...Nadira Farha Extra Credit Paper Dr.Adviye Tolunay 11/25/14 “Sleep” Do you ever wonder why you don’t dream when you sleep? The truth is, if you are getting proper amounts of sleep in proper time periods, and not taking medications or using alcohol or illegal substances, you are dreaming. You just don’t remember them unless they wake you. Sleep has been determined like a state optimizes the consolidation of newly acquired information in memory. It depends on the specific conditions of learning and the timing of sleep. Sleep is divided into two states: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM), which involves slow wave sleep (SWS, stage 3 and 4) and the others is lighter sleep which occurs on stage 1 and 2. First, stage 1 When we are preparing to drift off, we go though Alpha and Theta, and have periods of dreaminess, almost like daydreaming, except we are beginning to fall asleep. These are interesting states, in that we experience them throughout the day and some people may have more of these waves than others. Those who practice meditation, or deep prayerfulness, often kind of “hang out” in Alpha. It’s a restful place. During this stage, it’s not unusual to experience strange and extremely vivid sensations or a feeling of falling followed by sudden muscle contractions. These are known as hypnogogic hallucinations. You may even feel like you are hearing someone call your...
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...Unit 6 Project: The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children Trudy Root Kaplan University CM107-11 Children are negatively impacted by the surrounding of domestic violence in multiple ways, in which need to be identified. The audience that needs to be aware of domestic abuse’s effects on children is adults that care for children; such as pediatricians, teachers, counselors, and parents. The issue that needs to be addressed is the negative effects on children involved in a domestic violence situation. Many people can see how abuse can affect a child, however many of those people do nothing about it. What causes children to negatively be affected by the surroundings of domestic abuse? According to Long Term Effects of Domestic Violence, “the children are also affected in both overt and subtle ways”. (Stewart, 2012). Sometimes children feel guilt when they are unable to protect the one being abused. What also may lead to hurt is when children witness yelling, pushing, or hitting. This type of hurt can lead to confusion, stress, fear, shame, or blaming themself for the problem. These causes then affect children in ways which have been stated by Stewart. Families where a mother is abused are at a higher risk of child abuse by 6 to 15 times. When these children witness abuse, they are more likely to develop emotional problems. Angela Browne had stated that, “boys who witness their fathers’ abuse of their mothers are more likely to inflict severe violence as adults...
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...many people have sympathy towards the children caught in the middle. Innocent minds being exposed to perverted lifestyles at a young age touches the hearts of those who are aware of what is occurring in a household. Yet, not every person is completely knowledgeable of what exactly transpires in these situations. Furthermore, being informed of how to handle delicate situations and the ability to help children develop a stable lifestyle in spite of their homes, may improve their chances at a better and healthier future. The effects of exposure to domestic violence do not stand alone, though there is not a way to prevent a child from experiencing such tragic events, there are actions that can be taken to help those children move forward. This paper will focus on the effects DV has on children and what can be done to help those children have a fair opportunity for a better future. An issue that has proven to bring more difficulties to provide awareness is the lack of knowledge of what domestic violence is considered to be. It has been defined as follows in Caroline Gallagher’s (2014) documentations: …any incident of threatening behavior, violence or abuse between adults who are or have been in a relationship together or between family members, regardless of gender or sexuality. The violence may include physical, sexual, emotional and financial abuse. (para. 3) This definition will guide readers to understand why the following is an issue while also providing a new perspective. One reason...
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...some sort of breakdown. Divorce can effect children differently depending on the ages of the children at the time. For example a child that is two, who would not understand the concept of divorce but may understand that there is tension in the house. After the divorce, although it may take a few months’ things will become normal. Whereas if the child was ten then a divorce would cause some behavioral issues and issues in school. If the divorce impacts the child negatively will the children have negative views on marriage and if so will children those chose not to marry? Each child handles divorce differently depending on age and gender, the long term effects also differ from child to child. These are the questions I hope to answer in my research paper. According to researchers fifty percent of first marriages end in a divorce. The percentage rates for second and third marriages are even higher, between sixty and seventy percent. Although marriages with children have a lower divorce rate there is still a twenty to thirty percent rate of divorce between married couples with children. Fifty percent of children are from divorced families. Children who are from a divorced family generally have a greater chance of getting a divorce when they marry as well. Most children from divorced families live with their mothers and rarely see their fathers on a daily or weekly basis. Divorce is a major adjustment for children. It is a time...
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...Washing hands as promptly and thoroughly as possible between patient contact and after contact with blood, bodily fluids, secretions, excretions, and medical equiptment contaminated by patients is a huge element in infection control. Hand hygiene is recognized by infection prevention and control experts as the single most important intervention in decreasing the spread of infection in healthcare facilities. Unclean hands are the main transporters for germs between people and inanimate objects (i.e. blood pressure cuffs, bed rails, call lights, etc…). It is imperative to practice frequent hand hygiene using either the traditional soap or water method or by using an alcohol based hand sanitizer. Soap and water is still considered the “gold standard” for hand hygiene. Although hand washing may seem like a simple process, it is often performed incorrectly. Proper hand washing technique should be done by first wetting your hands, then applying an adequate...
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...THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ON CHILDREN. Recent studies in the United States show that almost half of the children who had witnessed domestic violence or been physically assaulted , gets injured during these incidents. It can be defined as the misuse of power and an excessive act of control. It is possible that children get injured accidentally because they get caught in the violence which is usually directed at their mothers or they may be the victims of serious levels of physical punishment as well. After studying 1,888 child protection records authorities found that 27% of the cases was about domestic violence in the family (Gibbons, 1995). At an extreme level, physical abuse will cause death. A study of 30 child death examination exposed a strong combination between domestic violence and fatal child abuse (James,M. 1994). Another important effect of domestic violence on children’s experiences is social, such as separation from their community, family and friends, changing schools and often losing their homes with theirs possessions. Children who witnessed domestic violence have significantly more frequent behavioural problems and emotional disturbance than children who are not in an abusive environment. Researches all over the world imply that domestic violence affects children in many more ways and causes physical, behavioural and psychological problems. In the past two decades, there has been growing recognition of the of domestic...
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...WR-123 Research Paper NOT ALL MONSTERS ARE MAKE BELIEVE - A CASE STUDY ON THEODORE R. BUNDY What causes someone to become a serial killer? Is there something inherently evil about them that emerge as they age, or are they born that way? Do they become that way because of their upbringing? Most Psychologists feel that it is a combination of all these things that determine the psychosis exhibited by serial killers. (www.psychology.org/links) Psychologists have looked into the darkest recesses of human behavior, to try to figure out how and why people commit such gruesome and brutal atrocities against their fellow human beings. One of the best cases of documented psychopathic behavior is that of Theodore R. Bundy. On November 24, 1946 Theodore Robert Cowell (aka Ted Bundy) was born. His mother was a single young woman who decided the best course of action was to move back home to have her parents help her raise her son; as in the 40’s it was not acceptable for a young single woman to have a child out of wedlock. Until the age of four, Ted believed that his mother was his older sister, and grandparents were his mother and father. (Rule, A: The Stranger Beside Me) The signs that something was dreadfully wrong with Ted began to show themselves very early in his childhood. When Ted was barely three years old, one of his Aunt’s stayed the night with the family. The Aunt woke up in the early morning hours to find her young nephew Ted, lifting her blankets...
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...sleep are described, followed by a possible subdivision of steps and a discussion of each process separately. All non-process information required to understand the process better is also added. Headings are added to identify the segments of discussion better. A table of contents will contain these headings. An introduction is written that conveys the main steps, along with supplementary materials and commentary. Any causes and effects that is worth noting is translated into a conclusion. A bibliography contains all the sources cited in this report. The format of the report is set according to certain predetermined requirements: * Arial font type with a font size of 11 (excluding headers) * 1.5 paragraph , justified spacing Research was done throughout this project, focusing on easily accessible internet resources that require no fee for rental or retail usage. Revision ensures that the report is refined and that it complies with the requirements and goals defined...
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...CHILD ABUSE Definition: Child abuse is the physical, sexual or emotional mistreatment of children. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child. Most child abuse occurs in a child's home, with a smaller amount occurring in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with. There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological/emotional abuse and child sexual abuse. Different jurisdictions have developed their own definitions of what constitutes child abuse for the purposes of removing a child from his/her family and/or prosecuting a criminal charge. According to the Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect, child abuse is "any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm". Causes Child abuse is a complex phenomenon with multiple causes. Understanding the causes of abuse is crucial to addressing the problem of child abuse. Parents who physically abuse their spouses are more likely than others to physically abuse their children. However...
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...Effects of Bullying among Children and Adults Jose Vargas PSY325 Prof. Mar Navarro Submitted 5/7/2012 Currently, bullying is a large problem in schools which causes significant stresses to its victims (Voss & Mulligan, 2000). Bullying became a greater concern for school personnel, parents & research after a series of school shootings in the late 1990s, including Columbine (Seals & Young, 2003). The effects of bullying are seen over a long period of time in the lives of participants and can lead to antisocial behavior amongst both perpetrators and victims of bullying (Voss & Mulligan, 2000; Seals & Young, 2003.) This paper intends to conduct an overview on the effects that bullying has on its victims, both adult and child and which group is more or less likely to become bullied. It is also important to examine how the effects of bullying differ by age, gender, ethnicity and other factors that lower social status which predispose people to bullying. This paper proposes that bullying impacts groups differently and thus the symptomatology that results will differ, with those who are socially disadvantaged experiencing the greatest impact of bullying on their lives. Bullying should also show strong outcomes for negative social adjustment in its aftermath, including increased depression, stress, alcohol abuse and decreased self-esteem. Bullying is defined as repeated aggressive behavior which is intended to harm or disturb a person in which the conflict is...
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...The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in Bhutan: A feasibility study of a new rice farming system with special reference to location specific trials and yield performance of different varieties Karma Lhendup Sherubtse College, Royal University of Bhutan, Email: lhenkarma@yahoo.com 1. Introduction Rice is one of the most important staple food crops for the people of Bhutan. Different varieties of rice, both local and introduced, are cultivated in a wide range of elevations, from subtropical lowlands (150 m) in the south up to elevations as high as 2600 masl in the north (Table 1). The present productivity of rice, less than 3 t/ha, cultivated on 46,585 acres out of the 69,414 acres of irrigated land has not been able to attain food sufficiency level in the country (MoA, 2004). The constant land degradation plus expansion of development activities taking place on the extremely limited area of arable land for agriculture (7.8% of the total land area of 39,911 km2) has detracted from cultivable land for rice, and productivity is constrained by a lack of farmer education on rice planting and rice ecosystems, further complicating achievement of the country’s goal of food security for all. As a result, a huge amount of rice is imported from India to meet the increasing food demand in the country, with population growth still increasing by 3.1% per annum (http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/countries/bhutan/print1.stm). The prevalence of small-scale and marginal farms, with...
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...Instructor: Irene Robles-Huerta December 2, 2015 The Damages Bullying Has on School Aged Children Bullying is a widely known and seen epidemic that negatively impacts its victims, and even the person doing the bullying. Bullying is the act that causes harassment, embarrassment, humiliation, intimidation, and physical or emotional trauma, and is present no matter the age, race, gender, religion, or culture. Although society has seen the ever growing epidemic of bullying in school aged children, the argument of the damaging and everlasting psychological effects that bullying has on the victims are not always talked about or analyzed to show how the victimization impacts the child for much longer than just their childhood. This paper will analyze the long term damaging effects that bullying had on its school aged victims, while looking at the implications for therapists treating the victims, the therapeutic aspects related to bullying, and how the use of therapy can lessen the long term effects that bullying will have on the bullies and their victims. Although, there may not be a complete solution to bullying itself, there is a solution that will limit some of the damaging done to a person from victimization of bullying, by implementing anti-bullying programs in the school systems, and using therapists for all children involved to help the children process their thoughts, feeling, and emotions that stem from bullying. There are many different forms of bullying that school...
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...THE CONCEPT OF PEST A pest can be defined as any organism which injures man, his property, or his environment, or which just causes him annoyance. Such organisms include principally certain insects, nematodes, fungi, weeds, birds and rodents, or any other terrestrial or aquatic plant or animal life, or virus, bacteria, etc. In agriculture, concern is normally expressed when the damage done to a crop by a specific crop pest or a group of pests causes a loss in yield or quality because this would mean a reduction in profit. When a loss in yield reaches certain proportions, the pest can be designated an economic pest. According to Edward and Heath (1964), the pest status is reached when there is a 5 percent loss in yield in a particular crop. In pest management, the economic appraisal of the pest status and justification of the need to embark on control measures is defined in relation to the following concepts: economic damage, economic injury level and economic threshold. Economic damage can be defined as the amount of injury done to a crop that will justify the cost of artificial control measures. Economic injury level is the lowest pest population density that can cause economic damage, which will vary from crop to crop, season to season, and area to area. For practical purposes, there is an economic threshold defined by Stern et al. (1959) as the pest population density at which control measures should be initiated or started to prevent an ever increasing pest population from...
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...Francis Dolarhyde, whom the police jokingly refer to as the Tooth Fairy because of the bite marks he leaves on female victims. Harris does a masterful job of creating background on the killer that delves into the makings of a serial killer. Thomas Harris gives the reader an understanding of Dolarhyde’s mindset when committing his horrific crimes by detailing the abuses the killer suffered as a child (Sexton). Harris takes the reader from the infant born with a cleft palate so disfiguring he was left to die through the cruelty of a childhood that included abandonment, a mean and mentally unstable grandmother, and taunts from his stepsiblings. In doing so, the author provides significance to some of the killer’s actions (Cowley). This research paper will examine the underlying psychopathology of serial killers that often stems from abuse in childhood, turning the human into the monster. Red Dragon begins with the FBI and the police on a desperate hunt for a serial killer whom police have nicknamed the Tooth Fairy because of bite marks left on victims. The public is duly alarmed as the target of the killer is entire families. Members of the FBI know that they must quickly apprehend the criminal not only due to the public outcry and fear but also because time is against them. The killer strikes on lunar moons and the authorities have only about three weeks before his next crime. Jack Crawford, the special agent assigned to the case, seeks the help of Will Graham, a gifted...
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...Running head: CHILD MALTREATMENT & JUVENILE DELINQUENCY 1 The Correlation Between Child Maltreatment & Juvenile Delinquency April 6, 2014 CHILD MALTREATMENT & JUVENILE DELINQUENCY 2 Abstract Research suggests that there is a correlation between child maltreatment and juvenile delinquency. The findings indicate that children, who have experienced abuse or neglect during childhood, are at increased risk of committing crimes in adolescence. A substantial number of children enter the juvenile justice system with a history of abuse, with approximately one third of these adolescence are actively associated with a child welfare agency at the time of their initial arrest. This paper attempts to establish a clear definition of physical, sexual and emotional abuse, as well as, neglect, while also reviewing a pattern of subsequent delinquency. The effects of racial, ethnic and gender differences in criminal behavior will be explored. A collaborated effort among youth serving agencies is discussed as a method of prevention of child maltreatment and future delinquency. CHILD MALTREATMENT & JUVENILE DELINQUENCY 3 Juvenile delinquency is a serious public health concern. Throughout literature, child and adolescent maltreatment are consistently identified as powerful predictors of juvenile and adult crime. In 2009, law enforcement agencies arrested approximately 1.9 million persons under the age of 18 “ (Ryan, Williams, & Courtney, 2013, p.454)...
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