...Behavior Change Project The Transtheoretical Model The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) is an integrative model developed in the early 1980’s by Prochaska and DiClemente to conceptualize the process of intentional behavior change (Pro- Change Behavior Systems, 2015). The TTM emerged from a comparative analysis of the most powerful principles and processes of change from leading theories in psychotherapy and behavior change, including Conscious Raising by Sigmund Freud, Contingency Management by BF Skinner and Helping Relationships by Carl Rogers (Hayden, 2014; Hergenrather, 200*; Pro- Change Behavior Systems, 2015). Whereas other models of behavior change focus exclusively on certain dimensions of change such as social or biological, the TTM seeks to include and integrate key constructs from other theories into a comprehensive theory of change that can be applied to a variety of behaviors, populations, and settings including treatment settings, prevention and policy-making settings. Thus the name Transtheoretical (Pro- Change Behavior Systems, 2015). Stages of change It is not easy to for individuals to change from an unhealthy behavior to a healthy one. Therefore, the TTM focuses on the decision-making of the individual. It operates on the assumption that people do not change behavior quickly and decisively, rather, change in behavior, particularly long-term behavior, occurs continuously through a cyclical process (Boston University School of Public Health, 2016). The...
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...imperative to fully understand how behavior can change in an instant. Health education depends on using the proper theories and models. This paper will address the theories and models used in health education, the importance of the theories, as well as real world examples and information from models used in health education. To understand why it is important to use theories, one must first understand the difference between theories and models. While theories are a set of interrelated concepts and definitions and propositions used to present a systematic view of events or situations, models are composites of mixtures and ideas taken from a number of theories and used together (Cottrell, Girvan, & McKenzie, 2012). Theories and models are intertwined in health education. Theories are important in health education because they influence how evidence is collected, analyzed, understood, and utilized. When theories are implicit, they have the power to clarify and reveal new ideas and insights. Overall, theories influence health education by providing focus on implementation processes to continually improve and make the required adjustments. The socio-ecological approach is important in health education because it examines how one’s physical, social, political, economic, and cultural dimensions influence their behavior and conditions. Human behavior is too easily influenced and can change in an instant; it is simply how humans and their behavior are. An individual’s intrapersonal...
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...Comprehensive Discussion on the Similarities of Change as Discussed in The Heart of Change and Organizational Behavior and Management Webster University Introduction A famous Greek philosopher, Heraclitus, once said, “Change is the only constant.” That can be said of business too. “Business as usual” is no longer the world of the eight to five workday, Monday through Friday with the safety net of cornering the market place in the selected region. As Thomas Friedman’s bestselling book “The World is Flat” states due to globalization and advances in technology, “the world is on a level playing field, where all competitors around the globe have equal opportunity to compete,” in a global market that historically and geographical has been impossible several decades ago (The World Is Flat ). In light of this, the authors of “The Heart of Change”, John Kotter and David Cohen (2002) and “Organizational Behavior and Management” textbook by Ivancevich, Konopaske...
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...Behavior Change Behavior Change with Positive and Negative Reinforcements Vickie Christian, Tiffany Smith, Natasha Butcher, Rochelle Dial University of Phoenix There are several forms of operant conditioning that can be used to change a person’s behavior. The four forms are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and omission training. Positive reinforcement is the use of a stimulus to make a certain behavior response increase. A good example of this would be that when you rub a cat on its back it will make a purring sound; the purring is the positive reinforce. If you want the same results the next time then you must rub it in the same manner. Negative reinforcement is when you take something away from a person to increase a behavior. For instance, if your child has a chore of doing the dishes and you tell that child that if they say please and thank you they will not have to do them, then in order to avoid the dreaded chore of the dishes they will continue to give you the behavior you are looking for. Punishment is when you decrease a behavior response by an adverse stimulus. An example of this would be yelling at a child for doing something they know they should not be doing. Omission training is removing the stimulus to get a certain behavior. An example of this would be to take away a television that the child might use as a night light for not going to bed when they are supposed to. There are primary reinforcers and secondary reinforcers. The primary...
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...Behavior Change with Positive and Negative Reinforcements Vickie Christian, Tiffany Smith, Natasha Butcher, Rochelle Dial University of Phoenix There are several forms of operant conditioning that can be used to change a person’s behavior. The four forms are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and omission training. Positive reinforcement is the use of a stimulus to make a certain behavior response increase. A good example of this would be that when you rub a cat on its back it will make a purring sound; the purring is the positive reinforce. If you want the same results the next time then you must rub it in the same manner. Negative reinforcement is when you take something away from a person to increase a behavior. For instance, if your child has a chore of doing the dishes and you tell that child that if they say please and thank you they will not have to do them, then in order to avoid the dreaded chore of the dishes they will continue to give you the behavior you are looking for. Punishment is when you decrease a behavior response by an adverse stimulus. An example of this would be yelling at a child for doing something they know they should not be doing. Omission training is removing the stimulus to get a certain behavior. An example of this would be to take away a television that the child might use as a night light for not going to bed when they are supposed to. There are primary reinforcers and secondary reinforcers...
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...keep them running smoothly. Learning things, shape who we are, and what type of person we will become. They influence our behavior, and change us. In life, there are three types of behavior change. The three ways to change your behavior are, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning. The first way to change your behavior is classical conditioning. The definition of classical conditioning according to Glencoe, Understanding Psychology is, “A learning procedure in which associations...
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...Worksheet 1 Ch 11 Name Adeline Tcheugoue__ Each question is worth 0.5 points 1.What are the 3 overlapping functions of the nervous system? 1. Sensory input 2. Integration 3. Motor output 2.The central nervous system (CNS) consists of what? The brain and the spinal cord. 3.The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of what? The sensory neurons and motor neurons. 4.What are ganglia? A ganglion is a dense cluster of interconnected neurons that process sensory information or control motor outputs. 5.What is the difference between spinal nerves and cranial nerves? Spinal nerves arise from the either side of the spinal cord and there are 31 pairs. Spinal nerves take impulses to and from the spinal cord and control skeletal muscle contraction. Cranial nerves arise from the brain are concerned with the head, neck and facial regions of the body and there are 12 pairs. Cranial nerves take impulses to and from the brain. 6.What are the 2 subdivisions of the PNS? What do each of them do? Two subdivisions of the PNS are the sensory-somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. 7.What are the 2 main parts of the motor division? What do they do? 8.What are the 2 subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system? What do they do? 9.What are neuroglia or glial cells? List each type of glial cell in the CNS and its function. 10.List each type of glial cell in the PNS and its function. 11.How is resting membrane potential (RMP) generated...
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...June 23, 2016 Human Trafficking Defining the Problem Modern day slavery has hit like never before. Actual slavery is flourishing in our own backyards. The buying and selling of human beings for profit is a crime against humanity which still exists. A lot of the trafficking in America is done right under our noses, without us even knowing about it. It is a multi-billion dollar enterprise. Human Trafficking is defined as the recruitment, transportation transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person for one of three purposes: involuntary servitude, debt bondage, slavery or sexual exploitation. Trafficking has three basic elements: The Act (meaning what is done) The Means (meaning how it is done) The Purpose (meaning why it is done) The Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPA) is a very vital bill which will replace the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, which established the State Department Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. The original legislation was designed to combat trafficking in the US and the new Act builds upon the original Act to improve it in many different ways. The TVPA provides both international and domestic provisions. (FIGHTSLAVERYNOW...
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...Michael Davis Wellness: Lifestyle Choices Health Behavior Change Paper Exercising is an essential key to feeling good and staying healthy. To many individuals exercising is enjoyable and the feeling of accomplishment when the results are seen is even better; however sometimes without proper discipline, finding the time is the problem. Exercising goes past just looking good but, also enabling a person to enjoy a better, longer life. Having a family history with high blood pressure encourages me to change my unhealthy habits. I chose this behavior because I needed to change my lazy habits to better my health, I want to feel better about myself. Even though college takes a lot of time out of my day to studying, I still need to make more time not just for leisure, but as well as making more time for physical activities. My goal is to slowly increase my levels of physical activities so that I can lower my blood pressure. I am going to start out each day with at least 20 minutes of cardio and 40 minutes or more of intense running two days a week. Now that I am working towards my AA in business, it is going to be tough making time to exercise. I plan to remind myself of the importance of having a better health as well as creating healthy habits for myself. My final goal is to work out seven days a week, which I will dedicate 20 minutes of cardio every day and 40 minutes or more of intense running two days a week and weight training three times per week. In the short run, I suspect...
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...DISCUSS HOW THE CONSUMER BEHAVIOR HAS CHANGED TODAY Kotler defines consumer behavior to be the study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. He argues that it blends elements from psychology, sociology, social anthropology and economics. It attempts to understand the decision-making processes of buyers, both individually and in groups. It studies characteristics of individual consumers such as demographics and behavioral variables in an attempt to understand people's wants. It also tries to assess influences on the consumer from groups such as family, friends, reference groups, and society in general. Macinnis and Gupta, 2008. Argue that consumer behavior reflects the totality of consumer’s decisions with respect to the acquisition and disposition of goods, services, activities and ideas by human decision making units. They have it that consumer behavior means more than just how a person buys tangible products such as bath soap, digital music players and automobiles. It includes consumer’s use of service, activities and ideas such as going to the doctor, visiting a theme park, etc. Foxall, 2005. Identifies with changes in consumer behavior in world. He argues that the buying behavior of urban middle class of Africa and India and the upper middle class as well to a large extent has a...
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...PERSONAL HEALTH BEHAVIOR CHANGE According to the World Health Organization nutrition is the intake of food considered in relation to the body's dietary needs. However, nutrition does not just stop at the foods that someone eats. To be considered in good health, a balanced diet must be combined with regular physical activities to help in the aid of being considered in good health. A person's nutrition has an effect on how the person can look, feel, think and even act. As nutrition decreases the risks of disease and illness become greater. Some of the main problems associated with poor nutrition are obesity/underweight, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes and reduced immunity to diseases. In many cases poor nutrition can be prevented, it is just a matter of what the person will do for themselves. One of the more common effects of poor nutrition and lack of physical activities is found in Type 2 Diabetes. Type 2 Diabetes is when the body can no longer use its insulin effectively, or create enough of it. This lack of insulin can have many different effects on the body. The symptoms of it include excessive excretion of urine, thirst, constant hunger, vision changes and fatigue. These symptoms are usually not found as early as they are in type 1, and are usually found after complications for diabetes are occurring. Another major result of poor nutrition and poor activity habits is in obesity. Obesity is one of the largest factors of health problems affecting people that can...
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...Organizational Change and Employees’ Behaviors Abstract Organizational change can affect employees’ attitudes and behaviors in the workplace. Being able to recognize the types of changes and how employees are affected will better help a company in the process of a change gain a better workplace environment. Organizational Change and Employees’ Behaviors Organizational change is something that occurs most often in today’s business world. Organizational change can affect employees’ attitudes and behaviors in the workplace. Being able to recognize the types of changes and how employees are affected will better help a company in the process of a change gain a better workplace environment. The following research and studies are all based on employees’ and organizational change. Research that Shin, Taylor, & Seo (2012) based their paper on states that involvement in planned organizational change is a long, emotionally intense, stressful, and fatiguing process for most employees. The findings from the research they have done were that intense negative emotions experienced by most employees during organizational change lead them to become change averse and reluctant to enact supportive behaviors directed at achieving goals set by organizations’ leaders. One argument they had was that one way to boost and sustain employees’ commitment to change is to build up their individual resources prior to the start of a change process. Those individual resources then...
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...describes the “keeping “of the behavior change. The individual has made a change in terms of their health or health related issue. The behavior change I chose was not a health issue per say. However, spiritual health has been related to physical health in several journal articles. In the journal article entitled The Role of Spirituality in Health care by Christina M. Puchalski, M.D. she states that there is active research being done by physicians, psychologist and other health professionals. It has been focused on one of these three major areas: Coping, Mortality and Recovery. In addition, Dr. Puchalski discusses those aspects of spiritual care. She includes taking a spiritual history. I will have to comment on that aspect....
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...Older Adults and Behavior Change Many older adults are aware of changes in their ability to remember new information, and most are not comfortable with that loss. Because older adults experience changes in cognition, specifically short-term memory, this would have to be a crucial consideration to teaching any training program. For example, if the training consists of six hour-long classes, once per week, after a week has passed, some amount of the training will have been lost. Aguilera, Dailey, & Perez (2008) suggest creating a shame-free environment for learning. Additionally, Green and Bavelier (2008) found older individuals have a difficult time transferring knowledge learned in one specific task to other similar tasks. For example, an individual may be taught to navigate a computer in a class, but when they go home, they may not be able to transfer and apply the knowledge to their computer. I am partial to Huang, Chen, Wu, Chen and Lin's (2002) idea to utilize short-term classes and long-term, in-home instruction. Huang et al., (2002) found the combination of home-based instruction over the long-term and short-term class instruction supports durable change, at least in health maintenance behaviors. For computer-related learning, a home-based class might be helpful, especially combined with classes. This might be easily accomplished with programs such as Team Viewer which allows an individual to manipulate a computer in a different location. I use this with my 84-year-old...
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...SELF-DIRECTED HEALTH BEHAVIOR CHANGE FINAL BEHAVIOR CHANGE REPORT: DECREASING THE AMOUNT OF TIME SPENT ON FACEBOOK HPRO 509 WINTER 2010 PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH BEHAVIOR a. Project Goals By Monday, on the 10th week of Winter Quarter, March 15th, I will decrease the frequency, and length of login time spent on Facebook to 3 logins per day, and no more than 20 minutes per login session (no more than 60 minutes per day). My goal is not to completely suppress the unwanted behavior, but mindfully develop new and more effective behaviors in place of the old, unwanted behavior –namely, to be more productive with studying. A self-contract have been written and signed, which will help increase my chance of success. The goal is to reduce the frequency and duration in incremental steps (shaping, approximation) with measureable feedbacks in order to assure a sense of self-efficacy (confidence) belief for the likelihood of success of the long-range goal. Table 1: Shaping (Goals & Subgoals) Date to Accomplish (Subgoals) Frequency of Login Per Day Duration of Login Per Day (minutes) Baseline Data (01/11/10 – 01/31/10) 10 120 02/20/01 8 100 02/28/01 5 80 ***03/15/01*** 3 60 b. Problem Solving With the inevitable coming of midterms, presentations, labs, and school work—the stress has become a problem. I’ve lost focus on both short-range and long-range goals in changing the behavior. I slipped up and made a mistake, and temporarily lapsed to going...
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