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Bio 201 Case

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BIO 201: CASE STUDY #1

Short Answer Questions

1. Define the following terms, used in the case and also in associated questions:
a. Hemorrhage - bleeding
b. Fracture – break of the bone
c. Proximal – close to the body
d. Diaphysis - shaft of the bone

2. One way bones are classified is by their shape. How would you classify the bones fractured by Mrs. Morgan?
The humerus is a long bone
The occipital bone is a flat bone
The lumbar vertebra is a

3. Most connective tissue, including bone, is highly vascular. Which anatomical structures in Mrs. Morgan’s compact bone house blood vessels? What sign or symptom in Mrs. Morgan’s case is directly related to disruption of these structures by her bone fractures? How is the sign or symptom related …show more content…
The bone cells responsible for this process are osteoblasts. Osteoblasts replace cartilage with spongy bone which will hold the ends of the fracture in place.

6. In the final stage of bone repair, some of the osseous tissue must be broken down and removed. What term is used to define the breaking down of osseous tissue? Which bone cell would be best suited for this task?
The breakdown of the osseous tissue is done by osteoclasts which on the surface of the bone create a slightly acidic environment they use to break down the bone. This is known as bone remodeling.

7. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of bone is considered to be a composite material made up of organic and inorganic matter. What makes up the organic and inorganic portions of the matrix? Describe the cellular mechanism involved in breaking down this matrix; include the bone cell required for the process.

The organic and inorganic portions of the matrix are made up of fibrous proteins and proteoglycans.
The bone cell required to break down the ECM are osteoclasts. Osteoclasts secret lysosomal enzymes which creates a more acidic environment that digests the matrix and protons. This acidic environment converts calcium salts into soluble forms. The osteoblasts then phagocytize the demineralized matrix and the dead …show more content…
Malignant hyperthermia causes a hypermetabolic state in skeletal muscle, which is triggered by high demands for ATP during uncontrolled muscle contractions.
a. What is the role of ATP in cross bridge cycling?

The role of ATP in cross bridge cycling to is bind to the myosin head to help release the myosin head from the actin. The ATP is then broken down into a configuration to help pull on the actin.

b. What is the role of ATP in generating a resting membrane potential?

ATP is the energy source for the active transport via the Sodium Potassium pump which functions to keep the outside of the cell slightly positive and the inside of the cell slightly negative.

c. What is the role of ATP in maintaining calcium concentration gradients?

The role of ATP in maintaining calcium concentration gradients is to help by pumping calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum after muscle contraction.

6. Dantrolene is the only drug available to treat malignant hyperthermia. It works by inhibiting calcium channels of the terminal cisterns of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Explain how this inhibition helps to terminate skeletal muscle contraction. What effect would this have on David’s body

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