...PRACTICAL RESPONSIBILITY I: NORMATIVE EXPECTATIONS In Chapter II, I have identified a basic objection to any responsibility-based account of action, the fundamental problem. In a nutshell, the concept of action appears to be prior to the concept of responsibility in the logical order of things. If so, then an account of action in terms of responsibility is impossible. I have also suggested that the challenge thus posed could be met with a concept of practical task-responsibility. The aim of this and the next two chapters is to develop such a concept. I will claim that a person is practically task-responsible for ϕing just in case it would be reasonable (in a special sense I will explain in Chapter V) to expect of her that she ϕ. Two major conceptual tasks lie ahead. First, the concept of expectation involved must be clarified. Second, the concept of reasonableness must be explained. These are the respective tasks of the present and the next two chapters. As we will see, both tasks are rather delicate. In both cases, we will see that the fundamental problem reappears at various junctures in the natural course of explanation of the concepts. I begin the chapter by clarifying the distinction between normative and predictive (or descriptive) expectations (section 1). Sections 2-4 proceed to discuss the concept of normative expectations, since the concept of practical task-responsibility is characterized exclusively in terms of normative expectations. After some preliminary conceptual...
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...The character's internal conflict of outward conformity versus inward questioning is manifested in the novel “Death of a Salesman” written by Arthur Miller, in which he portrayed Willy as a hollow salesman, constantly seeking wealth and fame in his life. Believing in his corrupted version of American Dream, Willy was unable to withdraw himself from his self deluded idea of societal conformity. Throughout the novel, Willy is in a constant state of mental dissillusionment. Containing a strong desire and obligation to fulfill his American Dream, he often contradict himself and thus trying to justify actions and events through nonsense justification. However, traces of Willy natural and subconscious inclinations also constantly show up in the novel. Therefore, as a result, Willy achieved virtually nothing in his life just like his belief in American Dream, which is surreal and intangible as well. Throughout the novel, the outward conformity and inward questioning of Willy often create contradicting tension. Willy often make contradicting statements from his previous assertions in order to conform his later statements into the standard of his American Dream. For example, Willy earlier stated that Biff is lazy, but he later denied Biff's laziness. He does so in order to retain his hope in Biff, wishing that someday he will achieve his American Dream through Biff. Another example of self contradiction is also manifested when Willy said that he will attain a more successful business...
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...results. AT&T project managers and the sales force they support encounter miscommunication and conflict. The proposed team building exercise will address communication issues and the necessary establish expectation to form a more cohesive team. AT&T’s project management team designated to support the organizations sales force has communication issues. Communication and lack of established expectations create a hostile working arrangement. When the sales force corresponds with the project managers regarding an order for services miscommunication begins and expectation are not met. The correspondence concerning a sale does not always provide the required elements to initiate a customer service order. Tension and frictions begins to occur and the compounding issues propagate dysfunctional conflict. Dysfunctional conflict is conflict that impedes an organizations goal (Kinicki & Kreitner, 2009). The dysfunctional conflict between project managers and the sales force disrupts customer’s service orders. The disruption trickles down to the operations and installation teams. The necessary information required for issuing service orders could be misunderstood, misinterpreted, or missing elements causing delays in customer service. The conflict impacts internal and external behavior. The dysfunctional conflict demands an intervention starting with team building exercises. Team building starts with identifying and understanding the issues that needs to be addressed. Once the issue...
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...Management and leadership Presentation Subject: Explain how managers can set effective expectations for their employees to increase organizational performance. Slide 1: In order to set expectations towards employee, it is important to know what these expectations are. What are the goals and guidelines to an increase organizational performance in the work place? What are the behaviors and expectations managers have towards their employees? What are effective expectations for employees? * Don’t assume * Communicate * Self-Starter * Know company ethics policy * Team Player * Punctuality * Change * Accountability Speaker Notes Don’t Assume: When working specific tasks or assignments, occasionally there may come up a situation or a certain equation that is not understood by the employee. It is imperative to ask what you do not know, so that either manager or team co-worker may aid in your assistance to learn what is needed to be done. It is agreed that rather an employee not know how to execute a specific task and learn then to pretend he does know how and makes fatal errors which in the has dire consequences. Communicate: One if not the most important aspect of employee expectation is the skill of communicating. When one communicates to his co-workers or to their manager about specific actions that need to be communicated about, therein lies a harmonious flow within the work environment between everyone working. Communication...
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...1--2--3--4--5--6 Interpersonal Skills 4. Drawing from past work experience, describe several situations where you had to interact with "difficult people" and how you handled the situations. 1--2--3--4--5--6 5. Comment on the following: "Students are the most important people in our business." 1--2--3--4--5--6 6. This office is many times "all things to all people." How do you see your skills and personality fitting into that expectation? 1--2--3--4--5--6 Professional Ethics/Behavior 7. Tell us how you have handled past work situations that required "confidentiality." How might that procedure impact this office? 1--2--3--4--5--6 8. Discuss your understanding of the word "teamwork" and how you have been involved with that process on the job or in other settings. How might teamwork (or lack of it) affect an office setting? 1--2--3--4--5--6 9. Due to student needs and staff schedules, your daily schedule will change occasionally to help in meeting those needs. Comment on your flexibility with time and any expectations you might have. 1--2--3--4--5--6 Closing 10. Do you have any questions of us about this position? THANK YOU! (Describe remaining process.) Total score:...
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...INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT OF ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR AND LEADERSHIP Submitted To: Mr. Madan Lal Pradhan (Course Instructor) Submitted By: Manish Ratna Sakya MBAe IV ‘A’ 1. What is Pygmalion effect or self fulfilling prophecy? Ans: The Pygmalion effect is the phenomenon in which the greater the expectation placed upon people, the better they perform. It also states that high achievement always takes place in the framework of high expectations. The belief of Pygmalion effect will lead people to perform closer to the expectations that they set for themselves. The studies of the Pygmalion effect are difficult to conduct. However, the results show a positive correlation between leader expectation and follower performance, but it is argued that the studies are done in an unnatural, manipulated setting. The paradox of the Pygmalion Effect is that having high expectations of people will produce better results, but it’s also more likely you’ll be disappointed. In business, managers, bosses, and corporate superiors can often influence the work and success of employees by expecting them to either rise or fall. The Pygmalion effect is very similar to the concept of a self-fulfilling prophecy. The self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes it to become true. The effect has both positive and negative outcomes — a person expected by his or her superiors to succeed will, but the opposite is also usually true. 2. What evidence of self...
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...The team has high academic expectations and will work hard to achieve this goal. The subsequent expectations will help build teamwork and trust; likewise, the policies act as incentives to fulfill the outlines expectations. ____________ will henceforth be referred to as the “team” in this contract. ------------------------------------------------------------------ Expectation 1: All members are expected to "stay connected" with the team. Communication is important to building teamwork and getting work done. Staying connected will include: ◦ Responding to all E-mails, phone calls, or other messages within 48 hours (A response time limit ensures that all work is completed in a timely manner). ◦ Creating and maintaining a Gmail account as the main form of communication and to facilitate real-time changes to documents. ◦ Frequently checking the team's SM 299 Google document folder to ensure awareness of all documents being posted and edited by fellow team members, as well as making an effort to at least comment if not contribute to the editing process of said documents. Policy 1: Should any member not adhere to Expectation 1, the following will occur: ◦ The "Procedure Manager" (see Procedure section) will acknowledge the lack of connection to the team and email the deviant member about his/her shortfall. ◦ The offending member must buy the team food and/or drinks (of their choice) for the next team meeting. Expectation 2: All members are expected...
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...learning centers and computer workstations, and submitting assignments. Then I will address two out-of-classroom activities and the behavioral expectations for them. The first out-of-classroom activity is recess and finally, assemblies. Finally, I shall express two separate evaluation techniques to establish the pupil comprehension of the conduct expectations and the effects of not abide by the regulations. The initial in-class activity I shall address is learning centers and computer workstations. In this activity, the pupils are separated into small groups. The amount of groups will equal the amount of centers or workstations. For instance, there are five workstations and or centers, so I separate the class into five groups with four or five pupils for each group. In every center the pupil will have an assignment to complete. I will use the poetry center as an instance. In the poetry center, pupils are given a subject that they will write on, and be obliged to finish in that center. The subject may be centered on an object they are presently studying as a class, or a current event. The area is arranged so all the supplies the pupil will require are in that area such as a dictionary, paper, pencils, and pens so the pupil isn’t required to move from the area to get supplies. While using the centers there is certain conduct expectations in order for the learning zone to be productive. The first prospect is for the pupils to stay in their appointed center throughout the activity...
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...learning environment. I have learned from my own children that they are happiest when boundaries are established, expectations are clear, and there is no confusion with how our household is going to run or the consequences they will face if they choose not to follow the rules. The same is true for the students within our classrooms. The boundaries I establish at the beginning of the year sets the tone for the duration of the time my students will spend with me. When there is a well thought out plan and students are aware of what is expected, no matter the activity, students will experience effective learning. Centers are an effective teaching strategy that allows self-directed learning amongst students. During a 90 minute reading block, I plan to use literacy centers while I am reading in small groups. This activity will be used every day for the entire year so it will be extremely important for my students to understand the appropriate procedures and my expectations for center time. My first expectation of my students at all center time activities is to use only a 12 inch voice, my second expectation is for my students to respect their peers and materials at each station, my third expectation is to stay on task, and my final expectation for center time is for my students to leave the station tidy and as it was when they arrived. To ensure these expectations are followed, my first step is to organize my materials and teach my students were everything goes. I plan to show...
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...covers the basics of managing people. It tries to demonstrate that managing people does not have to be a time consuming part of our jobs if done right. The emphasis is on setting goals and establishing clear expectations, praising people by catching them doing something right and correcting poor performance. Each of these parts can theoretically be done without spending a great deal of time. One Minute Goals: The basic idea is to set goals and identify what good results look like. They should be done on paper in 250 words or less. Both the manager and employee should individually review the goals and progress regularly to see whether the result matches the expectation. The overall idea of this part is that there should be no surprises because everyone involved should clearly understand the expectation. One Minute Praising: Managers should be trying to catch people doing something right. Managers should tell people in advance that you are going to let them know how they are doing. People should be praised immediately on being caught doing it right. The manager needs to be specific in the praise and tell the person how good it makes you feel and how it helps the organization and other coworkers. The point of one minute praising is to reinforce positive behavior. One Minute Reprimands: This is not a formal heavyweight reprimand. It is supposed to be a gentle correction for poor performance. Once again the manager needs to make sure employees know that you are going...
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...Unrealistic and Unspoken Expectations Harm Relationships By Jacklyn Marcus, Ph,D Certified Life Skills Coach We all create expectations for ourselves. It is a basic human trait to project our desires and thoughts onto those we are closest to. We tend to expect significant people in our lives to behave in a manner envisioned in our mind. Expectations in relationships can be harmful when unspoken ideals are projected onto the other person. Unspoken assumptions and unrealistic expectations commonly sabotage relationships. How many times have your feelings been hurt because you mistakenly assumed someone else knew what you thought or expected? Do you ever become annoyed or angry with someone who acted differently than you expected? Have you found yourself saying: “If you really loved me, you would…” “Why didn‟t you…” “You should…” It doesn‟t matter what kind of relationship you are in. Each person‟s expectations plays a large part in determining the health of the relationship. Perceptions of a relationship change when there is a contrast between the ideal and the real. The partnership strengthens when one begins to see the relationship for what it really is. Having unrealistic or unfulfilled expectations is a sure way to ruin a relationship. When an individual has a strong desire that their partner meet their impossible expectations they become blinded to who their partner really is. Even if the partner tries to meet the expectations, it will never be...
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...Hope-Focused Marriage Counseling In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Course Pre-Marital Counseling (PACO 610) February 18, 2010 Summary Worthington has an approach that is dependent largely on the empathizing of the counselor rather than the willingness of the involved (xiii). The essentials of this approach are the couples’ willingness to be expressive in their affection only while continually being reserved in reactions to provocations. Apparently, there is a chemical reaction which cascades more negativity (xxv), and the positivity to negativity ratio needs lots of boosting (47). The importance of the marriage relationship is that it is the only picture of Christ and His people that exists on earth. If this institution can be defamed, then it distorts the picture of Christ and His bride (17). Despite this, many cannot fathom the hundreds of dollars that it would take to potentially save their marriage even after thousands of dollars are spent on a wedding and tens of thousands of dollars would be spent on a divorce (22). There are differences between good counselors and bad ones—theoretically (29). However, let there be no mistaking that the counselor is an external influence in this process and he or she will not fix all of the problems right away or apart from the couple (42). Moreover, the success of these counseling times is dependent upon the couple’s ability to visualize what resolution they desire (56) with one issue at a time (59). ...
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...Few memories as a failure on a major project from half a decade ago still vividly remains in memories. As a Research Assistant to Tim, it was my first paid job. Tim, an Engineer, worked in silos and had driver social style to his heart beat. He only communicated the expectations without delving in the details that he had in his mind. Even though the Office space was a closed knit space for 16 students, Tim seldom hung out with people to build personal relationships. He only interacted with others when there was a need. His lack of explanation on why the project was needed had left me wondering regarding purpose and design aspects of the new programming project. I struggled on how to effectively design the project and often sought help from other people, who recommended me that the project needed investment in new programming platform as old platform was incapable of achieving the project objectives. After making almost no progress on the project and wasting time in attempts to make old platform workable, I received a vehement email from Tim, stating that XYZ Inc. was deciding to scale back on funding, as no progress reports were submitted. I was shocked to learn that I was even expected to submit progress reports at the end of quarter on the undertaken project in which I had neither any clue nor communication. As an amiable person, I was too quick to reach an agreement with Tim on project deliverables. I had thought that I would be receiving friendly advice and guidance from...
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...Foreign Literature The career factors used by Richardson (2009) are similar to the pre- and post-entry Expectations examined by Blomme et al. (2009). Blomme et al. found distinct differences in expectations of job content, development opportunities, work-family balance, salary, Performance-related pay and career opportunities. The authors argue discrepancies in what employees expect in the industry and actually experience may lead to negative consequences, such as turnover Richardson (2009) received completed surveys from 379 tourism and hospitality students (25% response) in Australia to measure perceptions of the hospitality industry. The author examined differences between importance and expectations of students on 20 career factors. The authors found discrepancies between what students perceived as important and what they expected in a hospitality career. Richardson concluded hospitality and tourism students do not expect the hospitality and tourism industries to offer them the career factors they feel are important. In addition, the author noted tourism and hospitality students do not have a clear idea of careers and working conditions in the hospitality industry. A study carried out by Chen (2000) which analysed the perceptions of tourism students’ toward work values concluded that one particular group of students categorized as “income movers” expressed a reduced desire to work in the industry due to poor earnings potential. Barron &...
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...Analyze the Thomas’s situation He proved himself to be very talented and intelligent, but he failed to satisfy the expectations of company and his superiors, Davis and Mcdonald. His direct expression for his ideas and his overly confident and arrogant personality made him to be unable meet office politics. His superior, Davis pointed out that he is “truly disappointed with Thomas’s work” and he has concerns with his “attitude and job performance”. Therefore, now he is situation to be receiving a dismissal in his position. Mistakes 1 (culture, power dependency) Green violates the group’s norms and regulation. Norms is a acceptable standards of behaviour within a group that are shared by group members. It is important because: • Facilitates group’s survival • Increase predictability of member’s behaviour • Decrease embarrassing interpersonal problem for members • Allows members to express central value of group and clarity what’s distinctive about group’s identity • It increase solidarity and cohesiveness His direct expression for his ideas and his overly confident and arrogant personality make him to be unable meet office politics. Green knows his capability and intelligent talent than any other people. Therefore he feels he has a right to express his idea under any circumstances and thinks his actions and choices are always right. More importantly, after his promotion, he admits his legitimate power in the office and thinks his power is equal to the Davis, his...
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