...Outline and evaluate the Biological Approach to Depression According to the biological approach all psychological illnesses have a physical cause; it focus is on the treatment not the cure this can support the reason why relapse rates are high for individuals with depression. The biological approach to abnormality states that abnormality is caused by a range of different physical factors: Genetics and chemical imbalances in the brain. It is suggested that people possess certain genetic characteristics that make them more prone to developing abnormal behaviour such as depression. It is also thought that chemical imbalances in the brain produce abnormal behaviour, for example a lack of serotonin causes depression. This approach is better at explaining endogenous depression. Family, twin and adoption studies are used to research into depression. Supporting evidence for the biological approach is that depression is universal, as they are increasing and found cross culturally. Weismann (1987) stated that family evidence suggests that a person is 10 times more likely to suffer from depression, if a parent or sibling has a similar disorder. This could be because living with a person who is depressed could be depressing. However, according to a behavioural explanation this behaviour could have being modelled as the female could identify with the eating disorder and use them as a role model. Also family studies are conducted using retrospective data (looking back) and rely on correct...
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...The purpose of the biological perspective is to determine the physiological basis of psychology and most importantly behaviour. The perspective primarily uses the experimental method and has been criticized for being too reductionist and for using non-human animals. Strengths By knowing the physiological basis of behaviour we can treat symptoms with drugs evolutionary theory can explain things that would otherwise be unexplainable Weaknesses It is difficult to seperate genetic influence from environmental influence It's reductionistic Can't explain altruism well Historical Context The biological perspective was created as a reaction to the theory of dualism, that the mind and the brain are two seperate entities. Some important researchers in the development of the biological perspective are: Plato-nativism Darwin- Outlined evolution and the idea of nativism and heredity Jean Baptiste Lamarck-studied heredity Phineas Gage- Brain injury has the ability to affect behaviour II. Key Concepts Heredity- influence of genes Nativism- certain traits are inately hardwired at birth Evolution Hemisphere specialization Neurotransmission Localization Evolution Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS = Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion) Biological preparedness Basic Assumptions There are four main basic assumptions of the biological perspective: Behavior is biologically determined Behavior has a genetic basis Localization of function Animals may be used...
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...Presented here it is a critical evaluation of biological approach for treatment of depression. Antidepressant are the most common biological treatment for this type of disorder, but treatments such as Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), alteration in sleep patterns following body temperature cycle are also used to relief the symptoms of depression. However antidepressant drugs provide an effective and inexpensive help, studies have found that the behavioural effects of these drugs could take over two weeks before showing any benefit and any perceived effect before this period would be a placebo effect (Kalat, 2001). Some studies proposed the existence of a two models markers for depression: Biological/endogenous & psychological/reactive depression. Based on this assumption an endogenous depression would only respond to a pharmacological treatment while a psychological depression would only respond to psychological treatment (Free & Oei, 1989). Further we will evaluate the effectiveness of a combined (cognitive-behavioural therapy and antidepressant) intervention in order to achieve a better outcome on treatment of depression. Depression is one of the most common illnesses and is characterised by symptoms such as loss of energy, sadness, difficulty in concentration and in the most serious cases the patient can contemplate or commit suicide. Research found that women are more likely to suffer from depression, with depressive episodes more probable to occur between 25 to 44 years...
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...Outline and evaluate the Biological approach to abnormality The biological approach suggests that psychological disorders should be treated medically, as this model puts forward the idea that any psychological abnormality is causes by genetic factors and body malfunctions. The model as 4 different elements that may be the cause of psychological abnormalities; viral infections, biochemistry, brain damage, genetic factors. Several studies have been carried out by different researchers to investigate the theories of the model. Biochemical elements, is one of the highly researched parts of this model, where Weinberger in 2002 carried out research that suggested the 22nd chromosome doubled the risk of developing schizophrenia, another study carried out by Zubieta in 2000, where PET scans helped figured out that 30% higher levels of dopamine, serotin and norepinephrine were i9n people with bipolar disorder. On the other hand Janowsky carried out a study to show how biochemical imbalances lead to manic depression. While souse carried out a study in 2010 where genomes of 1000 autistics and 1200 non autistic participants, results showed that autistic participants carry 20% more copy number variation which suggests that this may be caused due to genetics. The viral infections elements were also researched by brown in 2000 where findings suggested that there’s a link between respiratory infections and the second trimester of pregnancy, which may results in the foetus developing schizophrenia...
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...The biological approach to abnormality assumes that psychopathology is largely down to the four main physiological factors: infection, neuroanotmy, neurochemistry and genetics. Infection is the result of pathogens entering the blood stream and entering the blood brain barrier or the nervous system. These pathogens cause diseases of the brain. For example in 1900's 3rd stage syphilis caused dementia and finally death. However this part of the biological approach is a very small explanation of abnormality, and with large advancements modern medicine is becoming decreasingly unseen. Another issue is multi-finality. For example schizophrenia has been associated with the flu during pregnancy, however not every expectant mother with flu has a schizophrenic child. A lot of other factors are involved in the disease, and simply labelling flu as the only cause is going to cause issues in the understanding of multiple factors. Neuroanatomy refers to the different activities and structures of the brain regions and tissue. This is often tested through MRI scans of normal people and comparing to those mentally ill. One example is schizophrenia where the ventricles appear enlarged and the amount of grey matter in the brain is reduced. It is however hard to differentiate between causation and effect, as not knowing which proceeds which can only lead to guess work in terms of causation. Another issue is not every mentally ill person has the same structural abnormalities, and where one schizophrenic...
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...INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING Bioinsp. Biomim. 1 (2006) P1–P12 BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS doi:10.1088/1748-3182/1/1/P01 PERSPECTIVE Biomimetics—using nature to inspire human innovation Yoseph Bar-Cohen Jet Propulsion Lab, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099, USA E-mail: yosi@jpl.nasa.gov Received 7 November 2005 Accepted for publication 7 March 2006 Published 27 April 2006 Online at stacks.iop.org/BB/1/P1 Abstract Evolution has resolved many of nature’s challenges leading to lasting solutions. Nature has always inspired human achievements and has led to effective materials, structures, tools, mechanisms, processes, algorithms, methods, systems, and many other benefits (Bar-Cohen Y (ed) 2005 Biomimetics—Biologically Inspired Technologies (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press) pp 1–552). This field, which is known as biomimetics, offers enormous potential for inspiring new capabilities for exciting future technologies. There are numerous examples of biomimetic successes that involve making simple copies, such as the use of fins for swimming. Others examples involved greater mimicking complexity including the mastery of flying that became possible only after the principles of aerodynamics were better understood. Some commercial implementations of biomimetics, including robotic toys and movie subjects, are increasingly appearing and behaving like living creatures. More substantial benefits of biomimetics include the development of prosthetics...
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...Biological Weapons: Threat of the 21st Century Michele Tallman Ashford University Principle & Theory of Security Issues CRJ433 Alicia Dembowski January 12, 2014 Biological Weapons: Threat of the 21st Century Biological Warfare is morally and inhumanely wrong, it is the wrongful killing of men, women, and children and it should be stopped no matter what the circumstances are. For the past 50 years or so the world has lived under the shadow of atomic weapons, threatening a “nuclear nightmare” that would bomb us back to the Stone Age. Now in the 21st Century, there is a new nightmare, called Biological Weapons. These types of weapons deliver toxins and microorganisms, such as viruses and bacteria, so as to deliberately infect disease among people, animals, as well as the destruction of crops leading to food shortages. The way that a biological weapon is used depends on several factors, these include the agent, its preparation; its durability in the environment, and route of infection. Some agents can be disbursed as an aerosol, which can be inhaled or can infect a susceptible spot on the skin, like a cut or wound. With the recent revolution in molecular biology, this may have incidentally unleashed a new threat to a peaceful night’s sleep. Even though there has been talk concerning the disarming of certain countries from nuclear weapons, terrorist factions and "nations of concern" have sought ways to continue their wars, by using biological weapons. Asymmetric...
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...NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS ANTHRAX VACCINE AS A COMPONENT OF THE STRATEGIC NATIONAL STOCKPILE: A DILEMMA FOR HOMELAND SECURITY by Thomas L. Rempfer December 2009 Thesis Advisor: Second Reader: Stanley Supinski Dean Lynch Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 2. REPORT DATE December 2009 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED Master’s Thesis 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Anthrax Vaccine as a Component of the Strategic National Stockpile: A Dilemma for Homeland Security 6. AUTHOR(S) Thomas L. Rempfer 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93943-5000...
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...tone and making sure to use a reader-centered perspective that utilizes a "you" approach and positive wording. In addition to a reader-centered perspective, however, you also should consider the difference between what is called a direct and an indirect approach when organizing letters, memos, and e-mail messages, especially ones that convey bad news. DIRECT APPROACH The direct approach anticipates no resistance to its message--for instance, "you've been hired," "your order is being shipped today," or even "the project will be done in one week." In this case, organizing your message is simple. Searle’s mentions that memos and letters should have some kind of brief introduction, sometimes as its own paragraph. If you're using the direct approach, this introduction is simply a straightforward statement of the main point of the message. For instance, if you are writing a letter to confirm an order, simply begin by stating, "We have received your order for part #23-B-4439 and are shipping it today." Then the rest of the letter can provide details like shipping time, cost, etc. Whenever possible, use the direct approach. Most readers are in a hurry and want the main point up front. And if there's no reason for them to respond negatively, there's no reason to delay that main point.Keep in mind that the direct approach applies equally to letters, memos, and e-mail messages. INDIRECT APPROACH Sometimes, your letter, memo, or e-mail message contains "bad news" of some type--a...
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...of what they might think. | In the table below, categorize different leadership approaches that could be used in the work environment you have described. Provide different suggestions for each of the four approaches to leadership. Directive approach | Supportive approach | By using a directive approach, you are providing guidance and training. This can be anything from work scheduling to maintaining clear work performance standards. Linking incentives directly to performance is also an approach worth trying to boost employee morale. Developing clear work rules and procedures can be essential for making any work environment successful. | Being friendly and approachable can be a hard thing to do on an everyday basis. There can be problems that affect a person attitude on a particular day. Showing concern for well being and needs of employees will show that you empathize with their situation and you will strive to better whatever situation that is troubling them. Treating workers as equals and acting in a nonthreatening way can show that you are in the same situation and no one person is more valuable because of their position. | Participative approach | Achievement-oriented approach | By giving a participative approach you can show your employees that you understand...
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...I believe all persuasive approaches will be different depending on who I will be approaching in the audience. I order to have an effective approach I must know who I am approaching and how I will approach them. Considering that a message can be directed to a boss, a peer, a challenging person, or an open-minded person I must be able to construct or tailor my approach according to each person in order to get to the see my point of view and gain their support. Each person will develop their opinions differently not only because each person has their own mind but because each plays a different role. For example, if I am approaching my boss in discussion I must consider the fact that he or she has worked extremely hard to obtain a position where they can lead others and is person who is respected because of their position who goals are in line with that of company’s vision. Therefore, my approach would be to follow the same order of directing my approach to line up with the company’s goals. If I were speaking with a peer, this approach would be probably be the easiest considering that we have established grounds of comfort and our views and goals would be easier. When approaching a peer there is no or very little preparation involved. Usually, peers see things eye to eye and very rarely does someone have to work hard in order to make a good impression or get them to see my point of view. In the case of the challenging person, this would be the complete opposite of a peer...
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...message? We still wish to continue business with them and appreciate the business we’ve had already. • Who is your primary audience? Marble Rivera • What is the audience’s background? Former speaker/ technology company. • What are the audience’s reactions likely to be to your message? Disappointment • Gather Information • What information does your audience need to receive? The email explaining why she won’t be key speaker. • What facts must you gather in order to create an effective message? Our reasons behind why we’re going with Dr. Binter. • Organize the Information • What is your main idea? Keeping her happy and evolving our company at the same time. • Will you use the direct or indirect approach? indirect • Why are you using the approach you chose? I feel she will appreciate us being honest right up front. • Write • Adapt to Your Audience • How will you show sensitivity to your audience's needs? Explaining how we love what she brings to our company and its more of a friendship then a business transaction. • How much credibility...
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...and the task force members needs to determined followed by predictions on how the first week of the task force went. The meeting with Dixon is crucial for Larry to establish clear and concise goals for himself and his future team. Through this meeting, Larry must also determine Dixon's position on the manner and assess to what extent she will be involved with the team. From the information provided in the case, it is clear that Dixon is essentially "dumping" this task on Larry and that she will not even be present for the first two weeks of the task force. From this, Larry has limited options on how to approach Dixon. Larry needs to identify from Dixon what the possible rewards are for success and consequences for failure are. From the additional information provided, Larry correctly approached Dixon in a manner that lead to the ability for Larry to use the upward appeal approach in influence tactics [Ch....
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...meetings he could have been more prepared and feel more relaxed before every single meetings. 2) How will your proposal solve the problems you have defined? My proposal about postponing the meetings would solve problems that will come your way when you are not focused enough. Since his morning started pretty stressful because of the traffic situation, that stressful feeling will most likely follow you during the day. When you feel stressful you are most likely to forget more things for example things you had to do or say during a meeting. Postponing his meetings would give him time to get everything together and feel comfortable going into the meetings. 3) How can you defend your solution from budgetary concerns? In what way is your approach both a solution to the problems of the expatriates at Tex-Mark and a good economic investment? The reason why my solution to postpone the meetings is a good solution because it can keep you away from any budgetary mistakes. I know that those meetings are very important because money is involved. The way I look at the solution for the expatriates is because I think that more time the expatriates get to prepare to go abroad the better they are going to do their work there....
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...Required Textbooks and Equipment Instrument Commercial Manual, Jeppesen (current edition). ICM Airman’s Information Manual, FAA (current edition). AIM Federal Aviation Regulations, FAA (current edition). FAR Airport Facilities Directory, NOAA (current edition). AFD FAA Instrument Pilot Exam Questions/Answers (Gleim). FAA IFR ENROUTE LOW ALTITUDE charts – U.S. L-23/24 US Terminal Procedures (Approach plate) – SE-3 Optional- Jeppesen Chart Subscription, (current Florida coverage). Aviation Weather Services, NOAA, AC 00-45C (current edition). AWS Course Description This course develops aeronautical knowledge required for addition of an Instrument Airplane rating to a Private Pilot certificate. Topics include instrument flying regulations, safety, operations, navigation systems, chart use, weather, flight planning, decision-making, and crew resource management. Prerequisites AS 121. Course Goals This course provides the aeronautical knowledge to continue the development of a professional pilot through practical application of basic aerodynamics, aircraft performance, regulations, and flight planning in a single-pilot, IFR environment. This course also continues to build the understanding of those essential elements of crew resource management, such as crew communication, crew coordination, and teamwork required by the aviation industry. Performance Objectives During this course the student will, to the...
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