...such as General Eric Von Manstein and General Herman Hoth, not only dispute the thought that the German army was apolitical but also show that Wehrmacht had in fact been corrupted by Nazi ideology. When considering the order made by General Eric Von Mansteing to the Eleventh Army of Wehrmacht, points are shown to prove that although thought to be apolitical Wehrmacht had indeed become politically driven. Manstein stated, “The Jewish-Bolshevik system must be once and for all. Never again may it interfere in our European living-space.” Through his introduction of Nazi legal and moral concepts into army life Manstein began to corrupt the German army. Quoting Manstein, “The German people are in the midst of a battle for life and death against the Bolshevik system. This battle is conducted against the Soviet army not only in a conventional manner according to the rules of European warfare.” This statement was the only the beginning of Manstein introducing an ideological component to the German soldiers. He began to transform the war into a war of survival against the Jewish and Bolshevik system. Another famous order made to Wehrmacht by a german General Hermann Hoth challenges that belief that Wehrmacht was an apolitical army free of Nazi ideology. Hoth announced,” it has become increasingly clear to us this summer, that here in the East spiritually unbridgeable conceptions are fighting each other.” Hoth then stated, “More than ever we are filled with the thought...
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...1940, Germany launched its next initiative by attacking Denmark and Norway, followed shortly thereafter by attacks on Belgium, the Netherlands, and France. All of these nations were conquered rapidly. The Battle of Britain Later in the summer of 1940, Germany launched a further attack on Britain, this time exclusively from the air. The Battle of Britain was Germany’s first military failure, as the German air force, the Luftwaffe, was never able to overcome Britain’s Royal Air Force. Greece and North Africa As Hitler plotted his next steps, Italy, an ally of Germany, expanded the war even further by invading Greece and North Africa. The Greek campaign was a failure, and Germany was forced to come to Italy’s assistance in early 1941. The USSR Later in 1941, Germany began its most ambitious action yet, by invading the Soviet Union. Although the Germans initially made swift progress and advanced deep into the Russian heartland, the invasion of the USSR would prove to be the downfall of Germany’s war effort. The country was just too big, and although Russia’s initial resistance was weak, the nation’s strength and determination, combined with its brutal winters, would eventually be more than the German army could overcome. In 1943, after the battles of Stalingrad and Kursk, Germany was forced into a full-scale retreat. During the course of 1944, the Germans were slowly but steadily forced completely out of Soviet territory, after which the Russians pursued them across eastern...
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...Red Road From Stalingrad Analysis The Soviet Army was made up of many different types of nationalities and ethnicities, fighting side by side against a common enemy. Mansur Abdulin had the experience of fighting with many different men from a variety of different backgrounds. He often talks about Armenians, like Gregory Ambartsumiants who was a scout Mansur fought with through Stalingrad (pg. 124). Armenia is located south of the Russian border in the south Caucasus region. It is landlocked by Georgia and Azerbaijan to the north and east, and by Iran and Turkey to the south and west. Russians also played a major role in the Red Army, since a large portion of the land they were defending was the Russian motherland. Uzbeks fought as well (pg. 49); from the country of Uzbekistan, which lies southwest of Russia, in central Asia. It borders Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Tajikistan to the southeast, Turkmenistan to the southwest, and Kazakhstan and the Aral Sea to the north. At one time Mansur meets an Estonian captain, who helps save Suvorov and himself after a Nazi ambush (pg. 48). Estonia is to the west of Russia, bordering Latvia to its south and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Stalin incorporated Estonia into Russia at the end of the war, and to this day the borders between the two are still hard to define. Azerbaijanis, like the man Mansur neighbored in a hospital bed (pg. 153), fought in the Red Army, too. Southwest of Russia located in the south Caucasus region...
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... 2.ALLIES CREATING WAR ON TWO FRONTS 3.THE U.S, SUPPLY FOR THE USSR 4.THE USSR ITSELF 5.THE AXIS MISTAKES 6. CONCLUSION Allied forces consistent from countries which opposed the Axis powers. The main policy makers of Allies were the U.S.A., USSR and British Empire. These coalition and its cooperation helped the USSR, but importance of allied support for the USSR victory is arguable as there are several factors which oppose that statement. Allied forces were crucial for the USSR victory in the 2 World War as they created war on two fronts, which did not allow German to use all its power against the USSR. After defeat of Germans in Moscow, the USSR army advanced on the east, defatting Germans in Stalingrad, Leningrad and Kursk. However, even when Eastern was the biggest front in the 2 World War, and the USSR was fighting against bigger proportion of German soldiers, allies created pressure on Nazi army from the West and in North Africa. If the USSR would have fought against the hole Reich Army, the war for it would be lost. Also the allies were highly advanced in technology, what resulted in a lot of bombing operation from the USA and Britain. This allowed the USSR to meet less german tanks and avoid German airfares in their full presence, as the USSR was not able to produce aircrafts or tanks which would be affective against Germans. Allied forces created more difficulties for German army on the western front, helping the USSR to win weakened Germans on the East...
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...The city was a crucial target for the Germans as it was Russia’s centre of communications in the South, along with being a centre of manufacturing. Many describe the battle as the greatest battle throughout the whole conflict. Over 2 million military and civilian casualties were involved in The Battle of Stalingrad and is described as the “bloodiest battles in history”. 250,000 German and Romanian corpses were recovered by the Soviet Union and a total of more than 800,000 Axis casualties were believed to have been either dead, wounded, missing or captured. The axis casualties involved included Germans, Romanians, Hungarians and Italians. 91,000 men surrendered, but only 5,000-6,000 returned home and the rest died in the Soviet prison and labor camps. As for the Soviet Union side, an estimate of 1,100,000 Red Army were dead, wounded, missing or captured. In addition to that an estimated of 40,000 civilians died during the...
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...ALLIED BATTLE STRATEGY The attack of Japan on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor resulted in the USA entry into the war in December, 1941. These were the culminating events that required the Allies forces to develop a strategy defeat of the Axis powers. The Allied forces had to work together in order to coordinate actions and win World War II. Hitler’s Germany presented the biggest threat for the Allies. The German army succeeded in its invasion into Europe and started its blitzkrieg strategy, and it seemed that Allies forces ware almost defeated by Hitler. The leaders of the USA, Britain, and Soviet Union had their own opinions on the strategy of the Allies against Axis powers. As Russia was under the threat of defeating, Josef Stalin insisted on Allies’ opening the second front in France as soon as possible. Churchill and Roosevelt claimed that they needed more time to prepare for the invasion. They were convinced that it was more effective to nibble at the edges of the German empire. Thus, they planned to bomb Germany from the air. Despite the different views, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin had a common aim to win the war, and they came to a joint resolution. During the war, the leaders met several times in order to develop a strategy of the Allies forces victory. As it was planned, in the summer of 1942, Allied forces began its attack against Axis powers. Allies planes began bombing strategic targets in Germany. In the autumn of 1942, Allies began its operation in...
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...began its assault on western Europe by invading the Low Countries (Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg), which had taken neutral positions in the war, as well as France. On June 22, 1940, France signed an armistice with Germany, which provided for the German occupation of the northern half of the country and permitted the establishment of a collaborationist regime in the south with its seat in the city of Vichy. With German encouragement, the Soviet Union occupied the Baltic states in June 1940 and formally annexed them in August 1940. Italy, a member of the Axis (countries allied with Germany), joined the war on June 10, 1940. From July 10 to October 31, 1940, the Nazis waged, and ultimately lost, an air war over England, known as the Battle of Britain. 1941 After securing the Balkan region by invading Yugoslavia and Greece on April 6, 1941, the Germans and their allies invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, in direct violation of the German-Soviet Pact. In June and July 1941, the Germans also occupied the Baltic states. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin then became a major wartime Allied leader, in opposition to...
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...The world is filled with good and evil. Who defines it? The people, the actions of that certain person or someone’s judgment. Adolf Hitler and Napoleon Bonaparte both concord countries. They both had a military back ground and their father’s both died when they were young. The difference is that we see one as a hero/leader and the other leader/monster. According to Biography.com he was “the first emperor of France, Napoleon Bounaparte was born August 15, 1769 in Corsica.” His father Carlo Bounaparte was a lawyer and supported the nationalist’s side. But once that leader he supported fled the island, Carlo switched his allegiance to the French. Napoleon father was appointed assessor of the judicial district of Ajaccio in 1771. This job gave Carlo the opportunity to send his two sons Joseph and Napoleon to college. Napoleon took a different route and went to military college of Brienne. He studied for five years and moved to Paris. His father past away in 1785 of stomach cancer. He graduated early from military school as a second lieutenant of artillery and return to Corsica in 1786. He found himself following his father’s footsteps without even realizing it. When he went back home he followed Corsica’s resistance to the French occupation. But just like his father, he had a following out with his father’s ally and relocated to France. Once moving back to France, he assumed is last name as Bonaparte. Since his return to France he return to service in the French...
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...To avoid being arrested for evading military service in Austria-Hungary, Adolf Hitler left Vienna for Munich in May 1913 but was forced to return--then he failed the physical. He volunteered for the Bavarian army the following year and served during all of World War I on the Western Front. His experiences in the fighting affected his thinking about war thereafter. After World War I, Hitler came to control the National Socialist German Workers Party, which he hoped to lead to power in Germany. When a coup attempt in 1923 failed, he turned, after release from jail, to the buildup of the party to seize power by means that were at least outwardly legal. He hoped to carry out a program calling for the restructuring of Germany on a racist basis so that it could win a series of wars to expand the German people's living space until they dominated and exclusively inhabited the globe. He believed that Germany should fight wars for vast tracts of land to enable its people to settle on them, raising large families that would replace casualties and provide soldiers for the next war of expansion. The first would be a small and easy war against Czechoslovakia, to be followed by the really difficult one against France and Britain. A third war would follow against the Soviet Union, which he assumed would be simple and quick and would provide raw materials, especially oil, for the fourth war against the United States. That war would be simple once Germany had the long-range planes and superbattleships...
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...AP EH CH. 27---THE DEEPENING OF THE EUROPEAN CRISIS: WW II I. PRELUDE TO WAR (1933-1939) ---the efforts at collective security in the 1920s---the League of Nations, the attempts at disarmament, the pacts and the treaties---all proved meaningless in view of the growth of Nazi Germany and its deliberate scrapping of the postwar settlement in the 1930s ---World War II was largely made possible by the failure of Britain and France to oppose strongly flagrant German violations of the Treaty of Versailles A. The Role of Hitler 1. WW II in Europe had its beginnings in the ideas of Adolf Hitler, who believed that only Aryans were capable of building a great civilization 2. Hitler was a firm believer in the doctrine of Lebensraum which stated that a nation’s power depended on the amount and kind of land it occupied 3. Hitler thought that the Russian Revolution created conditions for Germany’s acquisition of land to its “racially inferior Slavic” east (Mein Kampf spelled out Hitler’s desire to expand eastward and to prepare for the inevitable war with the “Bolshevik Jew-led” Soviet Union) 4. Hitler always returned to his basic ideological plans for racial supremacy and empire as keys to the blueprint for achieving his goals 5. Hitler’s desire to create an Aryan empire led to slave labor and even mass extermination on a scale that would have been incomprehensible to previous generations of Germans (or anybody else outside...
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...Cambridge Five Creation and Operations Introduction “Cambridge Five” or “Magnificent Five” is the name given to a group of five young men whom all graduated from Cambridge University. They betrayed their country by spying for the Soviet Union and passing them secret information. They were probably the most successful Soviet spies to penetrate the western intelligence. Their actions allow the Soviet Union to get access to vital intelligence and created rift between the British and the Americans. This essay will look at the background of each member and how they joined the Soviet intelligence services, their operations and its impact in the world of espionage. In addition, this essay will evaluate the significance of each individual’s actions and how it affected intelligence services. Origin of Cambridge Five Cambridge Five refers to a spy ring which the members were all part of Cambridge University. It is unclear there were more than five men, regardless the five individuals are Guy Burgess, Donald Maclean, Kim Philby, Anthony Blunt and John Cairncross. They all attended Cambridge University between 1926 and 1934 studying in different disciplines with a strong belief in Communism. They were all good friends with each other with the exception of Cairncross who was never really part of the circle. The first of the Cambridge Five group and probably the most famous was Harold Adrian Russell Philby, also known as Kim codenamed Sohnchen, then Tom and Stanley. He was born...
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...O.K.H. 5. THE OPERATION PLAN CONTROVERSY 6. COMMANDING GENERAL, 38 ARMY CORPS 7. BETWEEN TWO CAMPAIGNS Part III. War in the East 8. PANZER DRIVE 9. THE CRIMEAN CAMPAIGN 10. LENINGRAD - VITEBSK 11. HITLER AS SUPREME COMMANDER 12. THE TRAGEDY OF STALINGRAD 13. THE 1942-3 WINTER CAMPAIGN IN SOUTH RUSSIA 14. OPERATION 'CITADEL' 15. THE DEFENSIVE BATTLES OF 1943-4 APPENDIX I APPENDIX II APPENDIX III APPENDIX IV MILITARY CAREER GLOSSARY OF MILITARY TERMS ILLUSTRATIONS MAPS Key to Symbols used in Maps 1. German and Polish Deployment, and Execution of German Offensive. 2. Southern Army Group's Operations in Polish Campaign. 3. The O.K.H. plan of Operations for German Offensive in the West. 4. Army Group A's Proposals for German Operations in the West. 5. 38 Corps' Advance from the Somme to the Loire. 6. 56 Panzer Corps' Drive into Russia. 7. Situation of Northern Army Group on 26th June 1941 after 56 Panzer Corps' Capture of Dvinsk. 8. Encirclement of 56 Panzer Corps at Zoltsy (15th-18th July 1941). 9. 56 Panzer Corps' Drive into Flank of Thirty-Eighth Soviet Army on 19th August 1941. 10. Battle on the Sea of Azov and Breakthrough at the Isthmus of Perekop (Autumn 1941). 11. Breakthrough at Ishun and Conquest of the Crimea...
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...Adolf Hitler (German: [ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ]; 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party (NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer ("leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. He was effectively dictator of Nazi Germany, and was a central figure of World War II in Europe and the Holocaust. Hitler was a decorated veteran of World War I. He joined the precursor of the NSDAP, the German Workers' Party, in 1919 and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923, he attempted a coup in Munich to seize power. The failed coup resulted in Hitler's imprisonment, during which time he dictated his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf ("My Struggle"). After his release in 1924, Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting Pan-Germanism, anti-Semitism, and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda. Hitler frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as being part of a Jewish conspiracy. Hitler's Nazi Party became the largest elected party in the German Reichstag, leading to his appointment as chancellor in 1933. Following fresh elections won by his coalition, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act, which began the process of transforming the Weimar Republic into Nazi Germany, a one-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of National Socialism. Hitler aimed to eliminate Jews from Germany and establish a...
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...A Review of Acemoglu and Robinson’s Why Nations Fail by Michele Boldrin, David K. Levine and Salvatore Modica Acemoglu and Robinson’s Why Nations Fail [2012] is a grand history in the style of Diamond [1997] or McNeil [1963]. Like those books, this book is exceptionally fun to read and full of interesting historical examples and provocative ideas. The basic theme of the book is that what matters most in why some nations fail – and others succeed, for the book is as much about success as failure – are not – as earlier authors have argued - economic policies, geography, culture, or value systems – but rather institutions, more precisely the political institutions that determine economic institutions. Acemoglu and Robinson theorize that political institutions can be divided into two kinds - “extractive” institutions in which a “small” group of individuals do their best to exploit - in the sense of Marx - the rest of the population, and “inclusive” institutions in which “many” people are included in the process of governing hence the exploitation process is either attenuated or absent. Needless to say Acemoglu and Robinson’s theory is more subtle than this simple summary. They argue that for any economic success political institutions must be sufficiently centralized to provide basic public services including justice, the enforcement of contracts, and education. Given that these functions are carried out, inclusive institutions enable innovative energies to emerge and lead to continuing...
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...Lincoln High School IB History Internal Assessment Student Handbook Table of Contents What is the History IA? Planning Your Historical Investigation Examples of Types of Investigations Examples of Research Questions Choice of Topic 20th Century History of the Americas Alternative The Written Account & Assessment Criteria A. Plan of the Investigation B. Summary of Evidence C. Evaluation of Sources D. Analysis E. Conclusion F. Sources and Word Limit Sample History IAs 1Trotsky and the Russian Civil War 2US in Chile 3Women in the French Revolution 4PreWWI Alliances 4 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 1 2 2 3 4 10 16 Information in this guide is gathered from a variety of sources, including, but not limited to: The IB History Course Guide, Oxford’s IB Skills and Practice, IBOCC, and anecdotal experience. What is the History IA? The History IA is your chance to explore a period, theme, or event in history that you are interested in. For full IB Candidates, it also serves as 20% of your final History Grade. The final paper will be assessed by your teacher, with a sampling sent off to IB for score moderation. The History IA asks you to use the full range of skills you have been taught in class. In particular: ● knowledge and understanding ● application and interpretation ● synthesis and evaluation...
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