Biology: Concepts and Connections, 5e (Campbell)
Chapter 11: The Control of Gene Expression

1) Which of the following are problems created by cloning?
A) Cloning endangered species may de-emphasize the need to preserve critical natural habitats.
B) Cloning does not increase genetic diversity in the cloned species.
C) Cloned animals are less healthy than animals created by natural methods.
D) All of the choices are problems created by cloning.
E) None of the choices are problems created by cloning. Topic: Introduction
Skill: Factual Recall

2) The ability to use the nucleus from an adult somatic cell to create all of the cell types in a new organism demonstrates that development depends upon
A) the control of gene expression.
B) the timing of mitosis and meiosis.
C) the timing of meiosis and cell migrations.
D) the deposition of materials in the extracellular matrix.
E) the position of cells within an embryo. Topic: Introduction
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

3) The term gene expression refers to the
A) fact that each individual of a species has a unique set of genes.
B) fact that individuals of the same species have different phenotypes.
C) process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins.
D) fact that certain genes are visible as dark stripes on a chromosome.
E) flow of information from parent to offspring. Topic: 11.1
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

4) In a prokaryote, a group of genes with related functions, along with their associated control sequences, defines
A) an allele.
B) an operon.
C) a locus.
D) a transposon.
E) a chromosome. Topic: 11.1
Skill: Factual Recall

5) The lac operon in E. coli
A) prevents lactose-utilizing enzymes from being expressed when lactose is absent from the environment.
B) coordinates the production of tryptophan-utilizing enzymes when it is present.
C) allows the bacterium to resist antibiotics in the penicillin family.
D) regulates the rate of binary fission.
E) uses activators to initiate the production of enzymes that break down lactose. Topic: 11.1
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

6) The lac operon of E. coli is __________ when the repressor is bound to lactose.
A) active
B) inactive
C) elongated
D) cloned
E) unregulated Topic: 11.1
Skill: Factual Recall

7) The expression of the tryptophan operon is controlled by
A) a repressor that is active when it is alone.
B) a repressor that is inactive when it binds to lactose.
C) a repressor that is active when it binds to tryptophan.
D) an activator that turns the operon on by binding to DNA.
E) an activator that permanently deletes genes in the tryptophan operon. Topic: 11.1
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

8) Proteins that bind to DNA and turn on operons by making it easier for RNA polymerase to bind to a promoter are called
A) regulators.
B) inhibitors.
C) operators.
D) activators.
E) repressors. Topic: 11.1
Skill: Factual Recall

9) Which one of the following is likely to occur in E. coli cells that are grown in skim milk?
A) The lac operon is shut off and the cells will not produce lactose-utilizing enzymes.
B) The trp repressor is activated and the cells will produce lactose-utilizing enzymes.
C) The trp operon is turned on but the bacteria will not produce lactose-utilizing enzymes.
D) The trp operon and the lac operon are both switched off.
E) The trp operon and the lac operon are both switched on. Topic: 11.1
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

10) A single cell, the zygote, can develop into an entirely new organism with many different specialized cells. Which one of the following statements about this process is false?
A) Additional genetic information for the formation of specialized cells is passed on to the developing embryo via the placenta.
B) The descendant cells specialize by a process known as cellular differentiation.
C) The zygote contains all of the genetic information required for the development of many different cell types.
D) Not all of the genes in the zygote are expressed in all of its descendant cells. Topic: 11.2
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

11) The genes for the enzymes of glycolysis
A) are active in all metabolizing cells but the genes for specialized proteins are expressed only in particular cell types.
B) are inactive in all metabolizing cells but the genes for specialized proteins are expressed in all cell types.
C) and the genes for all specialized proteins are expressed in all metabolizing cells.
D) and the genes for specialized proteins are expressed in all nonembryonic cell types.
E) and the genes for all specialized proteins are expressed in all embryonic cells. Topic: 11.2
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

12) The basis of cellular differentiation is
A) the operon.
B) cellular specialization.
C) selective gene expression.
D) cloning.
E) mutation. Topic: 11.2, 11.3
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

13) Most differentiated cells retain
A) only a tiny fraction of their original set of genes.
B) only a tiny fraction of their original set of genes but can regenerate lost genes as needed.
C) a complete set of their genes but lose the ability to express most of those genes.
D) a complete set of their genes and retain the ability to express those genes under certain circumstances.
E) None of the choices are correct. Topic: 11.3
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

14) Which of the following processes occurs when a salamander regenerates a lost limb?
A) Oncogenes that cause accelerated cell division are turned on.
B) Certain cells in the limb dedifferentiate, divide, and then redifferentiate to form a new limb.
C) A new salamander develops from the lost limb.
D) The homeotic genes of the regenerating cells turn off.
E) None of the choices are correct. Topic: 11.3
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

15) Why can some plants be cloned from a single cell?
A) Plant cells do not differentiate even when mature, so any cell can grow into an entire plant.
B) Plant cells can dedifferentiate and give rise to all of the specialized cells required to produce an entire plant.
C) Plant cells are able to retrieve genes lost to the environment during development.
D) Plant cells can produce genes to replace those lost during development.
E) None of the choices are correct. Topic: 11.3
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

16) Which one of the following is false?
A) A nucleosome consists of DNA wound around a protein core of eight histone molecules.
B) DNA packing tends to promote gene expression.
C) Histones account for about half the mass of eukaryotic chromosomes.
D) Highly compacted chromatin is generally not expressed at all.
E) Prokaryotes have proteins analogous to histones. Topic: 11.4
Skill: Factual Recall

17) Which one of the following is most like the relationship between DNA and chromosomes?
A) an egg yolk inside of an egg
B) a dozen eggs packaged within an egg carton
C) a spoon cradling some peas
D) thread wrapped around a spool
E) the candy shell surrounding the chocolate in a piece of M & M candy Topic: 11.4
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

18) The tortoiseshell pattern on a cat
A) usually occurs in males.
B) is the result of a homozygous recessive condition.
C) results from X chromosome inactivation.
D) is a result of alleles on the Y chromosome.
E) None of the choices are correct. Topic: 11.5
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

19) Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells use which of the following to turn certain genes on or off?
A) DNA ligase
B) RNA transcriptase
C) intron segments
D) regulatory proteins
E) nucleosome packing Topic: 11.6
Skill: Factual Recall

20) Enhancers are
A) adjacent to the gene that they regulate.
B) required to turn on gene expression when transcription factors are in short supply.
C) the site on DNA to which activators bind.
D) required to facilitate the binding of DNA polymerases.
E) the products of transcription factors. Topic: 11.6
Skill: Factual Recall

21) Silencers are sites in DNA that
A) bind RNA promoters to promote the start of transcription.
B) bind enhancers to promote the start of transcription.
C) bind repressor proteins to inhibit the start of transcription.
D) bind activators to inhibit the start of transcription.
E) release mRNA. Topic: 11.6
Skill: Factual Recall

22) The coding regions of a gene (the portions that are expressed as polypeptide sequences) are called
A) introns.
B) exons.
C) redundant coding sections.
D) proto-oncogenes.
E) nucleosomes. Topic: 11.7
Skill: Factual Recall

23) Which of the following permits a single gene to code for more than one polypeptide?
A) retention of different introns in the final version of the different mRNA strands
B) alternative RNA splicing
C) protein degradation
D) genetic differentiation
E) addition of different types of caps and tails to the final version of the mRNA strands Topic: 11.7
Skill: Factual Recall

24) RNA splicing involves the
A) addition of a nucleotide "cap" to the molecule.
B) addition of a nucleotide "tail" to the molecule.
C) removal of introns from the molecule.
D) removal of exons from the molecule.
E) addition of introns to the molecule. Topic: 11.7
Skill: Factual Recall

25) Which one of the following statements is false?
A) Some genes are edited before they are translated.
B) Some polypeptides are edited to make them functional.
C) The length of time that mRNA remains functional in the cytoplasm is quite variable.
D) In eukaryotes, the lifetime of a protein is closely regulated.
E) In eukaryotes, one gene controls the production of just one functioning protein. Topic: 11.7, 11.8
Skill: Factual Recall

26) Which one of the following is not a mechanism used to regulate protein production?
A) controlling the start of polypeptide synthesis
B) protein activation
C) protein breakdown
D) DNA editing
E) the breakdown of mRNA Topic: 11.8
Skill: Factual Recall

27) The textbook authors' analogy between the regulation of gene expression and the movement of water through pipes does not include
A) the web of control that connects different genes.
B) pretranscriptional events.
C) posttranscriptional events.
D) the editing of RNA.
E) the multiple mechanisms by which gene expression is regulated. Topic: 11.9
Skill: Factual Recall

28) The cloning of Dolly the sheep
A) demonstrated that the nuclei from differentiated mammalian cells can retain their full genetic potential.
B) demonstrated that differentiated cells contain only a fraction of their full genetic potential.
C) demonstrated, for the first time, that eggs are haploid and body cells are diploid.
D) revealed that cloned mammals most resemble the egg donor.
E) revealed that cloned mammals most resemble the sperm donor. Topic: 11.10
Skill: Factual Recall

29) Cloning to produce embryonic stem cells is called
A) regenerative cloning.
B) transplantational cloning.
C) reproductive cloning.
D) therapeutic cloning.
E) dedifferentiation. Topic: 11.10
Skill: Factual Recall

30) Which of the following are possible uses of reproductive cloning?
A) the production of genetically identical animals for experimentation
B) the production of potentially valuable drugs
C) the production of organs in pigs for transplant into humans
D) the improvement of the quality of farm animals
E) All of the choices are correct. Topic: 11.11
Skill: Factual Recall

31) Which of the following best expresses the degree of success that has been attained in the cloning of humans?
A) No attempts have been made to clone humans.
B) A human cloned zygote has been formed, but it never divided.
C) A six-celled cloned human embryo is the oldest produced to date.
D) A cloned human embryo developed to the blastocyst stage.
E) A cloned human being, implanted in a woman, developed up to the sixth month and died. Topic: 11.11
Skill: Factual Recall

32) Which one of the following is false?
A) Embryonic stem cells can be induced to differentiate.
B) Embryonic stem cells can give rise to all the different specialized cells in the body.
C) Adult but not embryonic stem cells can be grown in laboratory culture.
D) Adult stem cells are present in adult tissues.
E) Adult stem cells are part way along the road to differentiation. Topic: 11.12
Skill: Factual Recall

33) A homeotic gene
A) turns on the genes necessary for synthesis of proteins.
B) serves as a master control gene that functions during embryonic development by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells.
C) represses gene transcription.
D) produces a product that controls the transcription of other genes.
E) All of the choices are correct. Topic: 11.13
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

34) Which one of the following statements about fruit fly development is false?
A) One of the earliest development events is the determination of the head and tail ends of the egg.
B) The location of the head and tail ends of the egg is primarily determined by the location of sperm entry during fertilization.
C) Cell signaling plays an important role in the development of fruit flies.
D) Homeotic genes regulate batteries of other genes that direct the anatomical identity of body parts.
E) Cascades of gene expression routinely direct fruit fly development. Topic: 11.13
Skill: Factual Recall

35) Animal development is directed by
A) cell receptors that detect transcription factors.
B) the availability of certain "key" nutrients as cells divide.
C) signal-transduction pathways.
D) cell-to-cell signaling.
E) cell-to-cell signaling and signal-transduction pathways. Topic: 11.13,11.14
Skill: Factual Recall

36) The way that a signal outside a cell triggers changes in the transcription and translation inside the cell is by the process of
A) post-translational editing.
B) signal-transduction pathways.
C) protein activation.
D) protein breakdown.
E) X chromosome inactivation. Topic: 11.14
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

37) Developmental similarities observed in most vertebrates are probably due to
A) chance.
B) the similar environments in which they live.
C) homeoboxes.
D) their phylogenetic histories.
E) homeoboxes and their phylogenetic histories. Topic: 11.15
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

38) A gene that can cause cancer when present in a single copy in a cell is called a(n)
A) oncogene.
B) enhancer gene.
C) silencer gene.
D) carcinogen.
E) proto-oncogene. Topic: 11.16
Skill: Factual Recall

39) Which one of the following is false?
A) Proto-oncogenes are normal genes with the potential to become oncogenes.
B) Many proto-oncogenes code for growth factors.
C) A mutation must occur in a cell's DNA for a proto-oncogene to become an oncogene.
D) A mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene can stop cell division immediately.
E) One of the earliest clues to understanding cancer was the discovery of a virus that causes cancer in chickens. Topic: 11.16
Skill: Factual Recall

40) Which of the following does not contribute to normal cells becoming cancerous?
A) the conversion of a proto-oncogene to an oncogene
B) damage to a tumor-suppressor gene
C) the acquisition of an oncogene from a virus
D) one or more of the cell's genes being removed by a virus Topic: 11.16, 11.17
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

41) Mutations in the p53 gene can lead to cancer by
A) causing the production of excessive amounts of relay proteins.
B) turning off a gene for a protein that inhibits cell division.
C) increasing the production of glycogen, which nourishes the cell cycle.
D) promoting the expression of mRNA that can interact with DNA, resulting in new mutations.
E) increasing the production of growth hormones, which trigger faster cell cycles. Topic: 11.17
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

42) Cancer of the colon is caused by
A) a single gene mutation.
B) several somatic cell mutations.
C) exposure of colon cells to a mutagen.
D) lack of vitamin K.
E) the proto-oncogene, lac. Topic: 11.18
Skill: Factual Recall

43) The development of colon cancer occurs slowly, as it does in many cancers. This is most likely because
A) cancer cells don't have mitochondria, so they grow slowly.
B) more than one somatic mutation must occur.
C) cancer cells suppress the growth of each other in a tissue.
D) cancer cells have to wait until new blood vessels grow into the area, which takes much time.
E) most cancer mutations interfere with mitosis, so cell division occurs more slowly. Topic: 11.18
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

44) Evidence suggests that the normal version of the BRCA1 gene is as a(n) __________ gene.
A) enhancer
B) proto-oncogene
C) tumor suppressor
D) homeotic
E) silencer Topic: 11.19
Skill: Factual Recall

45) Which of the following statements about breast cancer is false?
A) Mutations in BRCA1 put a woman at higher risk of developing breast cancer.
B) Mutations in BRCA2 put a woman at higher risk of developing breast cancer.
C) The protein encoded by BRCA1 acts as a tumor suppressor.
D) Most breast cancers are caused by mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2.
E) Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 appear to be inherited. Topic: 11.19
Skill: Factual Recall

46) The carcinogen known to cause the most cases of cancer is
A) plutonium.
B) ultraviolet light.
C) alcohol.
D) salt.
E) tobacco. Topic: 11.20
Skill: Factual Recall

47) Which one of the following statements is false?
A) Factors that alter DNA and make cells cancerous are called carcinogens.
B) Mutagens are usually not carcinogens.
C) X-rays and ultraviolet radiation are two of the most potent carcinogens.
D) Eating 20-30 grams of plant fiber daily and reducing the intake of animal fat can reduce your risk of developing colon cancer.
E) Broccoli and cauliflower are thought to be especially rich in substances that help prevent cancer. Topic: 11.20
Skill: Factual Recall

Web/CD Activity Questions

1) A gene operon consists of
A) a transcribed gene only.
B) a promoter only.
C) a regulatory gene only.
D) transcribed genes and a promoter only.
E) transcribed genes, a promoter, and a regulatory gene. Topic: Web/CD Activity 11A
Skill: Factual Recall

2) Which of these mechanisms of controlling gene expression occurs outside of the nucleus?
A) adding a cap and tail to RNA
B) transcription
C) DNA packing/unpacking
D) RNA splicing
E) translation Topic: Web/CD Activity 11B
Skill: Factual Recall

3) To initiate a signal-transduction pathway, a signal binds to a receptor protein usually located in the
A) cytosol.
B) nucleus.
C) plasma membrane.
D) ER.
E) cytoplasm. Topic: Web/CD Activity 11E
Skill: Factual Recall

4) Transcription factors attach to
A) DNA.
B) signal molecules.
C) plasma membrane receptors.
D) proteins.
E) mRNA. Topic: Web/CD Activity 11E
Skill: Factual Recall

5) Which of these is not a carcinogen?
A) testosterone
B) cigarette smoke
C) UV light
D) fat
E) All of the above are carcinogens. Topic: Web/CD Activity 11F
Skill: Application