...Behavior therapy is a technique that was developed as a response to the psychoanalytical model and emphasized observable behaviors instead of the internal events or client history (Goldfried & Davidson, 1994). The theory is based upon the idea that behavior is learned and can subsequently be unlearned or modified. It is a theory that emphasizes examining current causes of behaviors rather than the individual’s history. The major contributors of this theory include Ivan Pa Both strengths and weaknesses exist when examining behavior therapy from a Christian worldview. Positive reinforcement is a technique used in behavior therapy in which a reward is remitted immediately following the desired behavior, thus creating an instant gratification environment. In the Bible, rewards and incentives are viewed on a more eternal level that comes in heaven and “transcends immediate gratification or positive reinforcement of specific behaviors now (Tan 2011).” Further, we are human beings created in the image of God (Gen. 1:26-27), and therefore we are not totally conditioned creatures, we do have some capacity to choose our behaviors freely. Behavior therapy has a strong focus on the client changing his or her own behaviors. From a Christian perspective, this can cause an over-dependence on one’s self and create “sinful self-sufficiency (Tan 2011).” Behavior therapy from a biblical perspective would emphasize seeking strength and sufficiency in Christ to bring about lasting...
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...Behavior Therapy Naomi R. Wiley AmRidge University Dr. James Kelly Abstract The behavioral approach was a significant departure from the psychoanalytic perspective of the 1950’s and 1960’s. B.F. Skinner believed all human behavior was a direct result of the environment in the form of stimuli, where human behavior strictly complies with the principle of causality. Skinner felt his ideas were the only true scientific theory of personality pertaining to Behavior therapy and conveying how Behavior Therapy generally would see individuals as both the producer and the product of their own behavior and environment. In addition, to focusing on the basic aim of Behavior Therapy, this paper will view Behavior Therapy from a Christian standpoint and highlight the Five key concepts for behavior theory which are the BASIC I.D. conceptual framework, behavior modification, classical conditioning, reinforcement, and systematic desensitization. Behavior Therapy B.F Skinner is one of the major contributors to behavior theory for his work on behavior modification he is quoted as saying, “What we observe…is that a person behaves in certain ways that usually get him out of trouble and often get him things he needs in order to survive” (Pepinsky, 1975, p. 40). Skinner (1986, p. 569) observed human behavior and found that it was influenced by things that reinforced...
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...Cognitive Behavior Therapy Developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, Cognitive Therapy (CT), or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), is a form of psychotherapy in which the therapist and the client work together as a team to identify and solve problems. Therapists help clients to overcome their difficulties by changing their thinking, behavior, and emotional responses. A System of Psychotherapy Cognitive therapy is a comprehensive system of psychotherapy, and treatment is based on an elaborated and empirically supported theory of psychopathology and personality. It has been found to be effective in more than 400 outcome studies for a myriad of psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and substance abuse, among others, and it is currently being tested for personality disorders. It has also been demonstrated to be effective as an adjunctive treatment to medication for serious mental disorders such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Cognitive therapy has been extended to and studied for adolescents and children, couples, and families. Its efficacy has also been established in the treatment of certain medical disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, hypertension, fibromyalgia, post-myocardial infarction depression, noncardiac chest pain, cancer, diabetes, migraine, and other chronic pain disorders. In the mid-1960s, Dr. Aaron T. Beck developed cognitive therapy as a time-sensitive, structured therapy that uses an information-processing...
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...Dialectical Behavior Therapy to Treat Borderline Personality Disorder Kari Deutscher University of Saint Francis Abstract Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is a specific type of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy initially developed by Marsha Linehan for the treatment of individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder and additional psychiatric disorders associated with emotion dysregulation. DBT is currently the most frequently investigated psychosocial intervention for Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). DBT’s treatment program includes weekly skills training group led by two therapists, individual therapy, telephone consultation, and consultation team meetings. Over the years, DBT has been proven to be beneficial in treating...
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...Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapeutic approach based on the notion that cognition, emotions, and behaviors work together in such a way that they have a common cause and effect relationship. CBT conceptualizes the idea that many of the client’s problems are created by the client’s way of interpreting events and situations. Clients contribute to their own specific issues and difficulties by the way they perceive different events and situations in their lives. The following are attributes that can be found in CBT: 1) there is a collaborative relationship between the therapist and the client, 2) the idea that mental health difficulties are a result of disturbances in the cognitive process, 3) a focus to change cognitions in order to change behaviors, and 4) time-limited and educational treatments that focus on specific target problems. The main objective of the therapeutic process is to minimize emotional disturbances and negative behaviors by attaining a more realistic philosophy of life. CBT therapists focus on teaching the client, skills which allow the client to apply logical thinking to problem solving and emotional change. During the therapeutic process the therapist might do the following: • Encourage the client to discover irrational ideas that affect their behavior. • Challenge the client to validate their ideas. • Show the client their illogical thinking process. • Explain how negative ideas can be replaced with a more rational thinking...
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...Behavior Therapy B.F. SKINNER • (1904–1990) Reported that he was brought up in a warm, stable family environment. • As he was growing up, Skinner was greatly interested in building all sorts of things, an interest that followed him throughout his professional life. • He received his PhD in psychology from Harvard University in 1931 and eventually returned to Harvard after teaching in several universities. • He had two daughters, one of whom is an educational psychologist and the other an artist. • Skinner was a prominent spokesperson for behaviorism and can be considered the FATHER OF THE BEHAVIORAL APPROACH TO PSYCHOLOGY. • Skinner championed radical behaviorism, which places primary emphasis on the effects of environment on behavior. • Skinner was also a determinist; he did not believe that humans had free choice. He acknowledged that feelings and thoughts exist, but he denied that they caused our actions. Instead, he stressed the cause-and-effect links between objective, observable environmental conditions and behavior. • Most of Skinner’s work was of an experimental nature in the laboratory, but others have applied his ideas to teaching, managing human problems, and social planning. Science and Human Behavior best illustrates how Skinner thought behavioral concepts could be applied to every domain of human behavior. • In Walden II (1948) Skinner describes a utopian community in which his ideas, derived from the laboratory, are applied to social issues. • His 1971...
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...Running head: COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Abstract Counseling has been in existence from the beginning of time. From Jethro to Freud, therapists and philosophers have been seeking insight into the core of human nature and cognitions. Cognitive-Behavioral therapy (CBT) recognizes that faulty cognitions and beliefs affect the behaviors of individuals. One method of cognitive-behavior therapy, reality therapy, incorporates the concepts of free choice and personal responsibility that are taught both in Scripture and Dr. William Glasser’s choice theory. Other aspects of CBT, such as cognitive restructuring and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), also work towards eliminating negativistic attitudes of clients in exchange for more effective and realistic methods for interpreting the situations experienced in daily life. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy It is suggested that an individual’s personality is a complex system of cognition, emotion, will, physiology, and spirituality. Hawkins proposes nine aspects of the human self to be active influences on one’s personality: “body, cognition, feelings, volition, human spirit, Holy Spirit, sin/flesh/SAS, temporal systems, and spiritual systems (Hawkins COUN507_BO1_200920). Each therapist individually determines what factors they believe to make up a person’s being. Larry Crabb views humans as involving both the physical and spiritual aspects of man...
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...motivated and be able to complete every task. Giving them that motivation would increase their abilities to perform activities since they can achieve a lot more than what we think. Parent and teacher play a very important role in the support of these child since they are the ones taking care of them and teaching them new things and ways to behave. We basically use support to prevent problematic behaviors and minimize it. It all relies on the people who is related to the child. Minimizing the behavior includes teaching alternative and replacement behavior, and a response plan when the behavior occurs that should be more focused on minimizing the effectiveness of the behavior than punishing it. When diagnosing autism, practitioners and clinicians take in consideration depression, anxiety, obsessive- compulsive disorder, attention deficit disorder and nonverbal learning disability....
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...Rush, Beck, Kovacs & Hollon, 1977), fuelled the revolution. Over the succeeding years, BT and CT grew together and influenced each other to such an extent that the resulting amalgam is now most commonly known as cognitive behaviour therapy – CBT. Change Theory, primarily developed in the 1990s, explains a similar shift in thinking process by outlining causal links in a coachees initiative. This could include distal or proximal outcomes. The acknowledged changes are mapped as showing each outcome in a rational relationship to all the others, as well as chronological flow. The links between outcomes are explained by rationales of why one outcome is thought to be a prerequisite for another. This Theory of Change, similar to CBT, lies in understanding the distinction between desired and concrete outcomes. Change Theory is a forecast that shows what conditions must exist for other conditions to come into being. It is forward looking and logical, assuming the way we think is...
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...Initial Intervention The social workers decided that despite the condition of the home the family members appeared to be healthy. The family had lived with the terrible home conditions for many years. They felt that there was time to encourage and acclimate the clients to participate in a recommended evidence-based treatment plan. The social workers researched many interventions available and found cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) to be successful in treating hoarding disorder by repairing dysfunctional thinking patterns (Murphy, 2014). A meta-analysis of CBT outcomes found there were greater positive results using CBT with certain populations. Groups included were female sufferers and those younger in age. Also, positive impacts...
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...to those problems it’s been noted in much of the literature that children who suffer from anxiety often develop coinciding problems of depression and substance use (Wood at el., 2009). Cognitive behavior therapy has become a primary solution of treatment for many therapist working with children, but other has took note of the difficulty working with children with anxiety...
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...two important alternative treatment options: diet and nutrition, and behavior modification therapy (Millichap, 2010). Diet and Nutrition According to Millichap (2010), “of all the alternative therapies proposed for the treatment of ADHD, diet and dietary supplements have demanded the most attention and invoked frequent controversy” (p. 144) . The controversy is largely due to the fact that there is minimal scientific studies around this type of ADHD intervention. However,...
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...Running head: BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION AND PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY Behavior Modification and Person-Centered Therapy Grand Canyon University PSY 255 May 15, 2012 Behavior Modification and Person-Centered Therapy Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is a treatment that helps patients to understand the feelings and thought that influence his or her behavior. Cognitive behavior treatment can help outpatient client deal with his or her problems. Many approaches can be used for outpatient therapy, two such treatments are Behavior Modification and Person-Centered Therapy. Cognitive treatments are used to treat disorders like depression, addiction, and anxiety, with the right treatment patient can become capable at fulfilling his or her potential for growth. Carl Rogers, a humanistic American psychologist, developed the client-centered therapy. His ideas have been used all over the world. Rogers’s person-centered approach has been used in education, parenting, organizational development, recovery, and administration (Natiello, n.d.). Roger believed that humans “naturally strive to reach an optimal sense of satisfaction with our lives” (Burger, 2008, p. 292.). Roger believe that therapist’s job is to provide an atmosphere where the clients can change themselves, therapist are not there to change the client. He believes that each person can develop in a positive self-actualizing fashion unless in some way his or her progress is impeded (Burger, 2008). Person-centered therapy or client-centered...
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...ebook THE GUILFORD PRESS DBT ® Skills Training Handouts and Worksheets Also from Marsha M. Linehan Books for Professionals Cognitive- ehavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder B DBT Skills Training Manual, Second Edition Dialectical Behavior Therapy with Suicidal Adolescents Alec L. Miller, Jill H. Rathus, and Marsha M. Linehan Mindfulness and Acceptance: Expanding the Cognitive- ehavioral Tradition B Edited by Steven C. Hayes, Victoria M. Follette, and Marsha M. Linehan Videos Crisis Survival Skills, Part One: Distracting and Self- oothing S Crisis Survival Skills, Part Two: Improving the Moment and Pros and Cons From Suffering to Freedom: Practicing Reality Acceptance Getting a New Client Connected to DBT (Complete Series) Opposite Action: Changing Emotions You Want to Change This One Moment: Skills for Everyday Mindfulness Treating Borderline Personality Disorder: The Dialectical Approach Understanding Borderline Personality: The Dialectical Approach For more information and for DBT skills updates from the author, see her websites: www.linehaninstitute.org, http://blogs.uw.edu/brtc, and http://faculty.washington.edu/linehan/ DBT Skills Training Handouts and Worksheets ® Second Edition Marsha M. Linehan THE GUILFORD PRESS New York London © 2015 Marsha M. Linehan Published by The Guilford Press A Division of Guilford Publications, Inc. 72 Spring Street, New York, NY 10012 www.guilford.com All rights...
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...deal with our past, present, and future. My theory is one of hope and will provide encouragement to focus on feelings and behaviors. The following research will provide an insight into Adlerian and Reality, Cognitive Behavioral, Solution Focused, Person-Centered, Gestalt, REBT, and Existential therapy. Keywords: journey, chance, encouragement, relationships, communication Philosophical Assumptions At some point in life everyone wants to feel as though they are truly being heard and understood by others. I believe empathy is at the core of understanding and developing a relationship with the client. Elliott, Bohart, Watson, and Greenberg (2011) re-emphasize Carl Rogers’ definition of empathy as “the therapist’s sensitive ability and willingness to understand the client’s thoughts, feelings and struggles from the client’s point of view” (Elliott, Bohart, Watson, and Greenberg, p44, 2011). Once empathy and a trusting relationship are established the ideas and skills for change and acceptance can be introduced. Change is not always a welcomed entity and often brings about anxiety, stress, and conflict. In my theory I believe that hope, strength, and meaning are the building blocks for change. Artist Mary Engelbreit once said, “If you don’t like something, change it; if you can’t change it, change the way you think about it.” However, in a therapy session change can only begin to spark with the cooperation and trust of...
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