...Biotechnology Applications Shervin Motamedi Argosy University In this paper I will describe biotechnology and how it was one of the oldest sciences to exist. I will then evaluate the current applications of biotechnology. Next I will provide three real world examples of current applications of biotechnology in the agricultural field. Biotechnology is a scientific innovation that focuses on developing products for humans, from the combination of biological systems and engineering methods. Biotechnology is the branch of biological sciences which involves using living organisms, and applying the latest engineering tools and techniques to develop certain commercial products for specific uses. The easiest way to understand the process of biotechnology is the process of genetic manipulation of organisms for the production of antibiotics, and hormones for specific use by the human race. Although we humans have rapidly advanced our understandings of biotechnology recent years, biotechnology is actually one of the oldest sciences. It existed in prehistoric times with the growing of crops for food or sale, and the breeding of animals. Currently, biotechnology has four types of applications. First being healthcare because it is the most recognizable to people when we think of biotechnology. Gene therapy which on a cellular level, uses the genetic material to cure or treat diseases. Producing new drugs and testing them is also a major part of the biotechnological application in healthcare...
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...IPR plays a very vital role in protecting Biotechnology transfer rights and provide the proper mechanism for the sustainable use of its components as well as the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of biodiversity. Basically, the Biotechnology defined as “any technological application,” applies to products, not procedures. In furtherance to that, the pharmaceutical industry developing immeasurably in the field of biotechnology and IPR is the only instrument which can protect the foremost rights arising out of transferring the Biotechnology. As I mentioned earlier that technology is the application of knowledge to solving specific problems or unpretentious meeting identified needs. In respect to the aforementioned topic, biotechnology transfer appreciates as ‘the technology transfer in which the application of technologies in new geographic or product areas, generally involving adaptation to local needs and conditions.’ According to the Convention on Biological Diversity, the convention intently giving special attention and it is only because of its specific references within the Convention. Biotechnology, defined therein as “any technological application,” applies to products, not procedures. Due to the diversity of product traits, biotechnology cannot be treated as a single entity, but rather must be addressed as a composite of products with individual specific attributes and transfer processes. Technology transfer activities that are based on...
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...[pic] What does biotechnology mean? A general description of biotechnology is using living things to create products or to do tasks for human beings. Biotechnology is the practice of using plants, animals and micro-organisms such as bacteria, as well as biological processes - such as the ripening of fruit or the bacteria that break down compost - to some benefit. For example, biotechnology is used in industry, medicine and agriculture to produce foods, medicines, and test for diseases and remove waste. Examples of industry, medicine, agricultural? Industry: Some examples that are used in biotechnology industries is most laundry detergents produced in the United States contain biotechnology-based enzymes. The other example in industry biotechnology has also led to the creation of a wide range of materials, such as biodegradable plastics, biopolymers and bio-pesticides, novel fibres and even timbers. Some are used as fabric softeners, corrosion inhibitors, ink carriers, solvents, hair conditioners and perfumes. Medicine: one example of medicine in biotechnology is making vaccines and drugs to determining genetic origins of disease, producing organs for xenotransplant and developing nonmedical diagnostic methods. The other example in the use of medicine in biotechnology has made new therapies and vaccines, including products to treat cancer, diabetes, HIV/ AIDS and autoimmune disorders. Agriculture: Agricultural biotechnology benefits farmers, consumers and the...
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...Biotechnology Incorporated: Is expansion to Germany a good or bad ideal? At Biotechnology Incorporated we are looking towards globalizing our organization into other parts of the world. One of the countries that our organization Biotechnology Incorporated are considering expanding to is Germany. In this report I will go over the different factors such as the economy, political influences, language, culture, and cost of doing business in Germany. From the research I will gather I will give my opinion on wither Biotechnology will benefit from opening an office in Germany and the type of operation we will chose to do business in Germany. Germany and the Economy The Federal Republic of Germany is the European Union’s most populous country, the EU’s largest economy and the world’s fourth largest economy.8 According to the IMF, Germany has achieved a GDP of $US3.4 trillion in 2011, and enjoys a relatively low unemployment rate of 5.7% which is significantly lower than most EU countries.8 Germany’s economy remains strong, focusing on service sectors, science, technology, and specialized manufacturing and engineering. Germany is also a global leader in the development of environmental technologies, with a focus on energy efficiency and sustainability of resources. In Germany the biotechnology sector is growing at a steady pace. The reason for this growth is because biotechnology has become the basis and driving factor behind many applications in medicine, the food and feed...
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...Part I Case Study a. Based on the case, define agribusiness supply management. Supply chain management can be defined as a combination of different arrangements occurring between various business entities involved in the production, procurement, processing, and marketing of a product or products. It also can be defined as the cooperation between producers, processors, wholesalers, and/or retailers, to guarantee high quality and/or to minimize costs. Based on my observation through all of the supply management case studies I would have to agree with the definition of supply management. b. There were three agribusiness cases presented. Provide a brief description of each case. Which case did you like or dislike and why? The case that most interested me was the case about Niman Rancher-A Natural Meat Producer. This was the most interesting because most farms doesn’t practice natural environment Niman Ranch contracts with family farms to raise their animals in a natural environment without the use of drugs or hormones. Niman Ranch is so committed to the family farm philosophy that it sees itself as the processing and marketing operation for about 100 family farms. This was also interested because of the different sites in which animals were processed at, also the different packaging and how it applies their farm to supply management. c. What is the difference between vertical integration and vertical coordination? The difference between vertical integration...
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...The Future of Food After viewing the movie “The Future of Food”, I believe that food one day will be controlled completely. Biotechnology is taking over thus, more foods will be stripped of their natural abilities that the human body benefits from. Genetically engineered food is killing us slowly with pesticides and other unhealthy poisonous stuff being added to them. With that said, the future does not look good. In due time, organic food companies will be no more. The quantity of food might rise due to biotechnology but, more will occur. It would be like a mass murder if disease spread like wild fire after biotechnology took over. With biotechnology, the quantity overpowers quality. If more food is being made with less quality and more into quantity with the help of poisoning molecules to breed more, then the food is not really healthy. Anything man-made such as pills, technology, and even food, is unhealthy for humans. Pills gets people addicted. People get addicted to pain killers and other pills such as Aspirin. Basically, food is an addiction yet it is essential for survival. With Biotechnology, people will be supplied more of what they want but, they will be more susceptible to bacteria and getting diseases. Therefore, biotechnology is more harmful than good. Biotechnology’s only benefit is that it will keep the population in check by slowly killing people by limiting how long they live for. This is to keep America and other countries from over populating...
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...Patents and Biotechnology The patent system: supposed to promote scientific progress and technological development by providing incentives for inventors, investors, and entrepreneurs. The government grants inventors a private right, i.e. ownership of the invention for 20* years, in exchange for a public good, i.e. their disclosure of information about their invention in the patent application. In theory, granting inventors a limited monopoly on their inventions provides them with an attractive alternative to trade secrecy and encourages the dissemination of scientific and technical information. *less for certain kinds of patents (e.g. new drugs) Bio-tech Terminology DNA is a double-stranded helix composed of complementary nucleic acid base-pairs: adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G). DNA consists of sequences of nucleic acids, such as ACTTAGGAC. Proteins are composed of amino acids, which can fold to make complex structures (various tissues which form organs ,etc).… It takes three nucleic acid bases (or codon) to code for a single amino acid. A “gene” can be defined as the basic unit of heredity; it carries the information required to make one or more proteins. In human beings, genes include the base-pairs required to make a protein but not the regulatory sequences. Only a small percentage of human DNA, perhaps less than 5%, consists of genes. The human genome includes about 35,000 genes, which code for...
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...Organizational Objectives and Total Compensation in Different Markets HRM/324 University of Phoenix Compensation laws are defined to create nondiscrimination in the compensation provided to employees in the organizations. This paper will help in explaining the laws and regulations, along with the similarities and differences influencing compensation for a biotechnology company and the companies in other markets. The compensation laws and regulations are almost the same in the industries. In the case of a company that works in the biotechnology industry, special care concerning the compensation plan is required. This industry is believed to be involved in special hazards to health and security and is also inclusive of some revolutionary implications, moral, and ethical issues. The following are some of the laws relating to compensation plan in the industry that helps in identifying the different aspects of pay: The Fair Labor Standards Act: This Act is important because it involves legislations concerning the total compensation plan for the small business owners and companies. “This law involves five major compensation laws that administer minimum wage, equal pay, overtime pay, child labor, and record keeping requirements” (Cahn & Donald, 2010, p. 25). The Equal Pay Act (1963): This law is an amendment to the FLSA and restricts any kind of discrimination based on sex for men and women working at similar jobs and in the same workplace. “This law does not limit the seniority...
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...There is also a general refusal to the idea of GMOs by the European population due to cultural differences and distrust in the EU that failed them before. Also mass media portrayals of GMOs often appeared to increase public fears of the new technology. However pressure from the US and the WTO are changing their stance. Who are the primary stakeholders? The European Union, Monsanto, European firms specializing in biotechnology and farmers. Can one prioritize the stakeholders? Monsanto is the primary stakeholder then the EU then the farmers and European firms specializing in biotechnology. Who are the most important? Least important? Why? The most important is Monsanto as they are potentially missing out on a major world market that is essential to Monsanto's growth as a company. The firms that specialize in biotechnology can only gain from a change in the Europeans stance as there are already preexisting regulations on biotechnology. What values and whose rights are at stake? Can these be prioritized? The European values are at stake as they distrust biotechnology and want to protect Europe and the European people. Also, their reputation could be at stake with a decision to overturn a previous stance. European citizens and the international community could question their values of protecting those they serve. The rights of the European citizens could be at stake as they would be consumers of the GMOs. Food containing GMOs is not labeled and there could be...
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...An investigation of current attitudes by publics to Genetically Modified Food in UK Introduction 1. Background 2. Main ideas a. There are obvious differences in the relative importance of the factors affecting the attitude towards GM food among different countries. For example: In Greece only cognitive factors seem to be important, while in Germany other factors have to be taken into consideration as well. The most important factor here is age followed by gender and knowledge. b. Both Socio-demographic factors such as gender, age and Cognitive factors such as knowledge, trust and perceived benefits and risks could impact people’s attitudes to GM food. 3. The most important literature overall that you have read Main body Section A (including 1 paragraph) General attitudes 1. 2. 3. Section B (including 1 paragraph) Socio-demographic status such as gender, age 1. Gloede, Bechmann and Hennen (1993) The overall attitude towards genetic engineering is determined by socio-demographic factors such as age and education. 2. Miller (1997), pp. 54 Gender and science knowledge of science are the main factors influencing attitudes towards genetics. According to his results, based on US data, women reject GM of food more than men. 3. Hamstra (1995) She examined product and consumer characteristics as determinants of consumer acceptance and found that demographic factors had only little explanatory power, whereas the subjective perceptions of product characteristics...
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... Potential benefits of genetically modified food to developing countries. The variable nature of a community's attitude on issues of science and technology. Information dissemination and effect of its failure. Public sensitization about the importance of using biotechnology to improve food production. The study sought to establish the associations between knowledge as an independent variable and attitude as a dependent variable using generalized linear model despite controlling for a range of other important characteristics such as age, education and social class. This research assess different ways on how knowledge and attitude relate to adoption of genetically modified maize and apply the logistic Model to explain the relationship between variables from the data. We expect to know the significance of knowledge on attitude towards adoption of Genetically modified organisms. Potential benefits of GM organisms to developing countries. The relationship between Consumer attitudes and general socio-political attitudes on genetically modified foods. Importance of knowledge and attitude in determining the development of biotechnology on agricultural commodities. The contribution of information dissemination to Public knowledge and attitude towards genetically modified organisms. The use of the deficit model to explain public negative attitude towards biotechnology referring to public’s...
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...The Human Genome Project The biotechnology application that I have chosen is The Human Genome. Biotechnology is define as any technological application that uses biological systems, dead organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use. The human Genome Project is considered a biotechnology application because it produced a reference sequence of the euchromatic human genome, which is used worldwide in biomedical sciences. The Human Genome Project was an international scientific research project with a primary goal to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify and map the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint. This project lasted for 13-years and was coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. The potential benefits of the project are: It will provide Molecular Medicine which will improve diagnosis of disease, will have earlier detection of genetic predispositions to disease, and provide Gene therapy and control systems for drugs. It will use Energy and Environmental Applications which will use microbial genomics research to create new energy sources (biofuels) and develop environmental monitoring techniques to detect pollutants. Risk Assessment which will assess health damage and risks caused by radiation exposure, including low-dose exposures and exposure to mutagenic chemicals and cancer-causing...
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...progress in biotechnology has given rise to many ethical as well as social reactions from the public opinion, non-governmental organization, and the media. This paper aims at providing some insights into this dilemmas, ethical concerns, and the tradeoffs which have been expressed concerning biotechnology over the last decade. It will focus on a few major objects from different sectors that have raised the general attention. A large part of the public opinion agrees and is optimistic about the ability of biotechnology to help and change the quality of life. However, there are visible differences that have been pointed out by global support that aims at moderating the biotechnology use. The Reasoning of Opposing Perspective on Ethical Issues within the Field of Biomedicine The regulation and development of biotechnology has triggered many discussions from various academic fields like the law, economics, politics, and even the history. Specifically, however, the science of genetic engineering of plants, animals, human beings, and all living cells has brought about ethical concerns and various issues to the forefront. Technology has made possible many advancements in biomedicine such as the cloning of the sheep- Dolly, the genetically engineered tomatoes, and the cloning of the human embryo. All these advancements have seen different reactions all in the name of ethics. The classical division existing between the society and science doesn’t seem to revolve when biotechnology is viewed...
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...Food: How can people ignore its benefits? English 101c-44 12/10/2010 The world population is constantly increasing, while the availability of agricultural land is steadily decreasing. How will the world feed the huge numbers of people with limited resources? Genetically modified (GM) food may be a solution. According to the book written by Eric S. Grace, Biotechnology Unzipped: Promises and Realities, genetically modification is a process that artificially transfers genes between same or different species that can be conventionally bred. GM food grows faster than non-GM food, so it can produce food at a faster rate. GM food is high in nutrients and can control the occurrence of diseases. Pest and disease resistant GM food can preserve the environment by reducing the use of herbicide. But there are some doubts about producing GM crops or livestock. Some experts worry about widespread distribution of GM food because GM food is not proven to be safe, may reduce biodiversity, and create “super weeds.” In spite of those opponents, GM food should become more widespread because it is a solution to world hunger; it has more nutrients than those of regular food; it reduces environmental damage, and it can help control diseases. Since Gregor Mendel’s discovery, certain traits show up in offspring without any blending of parent characteristics. People recognized the possibility of GM organism by selecting genes. According to the book, Plant Biotechnology: the Genetic Manipulation of...
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...reference to the article ‘ Ageless Bodies,Happy Souls: Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Perfection” by Leon R. Kass —an excellent article about Biomedical science and biotechnology but when looking at life and how humans are created I do not agree in full with the author—it is like a knife with two sharp ends for me; its hard to agree and disagree. Technology is a means to an end. But, technology in this presently is of major concern. When taking biotechnology into consideration, presently some major good is done for example genetically engineered drugs,health care, crop production and agriculture, non food crop production, and environmental uses all of which was mentioned in the article. All of this information in depth was of great revelation and eye-opening. You presented and give in-depth details of all the good and some bad of biotechnology and biomedical science with the main focus on individual benefits. Biotechnology in my opinion recently has reach to another level where entire nations can be destroyed. This is one major example of the effects of this modern technology. Therefore, making the focus on individual perfections are not of importance. Humans are superficial and we would always want to be perfect: (I know I will )but we are not looking at the bigger picture and the effects that modern technology can have on us. The question is yet to be answers “ what human excellence itself really is”? Biotechnology can help us achieve this, but when looking at...
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