...Wine - historical & Archaeological OVERVIEW INTRODUCTION: Archeological studies of alcohol can provide deep insight into societies past and present. Around the world and throughout time, humans demonstrate a nearly universal proclivity towards alcoholic beverages. As cultural anthropologist David Mandelbaum writes, cultural attitudes towards alcohol vary around the world from adoration to proscription of drink, but there are few cultures [1]that completely ignore alcohol (Mandelbaum 1965: 281). Distillation of hard spirits happened only in recent times and for much of human history, wine and beer[2] were the only alcoholic beverages available for common consumption (if a bar or tavern was present in a particular culture). Archeological evidence shows that while during the last 10,000 years alcohol consumption was common, it was also uniquely culturally contextual. Dutch archeologist Marijke Van der Veen claims that “[studying] the production, preparation, consumption, and disposal can help identify the social context of food” (Van der Veen 2006: 407). A more traditional archeological approach focuses less on the production of food due to its “transient nature”.[3] Ethnographic research can provide more information about consumption practices as can historic sources, but we need more information from actual artifacts found at sites around the world. With artifacts, we can provide a more conclusive picture of how different cultures produced, consumed, valued or...
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...The Nile River’s Impact on Ancient Egypt Egypt is known as one of the oldest and most successful civilizations. Although, Egypt would not have been nearly as successful as it is today without the help of the Nile River. The Nile River is the longest river in the World, and luckily for the Egyptians, seven hundred miles of it runs right through this country. This river had an extremely powerful influence on the people of Egypt, by providing them with occupations, food and water, transportation, irrigation for crops, and an economic advancement. The Nile River was truly a blessing to the people of Egypt, and they would not have thrived without it. In earlier days, agriculture was a huge part of civilizations. The people of Egypt depended on the Nile for its water to provide water for their crops. Irrigation channels flowed from the Nile to farmer’s small gardens, where they grew vegetables such as onions, cucumbers, and beans. (Background Essay) The main crops grown by farmers were barley and emmer wheat for making bread and beer. (Background Essay) Since Egypt does not receive a lot of rain, roughly only 4 inches per year, farmers depended a lot on the “Peret” season which was known as the growing season. (Document B) This was when water gradually diminished, but the Nile was high enough to fill irrigation canals. (Document B)...
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...Mesopotamia, an ancient Greek term meaning “the land between rivers”, is considered to be the cradle of civilization because this is where we find the origins of agriculture, written language, and cities. It was known as the land between two rivers, the Tigris to the north and the Euphrates to the south. Rains were seasonal in this area, which meant that the land flooded in the winter and spring and water was scarce at other times. Farming in the region depended on irrigation from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. In ancient times, many resources in Mesopotamia were scarce or absent, which stimulated trade within the region and beyond. Supported by lucrative trade with its neighbors, Mesopotamia grew to become a powerful empire. Life in Mesopotamia Prehistory The settlement of humans in the Near East began with the movement of Homo erectus off the African continent roughly 2 million years ago during the Paleolithic period. Over the course of several thousand years, Homo erectus spread rapidly throughout the Near East and then into Europe and Southeast Asia. The first three phases of the Paleolithic period (Lower, Middle, and Upper) extend from roughly 2.5 million years BC through 14,000 BC. Each phase is defined by changes in human habitat, stone tool technology, and diet. During most of that time, humans lived in open-air campsites and in small natural caves. They hunted wild animals and fished, gathered wild plants, and wandered over a large geographic area. During...
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...GKE Task one GKE Task One Michelle Alley Western Governors University Part A: A significant physical geological factor that contributed to the rise of the great early human society of Egypt over 7000 years ago was the importance of the Nile River. None of the achievements of the remarkable ancient Egyptian civilizations would have been possible without the Nile. (ushistory, n.d.) It's population was contained, yet protected by a narrow 1,000 mile long stretch of highly fertile land. The Nile valley and the people that lived there were protected by geographical features. To the east and the west of the Nile were impassable deserts. North and south were protected by rugged highlands and deeply eroded valleys providing extra protection from outside forces.The Nile provided a means of food for early peoples being an area rich with fruit trees, vegetation and fish. It later became a center for agriculture. Having a fertile soil and long growing season the people of the area became excellent farmers. The Nile also provided a means of trade. Not only could goods be exported but lumber was able to be imported from Syria and the Lebanese woods that contributed to the great architectural structures of the period. (Orlin, 2007) The Nile was a central factor in the early Egyptian culture. It was so significant that the calendar was developed around the flood cycle. Not only did the Nile provide food, water and transportation. The reeds from the Nile were used to make...
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...Contrast/Compare Human beings have been on the move ever since the invention of the wheel around 3,500 B.C.E. in Mesopotamia. By 1200 B.C.E., a more sophisticated model, the spoked-wheel, was used on chariots as a mode of transportation throughout Eurasia, even reaching as far as Egypt, China and Scandinavia. From there, transportation needs did not change drastically until the first true gasoline automobile was invented in 1885 to1886 by Karl Frederich Benz. With the invention of this new “toy”, men felt the need to push the limits of these vehicles for more than just cargo and passengers. By the beginning of the 20th century, automobile racing took off in both Europe and the United States with each having their own fledgling racing circuits. This trend continued up to present time with two of the world’s most popular racing series: WRC (World Rally Championship), which was launched in 1973 by the FIA (The International Automobile Federation.) and NASCAR (The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing), which was founded by William France, Sr., in 1948. Although both WRC and NASCAR are extreme and captivating in their own respects there are great differences and a few similarities in the skill level of the drivers, the cars, and the fans. First, is the huge gap in the skill level between the WRC driver and the NASCAR driver. WRC drivers are some the most versatile and talented drivers in the world. WRC drivers have an endurance that cannot be matched. Each rally...
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...forces of competitiveness to analyze in details the business environment faced by Carlsberg and Heineken in Malaysia. Detail of how Carlsberg and Heineken had done a good choice to take the risk of marketing in Malaysia is discussed below. The advantages and disadvantages of such decision are highlighted below as well. We then identify the generic strategies adapted by Carlsberg and Heineken successfully and describe the different generic strategies for different products of different segments in Malaysia. 2. Introduction of Beer Beer is one of the oldest human-produced beverages, possibly dating back to at least the 7th millennium BC (perhaps prior even to bread), and recorded in the written history of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Earliest known chemical evidence of beer dates to circa 3500-3100 BC. As almost any substance containing carbohydrates, namely sugar or starch, can naturally undergo fermentation, it is likely that beer-like beverages were independently invented among various cultures throughout the world. Today, the brewing industry is a huge global business, consisting of several multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries to increasingly popular home brewing and is selling more than 133 billion litres (35 billion gallons) per year - producing total global revenues of $331.8 billion in 2004. 1. Carlsberg Introduction 1. History of Carlsberg Carlsberg was founded in 1847 by the...
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...HB 490 Introduction to Wine Lesson 1: Wine and Health, Wine in History, Wine and Culture, and Serving Alcohol Safely In Vino Sanitas? Wine (and other alcohols) and Health The French Paradox 60 Minutes segment in 1991 Mounting epidemiological evidence that moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with Reduced risk of death Particularly by coronary disease Red Wine was apparently most beneficial The “J” shaped curve 1 Societal Attitudes The French Paradox report came in the midst of a resurgent prohibitionist sentiment This sentiment has not disappeared, but is somewhat less prevalent or obvious today Societal Attitudes To drink or Not to drink? Some believe the healthiest choice is NOT to consume alcohol, while others tout the purported health benefits of alcohol consumption Others, yet, acknowledge the apparent health benefits of moderate alcohol consumption, but hesitate to discuss them as they fear this may lead some may become alcohol dependent to start consuming alcohol Societal Attitudes Much (dis)information on the issue of alcohol and health! You must consider the data critically Interpretations may vary Research is never fully conclusive Scientist not always “value free” Some agencies/authorities have “agendas” 2 Agenda? Visit the websites of these organizations and see if you can establish if they have an agenda relative to wine and health Epidemiology Epidemiology...
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...Accounting I 280 Solution to Quick Quiz State the four most common forms of business enterprises and briefly describe them. Answer: 1. Sole Proprietorship is an unincorporated business owned by one person. 2. Partnership is an unincorporated business owned by two or more persons. 3. Corporation is a type of business organization recognized under the law as an entity separate from its owners. It provides certain legal protection for the owners against lawsuits brought against the company. They are allowed to do many of the same things any person would be able to do: own land and other property; enter into contracts; sue and be sued in court; pay taxes; conduct business, and so forth. 4. Limited Liability Company (LLC) is a type of business organization recognized under the law as an entity separate from its owners. It has features of both a Corporation and Partnership. It provides certain legal protection for the owners against lawsuits brought against the company. LLCs provide certain tax benefits to the company and the owners. The Sole Proprietorship and Partnership forms are often considered "natural" business forms, because they can be created with only the actions of the owners. The mere conduct of business by an individual creates a Sole Proprietorship automatically. Two or more individuals conducing business together automatically creates a Partnership, although that may not have been the intention of the people originally. Corporations and LLCs are...
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...Golden Acres Road, Corner Misamis St. Bago Bantay Quezon City Golden Acres Road, Corner Misamis St. Bago Bantay Quezon City Quezon City Science High School Quezon City Science High School Vinegar, Copper Wire, and Zinc Nail as an Alternative Power Source Leader: Calipay, Issabone F. Members: Callada, Peter Ivan B. Kasilag, Ian Michael 8- Pascal Febuary 2015 GROUP 7 CHAPER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The review of literature for this study focuses on procedures on making power source. The review focuses on the number of light bulbs the vinegar can power. The chapter begins with finding some people who lack power source, followed by the findings of researchers on some information about vinegar, zinc nail and copper wire. What is Vinegar? Vinegar is a liquid consisting mainly of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and water. Vinegar is now mainly used as a cooking ingredients, but historically, asa the most easily available mild acid, it had a great variet of industrial, medical, and domestic uses, some of which are still promoted today. The history of vinegar is actually by accident, but according to legends, Babylonians used vinegar as a cleaning agent. The Babylonians later discovered that vinegars slows or stop the action of bacteria that spoils the food and so they started using it as a preservative. Vinegar is a totally natural food. There are no harmful chemicals or preservatives in fact vinegar is a preservative itself. Vinegar...
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...Plinius, first glass was found by chance on the coasts of Phoenicia (present Syrian and Lebanese coasts). According to this chance, saltpetre soils mixed with sands by fire. Phonic merchants, who strived with sailing, had used to saltpetre soils for seated their stew pot that their meals cooked in it. The first known glassware products were glass vases and were produced in Ancient Egypt that dated at approximately B.C. 2700. Ancient Egyptians produced glass pots that were first known and decorated zigzag and invented coloured glass. They embedded their deads in glass coffins. Their habit had been passed to Assyrians and Greeks in Hellenistic era by commercial relationships. The glassware passed from Ancient Egypt to Mesopotamia and Ancient Greece approximately B.C. 2500. Mesopotamians produced glass objects for religious ceremonies and daily usage and spread their glassware to Anatolia. However, the glassware in Mesopotamia started to decline at approximately B.C. 1500 due to continuous wars between Mesopotamian states and foreign invasions. II.1.2. GLASSWARE IN SYRIA AND EGYPT The glassware in Syria was started by Phoenicians but it was brought by Ancient Egyptians. Ancient Syrians produced glass product like Ancient Egyptian at first. However, they invented blow technique. The melted glass, which has paste consistency, is gathered on a pipe with hole. The glass mass is inflated as balloon by air is blown from pipe. After, it is rolled around pipe. It turned...
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...МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ ТА НАУКИ, МОЛОДІ ТА СПОРТУ УКРАЇНИ ХАРКІВСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ЕКОНОМІЧНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ Кафедра іноземних мов “ Цілі та принципи бухгалтерського обліку ” ВИКОНАЛА: ПЕРЕВІРИЛА: Харків 2012 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE, YOUNG PEOPLE AND SPORT OF UKRAINE KHARKIV NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS Department of Foreign Languages “Purpose and Principles of Accounting” “Accounting and audit” Faculty (2-2) Supervisor: Kharkiv 2012 Accountancy Accountancy is the process of communicating financial information about a business entity to users such as shareholders and managers. The communication is generally...
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...Biotechnology Insulin crystals Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity).[1] Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of bioengineering and biomedical engineering. For thousands of years, humankind has used biotechnology in agriculture, food production and medicine.[2] The term itself is largely believed to have been coined in 1919 by Hungarian engineer Karl Ereky. In the late 20th and early 21st century, biotechnology has expanded to include new and diverse sciences such as genomics, recombinant gene technologies, applied immunology, and development of pharmaceutical therapies and diagnostic tests.[3] Definitions of biotechnology The concept of 'biotech' or 'biotechnology' encompasses a wide range of procedures (and history) for modifying living organisms according to human purposes — going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies. Biotechnology is defined by the American Chemical Society as the application of biological organisms, systems, or processes by various...
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...10000 quiz questions and answers www.cartiaz.ro 10000 general knowledge questions and answers 10000 general knowledge questions and answers www.cartiaz.ro No Questions Quiz 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Carl and the Passions changed band name to what How many rings on the Olympic flag What colour is vermilion a shade of King Zog ruled which country What colour is Spock's blood Where in your body is your patella Where can you find London bridge today What spirit is mixed with ginger beer in a Moscow mule Who was the first man in space What would you do with a Yashmak Who betrayed Jesus to the Romans Which animal lays eggs On television what was Flipper Who's band was The Quarrymen Which was the most successful Grand National horse Who starred as the Six Million Dollar Man In the song Waltzing Matilda - What is a Jumbuck Who was Dan Dare's greatest enemy in the Eagle What is Dick Grayson better known as What was given on the fourth day of Christmas What was Skippy ( on TV ) What does a funambulist do What is the name of Dennis the Menace's dog What are bactrians and dromedaries Who played The Fugitive Who was the King of Swing Who was the first man to fly across the channel Who starred as Rocky Balboa In which war was the charge of the Light Brigade Who invented the television Who would use a mashie niblick In the song who killed Cock Robin What do deciduous...
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...An Essay on Economic Theory An English translation of Richard Cantillon’s Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en Général An Essay on Economic Theory An English translation of Richard Cantillon’s Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en Général Translated by Chantal Saucier Edited by Mark Thornton 4 An Essay on Economic Theory © 2010 by the Ludwig von Mises Institute and published under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Ludwig von Mises Institute 518 West Magnolia Avenue Auburn, Alabama 36832 mises.org ISBN: 978-1-61016-001-8 Foreword Robert F. Hébert Following a century of neglect, William Stanley Jevons, in the first blush of discovery, proclaimed Cantillon’s Essai, “the cradle of political economy.” Subsequent growth and development of economic thought has not really alerted us to the subtleties of this succinct appraisal. A cradle holds new life; and there can be little doubt that the Essai added new life to the organizing principles of economics. But “political economy” does not accurately describe the subject Cantillon addressed. Indeed, he scrupulously avoided political issues in order to concentrate on the mechanics of eighteenth-century economic life. When confronted by “extraneous” factors, such as politics, Cantillon insisted that such considerations be put aside, “so as not to complicate our subject,” he said, thus invoking a kind of ceteris paribus assumption before...
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...UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Peer Reviewed Title: Technology and society : some insights on the development of metallurgy in the Southern Levant in the light of new dates of slag deposits Author: Ben-Yosef, Erez Acceptance Date: 01-01-2008 Series: UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Degree: M.A., UC San Diego Permalink: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/03f2f3vx Local Identifier: b6636008 Abstract: An ongoing project for reconstructing the behavior of the geomagnetic field intensity during the last seven millennia has yielded several new dates for archaeometallurgical sites in the Southern Levant. These dates shed new light on the dawn of metallurgy in the region as well as on the quality of technological development and its relation to social and political structures. This paper introduces the methodology and concepts behind the archaeomagnetic project as well as the principles of the applied dating technique. In addition, the paper presents the archaeomagnetic results, discusses the alternative dating of several archaeometallurgical sites and explores the implication of these results on our understanding of the interaction between technology and society in the past. For the latter, the results particularly challenge the "Standard View of Technology" (Pfaffenberger, 1992), and suggest a complex, nonlinear evolution of copper industry in the Southern Levant eScholarship provides open access, scholarly publishing services to the University of...
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