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Walter Benjiamin, una metodologia della storia dell'arte
Ma il maggior contributo di questi tragici anni per la definizione di una metodologia della storia dell'arte che fosse realmente globale e sociale lo dobbiamo a Walter Benjamin che nel suo libro Eduard Fuchs, il collezionista e lo storico parte dalla valorizzazione del fatto che Fuchs prestò attenzione a fenomeni artistici solitamente relegati in secondo piano - caricature, costumi, arte erotica, arti applicate popolari come ceramiche tombali e figure in ceramica per tetti – rompendo per la prima volta definitivamente con la concezione classicistica dell'arte. Così, certamente, non viene scardinata la considerazione dialettica dell'arte, possibile solo quando nascerà una scienza della storia che non abbia più come oggetto un groviglio di puri dati di fatto ma un gruppo definito di fili che costituiscono la trama di un passato nell'ordito del presente. Manca il momento distruttivo, che garantisce l'autenticità del pensiero dialettico. Nel saggio Benjamin individua come compito del materialismo storico il superamento dell’atteggiamento “contemplativo” e neutrale assunto dallo storicismo per introdurre una visione dialettica della storia. Il passato non deve essere considerato come inserito in un ordine lineare e progressivo, bensì come qualcosa di unico, un’”esperienza originaria” in cui il presente si incontra con il passato in una “costellazione critica” che “fa deflagrare la continuità della storia”. L’idea di un presente nel quale si incontrano i diversi registri temporali dell’eternità e dell’istante era probabilmente maturata in Benjamin attraverso la lettura di Baudelaire, il quale, come abbiamo visto, nei saggi de Il pittore della vita moderna aveva definito la modernità come coesistenza, nel presente, del transitorio e dell’effimero con l’eterno e l’immutabile. Ma, continua Benjamin, il merito più grande di Fuchs sta nell'avere avviato la liberazione della storia dell'arte dal feticcio del maestro. Quando Fuchs parla della totale anonimia delle statuette scultoree cinesi dell'epoca T'ang, dimostra che in tutto ciò non si tratta di esperienze artistiche singole ma del modo in cui allora il mondo e le cose erano viste dalla comunità. Fuchs getta le basi dei caratteri dell'arte di massa. Altro merito di Fuchs è quello di avere connesso il problema dell'arte di massa con lo studio delle tecniche riproduttive. Dato che l'aspetto tecnico è uno dei più importanti delle arti, il fatto che migliaia di semplici vasai siano stati in grado letteralmente di modellare con le mani forme di simile audacia tecnica e artistica, è una concreta affermazione dell'arte cinese. Benjamin conclude dicendo che il carattere fortemente innovatore degli studi di Fuchs erano depositati in tre ordini fondamentali di indagine.

- interpretazione degli elementi iconografici.
- considerazione dell'arte di massa
- studio delle tecniche.

Questi tre elementi hanno un elemento in comune: comportano un richiamo a nozioni che non possono che dimostrarsi distruttivi rispetto alla concezione tradizionale dell'arte. Considerando la tecnica riproduttiva si capisce l'importanza fondamentale della ricezione, consentendo di rettificare almeno in parte il processo di reificazione che l'opera subisce. Lo studio dell'arte di massa porta ad una revisione del concetto di genio, che rispetto alla ispirazione che concorre alla formazione dell'opera d'arte, suggerisce di non trascurare il momento dell'esecuzione, che le permette di diventare veramente feconda. L'interpretazione iconografica è indispensabile non solo per lo studio della ricezione e dell'arte di massa ma è anche atta a neutralizzare gli abusi a cui presto conduce ogni formalismo. Elementi che diventeranno costitutivi di qualsiasi futura considerazione materialistica delle opere d'arte. Nasce così un programma storiografico di alto valore che trae spunto dalla riconsiderazione di zone diseredate della storia dell'arte, come i lontani capolavori anonimi, e trova la via per congiungere in modo moderno i problemi di sempre, con una angolazione che determina un reale passo avanti. In ultimo, sul problema del collegamento con i processi storici, obietta a Wollflin che il materialista storico non è tanto interessato a fare dipendere la modificazione della visione artistica dall'ideale della bellezza, quanto da processi più elementari, promossi dalla trasformazioni economiche e tecniche della produzione. Assumere, ad esempio, una corrispondenza permanente tra le epoche d'arte realistica e gli stati mercantili, finisce per stabilire un nesso che pretende di fare funzionare allo stesso modo l'arte dell'antica Cina e l'arte dell'antica Olanda, e che si basa su mere analogie.

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