...Task 5: Lipids A. Fatty acids come from various sources within the body. The three primary fat sources are adipose tissue (which is where fat is stored), the liver from glycolysis and fats from the food we eat. Fats are stored in the form of lipids. This covers a multitude of compounds also including hormones and other substances that tend to be hydrophobic. Triglycerides are a type of lipid composed of three bonds between a glycerol and three fatty acids (these can be saturated or unsaturated). When triglycerides are broken down they are first simplified to the singular glycerol and three independent fatty acids. The fatty acids then enter beta-oxidation where they are further broken down into acetyl-CoA which consists of two carbon and one oxygen molecule, amongst other molecules. Acetyl-CoA then enters the citric acid cycle where it generates ATP. ATP production happens during electron transport phosphorylation where NADH and FADH2 from TCA pump hydrogen protons to the intermembrane space then they follow the proton gradient back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase generating ATP from ADP B. Two key differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are the chemical structure as well as shape. All fatty acids maintain four bonds to all carbon atoms. Saturated fats are “saturated” with hydrogen atoms, these tend to come from animal sources but also include cheese and the occasional plant source such as coconut. Each carbon atom has a hydrogen or...
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...Biochemistry Task 4 GRT1 208.5.4-01, 03-05, 5.5-02, 04-07 Western Governors University Biochemistry Task 4 GRT1 208.5.4-01, 03-05, 5.5-02, 04-07 A. Case 1: Hereditary Fructose Intolerance A1. Role of Enzymes in Processes Enzymes are proteins that carry out chemical reactions. They bind to substrates, which are basically substances that need to be broken down and changed into something else. When the enzyme and substrate bind, they form the enzyme-substrate complex. An enzyme will act in a specific way on the substrate that it is bound to in order to change it into a product, and at the end of the process, the enzyme is unchanged and ready to bind to the next substrate. An enzyme acts as a catalyst, something that lowers the energy required to complete a chemical reaction (activation energy) without itself being changed. (Hudon-Miller, 2012) In the case of fructose breakdown, an enzyme called fructokinase is responsible for splitting fructose into fructose 1-phosphate, a six-carbon fructose. Another enzyme called aldolase B splits fructose 1-phosphate into two three-carbon molecules, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde. These products are then able to enter the glycolysis pathway to be converted to pyruvate, which is essential for the citric acid cycle and the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for cellular energy. A2. Deficiency in Aldolase B A hereditary deficiency in aldolase B could be caused by mutations in the ALDOB gene. An aldolase...
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...Biochemistry Task 5 Julie Rhonemus 000484390 July 29, 2015 Fat and Energy Production Fat molecules, known as triglycerides, are stored in adipose tissue in the body. Triglycerides are made up of glycerol and three fatty acid molecules. During beta oxidation the triglycerides are broken down into small units consisting of two carbon atoms and they are generated into acetyl CoA. NADH and FADH2 are created during beta oxidation and funneled into the electron transport chain. The acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle where NADH and FADH2 are also made and transported to the electron transport chain. The NADH and FADH2 from beta oxidation and the citric acid cycle are used to make ATP which is used for energy in the body’s cells. (O’Malley, 2014) Comparison of Fatty Acid Structures There are two types of fatty acids, saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids have a long carbon-hydrogen tail that forms a zigzag configuration. This zigzag configuration helps the saturated fatty acids fit together and that is why they are solid at room temperatures. Most saturated fatty acids come from animals, like butter and lard, but coconut oil is also a saturated fatty acid that is plant based. Unlike saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids do not have the long carbon-hydrogen tail. Instead the unsaturated fatty acid has a double bonded carbon somewhere along the chain that causes the chain...
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...Biochemistry Task 2 Ashlyn Verrecchio 000502421 October 13, 2015 Requirements: A. B. C/D. E. F. Explain how bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) occurs at a molecular level by doing the following: 1. Explain the role of prions in BSE, including each of the following: ● how prions are formed – Prions are an abnormal form of a normally harmless protein that is found in the brain and responsible for a variety of fatal neurodegenerative disease. ● the connection between misfolding and aggregation – When a protein begins misfolding it can lead to the protein aggregating, or better known as accumulating and clumping together, which can often be toxic. ● how prions lead to the disease – Prions can be found in the food in which cows eat (specifically sheep brain), when ingested, the harmful prion eventually can cause other normal proteins to begin misfolding and aggregating and than turn into harmful prions; this can take a long period of time, which leads to the build-up of these prions which eventually can lead to neurodegeneration. 2. Explain one possible role of a chaperone protein in BSE, including each of the following: ● how chaperones normally act in the cell – they assist proteins to correctly fold/assemble inside the cell ● how a chaperone protein can contribute to BSE – a defect in molecular chaperone interactions may lead to further progression of the disease instead of correction of the misfolding 3. Recommend two ways...
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...Biochemistry Task 5 9/21/2015 A. Lipids in the form of triglycerides are broken down to produce ATP. Before oxidation, lipids are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. The fatty acids then undergo beta oxidation. The fatty acid is activated by Coenzyme A which leads to the breakdown of the fatty acid into 2-carbon fragments called Acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA moves on to the citric acid cycle. Electrons and hydrogens are removed from NADH and FADH-2 in the citric acid cycle and are carried to the electron transport system. NADH and FADH-2 also remove the electrons and hydrogens from the fatty acids and send them to the electron transport chain to help form ATP. After the hydrogens and electrons are carried to the electron transport system by NADH and FADH-2, they are used to make ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. The hydrogens in the electron transport system also combine with oxygen and form water. (O’mailley, 2014) B. Saturated fatty acids consists of single bonds and are therefore “saturated” with hydrogen. Within the chain, each carbon atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms. Because of their regular structure, saturated fatty acids can stack easily. Since they can stack easily, they are solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fatty acids contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms. The double bond in their structure causes it to bend which makes it hard for unsaturated fatty acids to stack. For this reason, unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at...
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...1.A. Original model of an essential amino acid Phenylalanine. This shows the atoms and bonds in both the backbone and the side chain. B. Original diagram of the different levels of protein structure (i.e., primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary). C. An original diagram, that demonstrates how a peptide bond is made through dehydration, using a complete chemical equation. Citation: Hudon-MIller, S. (2013). D. An original diagram, that demonstrates how a peptide bond is broken through hydrolysis, using a complete chemical equation. Citation: Hudon-MIller, S. (2013). E. The four forces (i.e., bonds or interactions) that stabilize a protein’s structure at the tertiary level. Hydrogen Bond this is a relatively weak bond stronger than hydrophobic bonds. Hydrogen bonds occur between one of the hydrogens on the Nitrogen molecule end of one amino acid and the oxygen molecule from the carboxylic acid end of another amino acid. The Ionic bonds are strong bonds which occur between positive and negatively charge ions of separate amino acids. Hydrophobic bonds are the weakest bonds which occur between two non-polar molecules when they come together into the interior of the structure to minimize contact with water. As the hydrophobic R groups pack together other molecules form Van der Waals...
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...How Cells Transmit Information and Transform with DNA and RNA Shelley Gutierrez, RNC Western Governors University Student ID: 391502 Sgutie6@wgu.edu How Cells Transmit Information and Transform with DNA and RNA All of our body cells are made up of 46 chromosomes. Each of the 46 chromosomes contains one DNA molecule. These chromosomes and proteins are found compressed in the nucleus of the cells. DNA and RNA are biological molecules that are nucleic acids. Both DNA and RNA are polymers. When polymers are linked together in DNA, they are called polynucleotides (Devlin, T. 2002). The polymers of DNA, known as nucleotides are composed of a phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar molecules, and 1 of 4 nitrogen bases. The four nitrogenous bases: adenosine, thymine, cytosine and guanine is where the genetic coding is found. DNA has twin molecules that twist together. This is known as the double helix. The double helix bonds with sugars and phosphates to form twin Strands. Chemically the sugar phosphate bonds travel down each side of the helix in opposite directions. One strand begins at the top of the 1st phosphate connected at the sugar molecules 5th carbon and ending where the next phosphate would go with the free end at the sugar’s 3rd carbon. This results in a pattern of 5 prime and 3 prime. The opposite occurs with the other strand resulting in a pattern of 3 prime and 5 prime. (Adams, R., & Knowler, J. 1986). Once they are bonded they are now known...
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...Biochemistry: Task 5 Christi Corder 000356780 November 1, 2015 A. There are three sources of fatty acids in the body. One of these sources is adipose tissue, in which adipose tissues release tissue fatty acids. Another source is the liver, which makes fatty acids, which travel through the bloodstream. Dietary fat is also a source. Three stages are involved in the breakdown of fatty acids to produce ATP. These are beta oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. A fatty acid is a long chain of carbons and hydrogens with a carboxylic acid group at the end. In beta oxidation, the fatty acid is broken down into two carbon units, which produce acetyl-CoA, and electrons and hydrogens are removed. The first step of beta oxidation occurs when the fatty acid is activated by the addition of a CoA subunit and the fatty acid is broken down into carbon units called acetyl-CoA and electrons and hydrogens are removed. The electrons and hydrogens are carried by NADH and FADH-2 to the electron transport chain and are used to make ATP. NADH and FADH-2 are also produced during the CAC and these also enter the electron transport chain and are used to produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. Also, the hydrogens from NADH and FADH-2 combine with oxygen and the electrons to form water. (O’malley, 2014). B. One difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids is that saturated fatty acids have as many hydrogens as can possibly fit around the...
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...delivery. Governments in the vastness of their administration requirements are often unable to maintain either everyday or random tasks of service delivery. This could be due to various reasons, such as; lack of communication, misunderstanding the chain of command, individuals or groups being appointed to complete such tasks that have insufficient knowledge and/or authority required for the fulfilment of such tasks etc. etc. Such shortfalls on tasks as vitally important to a country as service delivery can cripple Government infrastructure and create political unrest amongst unsatisfied citizens. When we are referring to ramifications of this extent, it is imperative that governments / organisations implement safety measures that cover and maintain the correct execution of service delivery. Project management is a clear and concise method that can be implemented simply and cost effectively, and integrate simply into existing infrastructure. Basically what Project Management boils down to, is a simplified process of getting the right person, with the required authority and capability to manage a need, and ensure the fulfilment of said need. So instead of having various groups, reporting to various authorities, with regards to multiple tasks, you have one group of individuals, who have the relevant authority to delegate specific tasks. Service Delivery of Basic Education Curriculum Reform In a nutshell, service delivery of Curriculum Reform is referring...
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...Personal Responsibility Essay Laurie Smith GEN 200 January 4, 2012 Adrianna Szymkowski Personal Responsibility Essay I believe personal responsibility is an important part of success. Whether the success I am trying to achieve is educational, professional or personal. If I do not take reasonability for myself I will not be successful in anything I strive to do. It is my opinion that an important personal trait to have is organization. I believe with proper organization you can achieve personal responsibility which helps you achieve success. I define personal responsibility as having integrity, accepting consequences and the effects that an individual’s actions have on others. To me integrity has three characteristics: being honest, having values or morals, and being self-aware. I believe it is a conscious decision to admit ones mistakes by telling the truth whether or not someone is watching me. Values are used to create an individual’s moral compass telling me what is right or wrong. I feel that many values a person has is often constructed by a person’s culture as well as the individuals that raised them; I believe that a person always has the choice to reevaluate and change their morals as they choose. For a person to have self-awareness I consider if the individual is not only reliable and trustworthy but also possesses humility and are humble instead of a sense of indulgent pride. Another trait of personal responsibility is accepting consequences. I consider accepting...
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...Top-Level Tasks report, Critical Tasks report and Milestones report. Project Summary report is to show users high-level information and at the end of the report it will show the overall task status which includes the number of pending, in progress and completed tasks. Top-Level Tasks Report is to shows the planned schedule with information straight from summary table. Critical Tasks Report is to show how delayed critical tasks may bring impact to the other tasks. Milestones report is to show the list of milestones so that user can see how the project is achieving. In Current Activity Reports, there are 6 types of reports which includes Unstarted Task report, Tasks Starting Soon report, Tasks In Progress report, Should Have Started Tasks report, Slipping Tasks report and Completed Tasks report. Unstarted Tasks report is to show the list of tasks that have not started yet together with whether the task is on time, early or it is late. Tasks Starting Soon report is to show tasks that are going to start or finish in the date range that user specified. Tasks In Progress Report is to show the list of tasks that are currently in progress and also their status. Should Have Started Tasks report is to show the list of tasks that should have been started but still have not started in records. Slipping tasks report is to show the list of tasks that have already started but are due to finish after the baseline set for them. Completed tasks report is to show the list of tasks completed for...
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...TASK 1/P4 I’m going to explain the role of professional when planning creative and therapeutic activities in health and social environment. Introduction: a professional when planning activity for children at a nursery, have to make sure the rooms in which you are going to do the activities are set up with the children’s age. You will make sure Some activities take place in groups according to age, but you will also try to integrate different age groups for part of each activities, so that children experience being with those either younger or older than themselves, So the focus will be to enable them to explore, develop, learn and create in a way that is right for them. Children aren’t the only ones who can do creative activities so for elderly in care home; you firstly have to group them seated in a circle near a table for ease of passing items, especially for residents with limited mobility. You will then introduce yourself to them before you Begin by introducing the activity you plan to do with them, therefore you will make sure you get them involved in some type of creative activity to help them to accomplishment a sense of joy. Objectives in this activity for Children and elderly as what will get out of it as a professional you have to support children's to development their hand muscle by planning play activities that provide children with regular opportunities to move their hand. You have to careful control their small muscles...
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...cannot start before step A finished. But for activities in parallel, like Step C, D, E and F, all of them are did at the same time. http://www.pmhut.com/critical-path-mapping-with-activity-network-diagrams [pic]G. 1 As G. 1, the first box on the top is Early start time(EST) and the next is Duration time(DUR). So EST plus DUR is the early finish time(EFT) and the EST in the next step as well. Last start time(LST) is different between Last finish time(LFT) and DUR. Total float(TR) between LST and LFT is LFT minus EST and DUR.[2][3] [2]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4m3tZ_TuTg [3]Project Management, Field and Keller (2007, p197, p198 and p391) Question 3: (Words: 136) Duration is the period required to complete an activity, job, or task, usually excluding holidays and other non-working days.[4] For example, in the activity C, duration is ‘10’ between EST and EFT. Which means they use 10 days to do work. Longest sequence of activities in a project plan which must be completed on time for the project to complete on due date. An activity on the critical path cannot be started until its predecessor activity is complete; if it is delayed for a day, the entire project will be delayed for a day unless the activity following the delayed...
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...DETAILS OF TASK In the 21st century raising money for a cause has become one of the most common form of assistance offered to people in need. These activities have attracted a lot of interest from individuals especially those in leadership. It would be of no use if these monies were collected and used for the intended purposes. It is for this reason that am going to write a project on raising money for a cause. The project will involve organizing a fund drive which will be conducted in the form of a race to help raise money for humanitarian needs. ANTICIPATED OPPORTUNITY TO PRACTICE LEADERSHIP As leadership in action student, I find that the project will provide a good avenue for me to practice my leadership skills. I intend to chair a committee who will oversee that this project is a success. These opportunities will include sourcing for finances mostly corporate, liaising with the local authority or one of the institutions to provide an avenue for the race and most of all to coordinate the day’s activities. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES The main goal of this activity is to practice the theories learnt in the leadership classes in real live situation. Interacting with people is one of the main aspects of leadership and hence, this project will equip me with the necessary experience. Team work building is another major function performed by leaders. Through the involvement of different people to make this project a success, I will be able to gauge how best I am able to solve team...
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...help on homework. Sometimes this trait is detrimental, because I end up spending more time and energy helping others instead of taking care of myself. Having this trait of being supportive, I feel working in a hospital environment where being caring and supportive would fit best for me as far as this trait goes. I have worked in a hospital before and really enjoyed helping others. I don’t agree at all with the career planner suggesting that I am teamwork centered, because I honestly don’t like working in teams too much. I prefer being assigned a task, and being the sole person responsible for completing that task. The drawback to working in teams is that there is always someone who doesn’t carry their own weight, which makes completing a task much more difficult. I spent six years in the military, and during that time much of the tasks assigned to us where team oriented. I didn’t like working in teams, because when the task wasn’t finished on time, the punishments fell on the entire team. So as far as being a team player and finding employment that involves a lot of teamwork, I have absolutely zero interest in a job that requires too much teamwork. Acrait according to the work culture preference program is a demanding job. So once again I don’t agree with this program suggesting...
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