEF 1.1A) | 6.2.5 | 6.2.5 | 6.2.7 | 6.2.6, 6.2.7 | 6.2.5,6.2.6,6.2.7 | Objective (TEF 1.1B) | | Students will be able to explain the characteristics of the Old Kingdom. | Students will be able to explain the characteristics of the Middle Kingdom | Students will be able to explain the characteristics of the New Kingdom | Students will be able to compare and contrast the, Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom | Assessment/ Evidence of Learning (TEF 1.5A, 1.5B) | Student responses | Student responses, pyramids | Student responses, art project | Student responses | Essay | Materials | Power point, timelines | Power point, video | Power point, video | Power point, video | History Alive textbook | Opening/Engage (TEF 1.3A, 1.4A, 1.4B, 3.1) | Do Now(have students place dates on a timeline with dates, define terms used in regards to a timeline) | Do Now(have students construct a pyramid that they will use later to record information about the Old Kingdom on. | Do Now(Have students answer questions pertaining to the Old Kingdom. | Do Now(Have students answer questions pertaining to the Middle Kingdom. | Do Now(complete a venn diagram comparing and contrasting each Kingdom | Modeling/Explore (TEF 1.2A, 1.2B, 3.2) | Youtube video on the Kingdoms of Egypt | Youtube video on the Old Kingdom...
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...of life”. He taught me that you need to achieve as much as possible before your journey ends, and if that means going to war to take something you need, so be it. He was killed in battle when I was 13. It infuriated me that his journey had been so selfishly ended with a simple clash of swords, when mine was only just beginning. By the time I had turned 15, Egypt had fallen into an immense drought and many people were dying. Crops were deteriorating, trade was dwindling, and our civilization was falling apart at the seams. Something needed to be done. The city of Kadesh, although a small Hittite city, had abundant resources, enough to get our land back on track and relieve the hardships we were facing. Something needed to be done, and it was decided we would invade the small town in order to regain our city’s vitality. It was time to draw our swords in a clash that would save our city. It was then, that the small city of Kadesh became known as “the deceitful city of Kadesh”. The war went on for many arduous months, with the small community proving to have more brute then first anticipated. Many of our men were dying, and the pharaoh is always the one who received aversion from the people because of high death tolls in war. So he decided he would valiantly join his soldiers in battle, in a bid to improve his reputation throughout the land as well as try to honour his father. Little did he know, this would only prove to seemingly be the end of his short journey. ...
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...On his way to battle, the Hittites ambushed him and his troops. While Ramses II warriors started to flee Ramses, “dashed into the middle of the hostile, Hittite host, all alone, none other, for he counted not the cost” (The Khita), and Ramses fought the Hittites alone. In the Khita it says that the sun God, Ammon, “cried out, ‘I have hastened you, Ramses Miamun, Behold! I stand with you, Behold! Tis I am here, Own father thine, the great god Ra, the Sun.’” as if to say that Ramses II and Ammon were related. Ramses ended up fighting the Hittites alone because, “I was changed in my heart like Monthu, god of war, was I made,” The fact that Ramses II was changed into a raging warrior and fought like a God shows how people thought of him as great. Ramses was brave when he rushed into a battle all alone and when he said in the Khita that he became one with the Gods it establishes Ramses II as Ramses the Great by letting him be known as an allie of the gods. This close relationship of Ramses II and Ammon led people to se Ramses as an immortal king and therefore call him Ramses the...
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...NEW KINGDOM EGYPT Syllabus; Internal developments * Impact of the Hyksos: Political, Economic, Technological * Establishment of the Eighteenth Dynasty wars against the Hyksos, reunification of upper and lower Egypt * Roles of queens; Tetisheri, Ahhotep II, Ahronose-Nefetari * Development and importance of the cult of Amun * Political and religious significance of Building programs * Role and contribution of Ahmose, Amenhotep I, Thutmose I, Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Amenhotep II, Thutmose IV * Role and contribution of prominent officials within Egypt and the Empire Expansion of Egypt’s boundaries * Development and role of the army * Relations with Nubia, Syria-Palestine, Mitanni * Establishment of Empire; Military campaigns in Nubia, Syria-Palestine * Nature of Egyptian imperialism * Maintenance of the Empire; Amenhotep II, Thutmose IV Key themes 1. Development of the army and empire- how it changed overtime 2. Growth of the power of Amun 3. Administration/buildings/officials/roles of Royal Women Key Terms * Warrior Pharaoh Image * Smiting the enemy * Wretched Kush * Vile Asiatics * Khepresh-war crown * Tribute * Booty * God’s wife of Amun Relations between the kingdoms Palestine; the people of this area were referred to as Asiatics. Old kingdom times there were small raids in this area, probably for booty such as Goods, Cattle and slaves. There has been trade between Palestine...
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...Thutmose III also known as the greatest and most powerful Warrior Pharaoh and Warrior King began his fifty-three year, ten month and twenty six day reign in a co-regency with step-mother Hatshepsut during the New Kingdom 18th dynasty. Thutmose carried out seventeen successful military campaigns over his ruling and was the most successful and tactical military strategist through his implementation of surprise attacks, belief of the Gods supporting him, tributes and oaths, the sharing of booty and the building of a strong navy and army. Dubbed with the title of “The Egyptian Napoleon” shown in the source The Great Commanders Of The Egyptian World, Thutmose demonstrated the ability to command the Ancient Egyptian world and dominate surrounding cities and countries. Thutose was an incredibly skilled warrior whose name was associated with the status of hero long after his ruling in Egypt. Thutmose III came from a dynasty of great and powerful military strategists which laid the underpinning for him to be a powerful “Warrior Pharaoh”. Thutmose III built on the foundations his grandfather Thutmose I laid out after obtaining his commencing his reign in early childhood. At the start of Thutmose III’s sovereignty, where Hatshepsut took full control and Egyptians experienced stability, peace and prosperity. The Egyptian army was on standby, fully equipped and ready to go when called for Thutmose’s first expedition in to Nubia and Asia at age 11. From this time the reign was a complete...
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...King Ramses II In ancient egyptian times there was a pharaoh named Ramses II he was the most powerful and celebrated king in egypt. Now in the 2015 we have many celebrated people but back in egyption times he was the best king you could get. About 1334 bc (before christ) a religious reformer named Akhenaten ruled egypt. He was a great leader but Ramses II only rose to power after he died. His father Seti gave Ramses II his crown as future ruler of egypt. Akhenaten was the pharaoh of the 18th dynasty he ruled for 17 years and Akhenaten was the father of King tut and the spouse of nefertiti. Reign Ramses II’s reign was about 66 years. Ramses is believed as well as all other pharaohs to be half god and half human also...
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...Army spends around 1.8billion dollars on communication equipment procurement and upkeep the shocking part is this number does not cover the cost of training individual soldiers or research and development of new communication technology’s it is exclusive to procurement and maintenance of equipment and materials. The history of communication in military’s goes back as far as written history with the first battle ever recorded in the 15th century BC the battle of Megiddo where the Egyptian forces under command of Pharaoh Thutmose III attacked a price of Kadesh who was holding the key city of Megiddo. The use of horns was recorded signaling the order to attack. Up in until the mid-19th century the common methods of communication ranged from a runner carrying a letter, a man on a horse taking a message hundreds of miles as was the case with the infamous Paul Revere, to being told what to do by the change of rhythm of a drum or horn, even flags have been widely used to signal units that were to attack to come forward or to convey a rally point for soldiers in the heat of battle. As archaic and non-functional as these methods seem to us today it wasn’t until the 1830s and the invention of the telegraph did communication in the army become electronic however the old tried and true methods of curriers and flags were still used extensively. With this new invention messages took minutes to reach one place to another rather than hours or days. This coupled with advancements in weapons...
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...Ancient Egyptian Military A trumpet blares and two masses of armed men rush toward each other. It’s a battle between the ancient Egyptian Military and the Nubian Military. Egypt began forming an army in the Middle Kingdom. When Egypt was without a pharaoh, they fought each other with weapons such as bows, clubs, and spears. They wore linen kilts and leather straps around their chest. Without their army, ancient Egypt wouldn’t have become one of the greatest civilizations in the world. The army was very important to the ancient Egyptians. It was considered to have formed when Nebhepethre Mentuhotep I united Egypt in the Middle Kingdom. Men who wanted to join the military gathered by the mayor of the village. The governor of the territory chose the best men for recruitment. Men of the upper class became charioteers. Scribes started as pay clerks but later advanced to Scribe of Recruits. Soldiers first trained in barracks. They went home when they weren’t needed. Even if they were at home, they shared the booty and plunder that was taken by the army. Before fighting, the Egyptians and their opponents agreed on the place and time of battle. There were no ambushes and they fought in broad daylight on open ground. There was a trumpet signal to begin when both sides were ready. They usually fought on land but the occasional warship was used. Soldiers used medicine to heal battle wounds. They used bandages for broken bones, needles for surgery, and moldy bread to stop cuts from getting...
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...Egypt Ancient Egypt is one of the first pristine states. Before Egypt there were many ancient civilizations that were considered secondary states and not pristine states. The secondary states only met some of the criteria needed, not all six. Egypt has been well documented in which it provided the ways of becoming a pristine state. The six criteria needed to become a pristine state were population pressure, intensification of agriculture, warfare, hereditary leader, storable grains, and impaction/circumscription. By becoming a pristine state in ancient times, it meant that Egypt would be a powerful civilization for many years. Egypt was one the first major pristine states in ancient times. Egypt was an ever growing population, which had population pressure from the need to support all of the people in the society. To be able to support the population, they needed to intensify the agricultural aspect of the society. Food is one of the basic needs for life to sustain itself, especially for all types of population. They used the Nile extensively for the water to help the production of crops. After they planted the crops there was a time of harvest in which they were able to gather food and store them for future use. They also had a hereditary leader because most, if not every Pharaoh had the throne passed from one generation to another. Warfare is also needed to expand the boundaries to help give more land to support a growing population. Egypt was also surrounded by deserts and...
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...The Functions of Temples and Mosques Theodore Jackson III Survey of Art and Culture I December 2, 2008 Introduction Art is created in many forms. Artists express their ideas and feelings through painting, sculpture, architecture, etc. Most artists stick to the area which they are most comfortable with, but some art is created for a grand purpose. In such cases, the art dictates the medium of expression rather than the artist. Architecture illustrates this point most accurately. The ancient architects created monumental masterpieces that people still enjoy. The greatest display of architectural genius can be seen in the temples and mosques. The temples of Ramses II and Angkor Wat along with the mosque Hagia Sophia possess these common functions: tell a story of the past, have a significant religious purpose, and were created to show artistic beauty. The Temple of Ramses II The temple of Ramses II is located at Abu Simbel in Nubia. It was built in the period of the New Kingdom (Kleiner 79). King Ramses II completed the building of the temple around 1253 B.C. (Nardo 120). Next to it he built a temple in remembrance of one of his many wives, Queen Nefertari (Nardo 120). His own temple was much larger in size compared to that of Nefertari. The difference in size was probably done on purpose. Larger statues and buildings often are a sign of more importance. Ramses II’s temple faced some adversity throughout the years. Around the time...
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...Collapse of the Hittite Empire Nowadays, there are a lot of theories and inferences that what caused the collapse of the civilization such as environmental, ecological, political, and economic etc. I am going to introduce and analyze of the Hittite civilization which belongs to the period of the Bronze Age. There are some aspects of the collapse of civilization people have defined. What is collapse exactly? As said by the article from the National Geographic, “Collapse has specific implication of ‘imploding’ under its own weight or mismanagement or something”. For instance, while the Spanish conquered the post-classic Maya, the classic Maya may have collapsed. Even then, to have a civilization conquered is not necessarily to have it end. Chris Thornton, moderator, said there’s no such a thing as a sudden collapse. People do not disappear, and they move and they change. Giorgio Buccellati said collapse can be defined as a broken tradition. More specifically, Archaeobotanist, Dorian Fuller, stated about little tradition such as folksongs, and huge traditions such as architecture of temple. “Little traditions are more likely to persist,” he said. “Big traditions, more likely to collapse.” In that frame, good parts of the culture can continue, and probably direct to the revival of the rest of it after a latency period. “But if it doesn’t come back, that’s collapse.” On the other hand, Richard Hansen said that even the rural populations are leaving in the case of the Maya (end...
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