...Christian Rodriguez Mrs. Gentry AP Biology September 27, 2015 Lab Abstract Enzymes are proteins produced by living cells. In an enzyme, the substrates bind with the active site of an enzyme, breaking them down into other molecules. Enzymes acts as catalyst which lower the reaction energy and allows it to take place in less time and at lower temperatures. Enzymes can be used in a reaction without actually being used up; therefore, they can be used reversibly. Temperature, salt concentration, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, and pH can affect enzyme reactions. If the pH is too basic, the enzyme gains (H+) and denaturalizes; likewise if the pH is too acidic, then the enzyme loses (H+) and becomes denaturalized. A major benefit...
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...(Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.52-53). An acid is a substance that increases the solutions concentration of hydrogen ions and a base reduces the solutions hydrogen ion concentration.(Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.52-53). The pH scale shows us the pH values of some aqueous solutions including pure water, human blood and tears, which are the neutral solutions. (Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.52-54). The pH of a neutral aqueous solution is seven, the midpoint of the pH scale. (Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.52-54). The acidic solutions range from six to zero, zero being most acidic and the basic solutions range from seven to fourteen, fourteen being most basic. (Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.52-54). However, most biological solutions range from a pH of six to eight. (Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.52-54). However, there are exceptions, for example the acidic digestive juice of the human stomach has a pH of around two. (Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.52-54). Therefore, like the proteins structures which are sensitive to their environment so is an enzymes which works better under certain conditions than others.(Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.152-155). Enzymes are organic catalysts (a chemical that speeds up a reaction without changing itself) that engages in the transformation of one organic molecule to another but with a lower activation energy.(Bio 05LA Lab Manual- Lab# 5, UCR, Winter ’11 ed., pp. 1). The molecule that the enzyme acts upon...
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...Effects of Temperature, pH, Enzyme Concentration , and Substrate Concentration on Catecholase Introduction Enzymes are biological proteins that speed up the reaction rate of a chemical reaction. They work in the human body by lowering activation energy making certain that reactions will initiate. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. In this case, factors that influence the activity of an enzyme are called modulators. If modulators activate enzymes the reaction rate catalyzed will significantly increase, but if the modulator inactivates enzymes the reaction rate catalyzed will significantly decreased (Silverthorn, 2004). The potentially disastrous influence of temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, and substrate concentration on enzymes and other proteins is one reason why these modulators are very strictly regulated by the body (Silverthorn, 2004). Temperature, a measure of the intensity of heat, is an important factor in the activity of enzymes. The velocity of an enzymatic reaction is influenced by temperature. This is because substrates collide with active sites frequently in the presence of rapidly moving molecules. In addition, although these molecules do move rapidly the speed of the reaction drops sharply. In short, thermal agitation causes protein molecules (enzymes) to denature ( breakdown of protein structures). All enzymes have an optimal temperature at which reaction rates go fastest without denaturing the enzyme (Campbell and Reece, 2002) pH...
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...In lab 7, Factors affecting Enzyme Activity, there are two parts; Effects of concentration on enzyme activity and effects of temperature on enzyme activity. In the first lab with concentration the materials needed to preform this experiment will be a LabQuest, Vernier O2 Gas Sensor, Nalgene bottle, enzyme suspension, 3.0% H2O2 , stop watch, goggles, three test tubes and dH2O and a 10 ml graduated cylinder.The first step in the procedure is to obtain three test tubes and label them 1, 2, and 3. With a graduated cylinder, fill the three tubes with 5 ml of 3.0% H2O2 and 5 ml of water. Add five drops of enzyme suspension to test tube labeled 1. Wait thirty seconds and pour solution into a Nalgene bottle. Place the O2 gas sensor into the bottle...
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...What is the effect of enzyme concentration, pH level, and temperature on the rate of reaction? Theresa Lashinski Annandale High School In partial fulfillment of the requirements for College Biology Mrs. Kraemer November 27, 2012, 2012 Abstract What is the effect of enzyme concentration, temperature, and pH levels on the rate of reaction for the enzyme tyrosinase? An experiment was conducted, manipulating the pH levels, temperature and concentration of the enzyme tyrosinase. The materials used in this experiment were: cuvettes, a spectrophotometer, three different concentrations of tyrosinase, buffered substrate, temperature water baths, distilled water, a computer equipped with the LoggerPro program, microtubules, and syringes. The College Biology class from Annandale High School, made of approximately half male and half female conducted the experiment. All of the students tested for enzyme concentration, but one half of the class also tested for temperature while the other half examined pH levels. The results showed that as enzyme concentration goes up, the rate of reaction increases. It was also found that as you move farther away from the optimal pH of the enzyme, reaction rate decreases. The results also showed that the greater the temperature, the higher the reaction rate, until it reached 60 degrees Celsius, which denatured the enzymes’ hydrogen bonds. Literature Review Enzymes are a vital part of the workings of...
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...Carrie Cunnien SCIE 206 Biology January 20, 2013 IP 2 Abstract Some of the things that will be discussed are how photosynthesis and respiration are linked in order to provide you with energy from the food we eat. The absence of oxygen some cells and organisms can use glycolysis coupled to fermentation to produce energy to your cells. Cells use enzymes as biological catalysts to increase or accelerate the rate of reactions. Energy, Metabolism, and Cells Photosynthesis envelopes everything we need to sustain life whether directly related or indirectly related. Biology involves a great responsibility for the safety and well-being of all inhabitants of the earth. Our daily lives and the comprehension of what it takes to keep the various life forms alive are very important, (Nahle, N. 2004). First, you will learn what is photosynthesis and aerobic respiration. Secondly, you will learn the role of fermentation in allowing an organism to generate energy for its cells in the absence of oxygen and how does the energy from the sun end up as chemical energy for the anaerobic organism or cell. Lastly, you will learn how enzyme catalyzes a reaction and the three main steps of the cycle of enzyme-substrate interactions plus how enzyme activity is regulated by the cell. 1. Explain how photosynthesis and respiration are linked in order to provide you with energy from the food you eat. A. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use energy created from the sunlight; producing...
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...Unit 2: Cell Biology SCIE206-1401B-08 Photosynthesis and cellular respiration make one large cycle that sustains life on earth. Through photosynthesis the suns energy is constantly being transformed into glucose, which is a chemical energy. Respiration is the chemical activity that occurs in all plants and animal cells that release the energy from the glucose. Photosynthesis cannot exist with cellular respiration, they are completely linked together in providing the energy through the food we eat. Cloud, D (2012). Photosynthesis and cellular respiration have an inverse relationship, they are opposite of each other. Photosynthesis is the process by which carbon dioxide is converted into compounds from the sunlight. The most frequent compound being glucose (sugar). Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and some bacteria. Editorial Board (2014). Cellular respiration, in contrast takes the glucose (sugar) and other compounds oxidizing them to created carbon dioxide. Each cycle depends on the other in order for the completion to take place. The complete cycle ensures that life continues to exist, both being necessary for living organisms. Cloud, D. (2012). Photosynthesis is a natural process that provides all aerobic creatures on eth with oxygen. Without photosynthesis, humans would not be able to exist. Photosynthesis maintains the natural amount of oxygen in the air. It provides oxygen for life and the process of cellular respirations. Photosynthesis releases...
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...Properties of Enzymes focused on the variations of reaction rates amongst enzymes subjected to various circumstances such as temperature, pH levels, different concentrations of substrate, salt concentrations, Metal Copper Sulfate and lastly, the presence of an Enzyme Inhibitor. The assigned section of this laboratory for our efforts was the effect of temperature variations on enzyme reactions. To perform the experiment, we used a spectrophotometer to monitor the baseline catalase activity when they are placed in these two temperatures. In this way, absorbance can be measured over time to monitor catalase activity of the main baseline reaction. Our results showed that temperatures at higher degrees led to being inactive, whereas those at lower degrees lowered the reaction time. This comes to show that each enzyme can have a different optimal temperature and this experiment helped us to understand how reaction rate can be affected by temperature change. Introduction Thousands of complex biological processes are constantly taking place within our bodies. We require material transport, energy synthesis, and the manufacturing of various proteins, hormones, and other molecules (Source 1). Almost all of these everyday processes rely on the function of enzymes to take place. Enzymes are specifically grouped according to their function, and this information can often provide us with clues regarding what type of reaction that enzyme will catalyze (Source 2). An enzyme can only react...
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...an enzyme Abstract The experiment was to analyse what reaction temperature would have on Amylase enzyme. We heated alpha amylase solution to set temperatures then tested for the presents starch with iodine solution. Any starch would turn the iodine black. Once the starch had broken down the iodine would remain brown to suggest the presents of maltose. Usually I would expect to find that the reactions would increase as the temperature increased. After it reached its optimum temperature then the reaction would slow down rapidly or stop all together. However throughout the experiment we uncovered a number of flaws, the flaws would have contributed to the failure of this experiment and the rejection of my hypothesis. Introduction Enzymes are proteins that were made during protein synthesis. They are globular in shape and of a tertiary structure that has an active site. The protein molecules act as a catalyse biochemical reaction in living organisms. (Indge, B (1993), A-Z Biology. London. Wearset. 90). A catalyse is something that makes a chemical reaction happen more quickly without itself being changed. This means that enzymes can be re-used. Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy necessary to start a reaction. As less energy is necessary, biochemical reactions can take place at the temperatures and pressures found in living cells. (Indge, B (1993), A-Z Biology. London. Wearset. 90). The diagram on the left illustrates the action of an enzyme. As...
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...AS Biology Unit 1 page 1 AQA AS Biology Unit 1 Contents Specification Biological Molecules Chemical bonds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Biochemical Tests Enzymes Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells Cell Fractionation Microscopy The Cell Membrane Movement across Cell Membranes Exchange The Gas Exchange System Lung Diseases The Heart Coronary Heart Disease The Digestive System Cholera Lifestyle and Disease Defence against Disease Immunisation Monoclonal Antibodies 1 – Mathematical Requirements 2– The Unit 1 Exam 2 4 6 8 10 16 17 24 28 30 31 35 37 44 46 50 54 58 60 67 68 72 80 81 83 86 Cells Human Physiology Disease Appendices These notes may be used freely by A level biology students and teachers, and they may be copied and edited. Please do not use these materials for commercial purposes. I would be interested to hear of any comments and corrections. Neil C Millar (nmillar@ntlworld.co.uk) Head of Biology, Heckmondwike Grammar School High Street, Heckmondwike, WF16 0AH July 2011 HGS Biology A-level notes NCM/7/11 AS Biology Unit 1 page 2 Biology Unit 1 Specification Biochemistry Biological Molecules Biological molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins are often polymers and are based on a small number of chemical elements. • Proteins have a variety of functions within all living organisms. The general structure of an amino acid. Condensation and the formation of peptide bonds linking together amino acids to form polypeptides. The relationship...
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...Table of Contents: FHSB 1214 FHSC 1214 Biology I Cell Biology Introduction Practical 1 Practical 1 Cell Biology Biological Studies I molecules I Practical 2 Practical 2 Cell Biology Biological Studies II molecules II Practical 3 Cell Biology Studies III Practical 4 Cell Biology Studies IV Practical 8 Cell Biology Studies VIII Practical 5 Cell Biology Studies V Practical 6 Cell Biology Studies VI Practical 7 Cell Biology Studies VII Practical 9 Cell Biology Studies IX Practical 10 Cell Biology Studies X - Experiment Description Page Writing of Lab Reports Identification of Biomolecules 5 13 Identification of Unknown Carbohydrate Solutions and Investigation of Action of Saliva and HCl in Carbohydrate Solution at Two Different Temperatures Investigation of the Effects of Catalase Concentration on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition 20 Synthesis of Starch Using an Enzyme Extracted from Potato Tuber Investigation of the Effects of Different Catalytic Conditions on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition Microscopy 27 Practical 6 Cell studies II Practical 7 Cell studies III Extraction of Cell Organelles by Cell Fractionation Determination of Solute Potential of Potato Cell Sap 47 Practical 8 Cell studies IV Effects of Different Treatments on Stained Potato Cells 64 Practical 9 Energetics I Respiration of Germinating Beans 67 Microscopic Examination of Cells at Various Stages...
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...Guerrero 3/12/13 Biology 1010c Mrs.Bisogno Title: What is the effect of temperature, pH, and substrate concentration on Enzyme activity? Purpose: Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells. They break down molecules called substrates. Each enzymes have only one substrate that breaks down. Enzymes are produced in the cells of the body and affect the rate of almost all the chemical reactions which take place in living organisms. The rate of enzymes activity is influenced by temperature, pH, and substrate concentration. The purpose of this lab was to determine the affects of enzyme activity under specific temperature changes, pH values and substrate concentration. Since heat increases the rate of most chemical reactions, the addition of heat causes faster molecular movement. Most enzymes active in living tissue becomes denatured, their secondary or tertiary protein structure breaks down, at the temperature above 40 degrees C. In the effects of pH, it is expected that the changes in pH would have an effect on the action of enzymes. Lemon juice helps keep the apple from growing, because its full of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and it has a low acidic pH level. But extreme high levels of low pH values can result in a complete loss of enzymes activity thus leaving the apple to brown. The effects of substrate concentration, an enzyme substrate complex is formed when a substrate fits into active of an enzyme. The velocity, the rate...
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...93 7plummer, D T, Elliot, B A, Cooke, K B and Wilkinson, J H (1963) Biochem J 87,416-422 8Zubay, G (1993) Biochemistry, Third Edition, p 663, Brown', Dubuque, Iowa '~Rawn, J D (1983) Biochemistry, p 675. Harper and Row, New York "~Horton, H R, Moran, L A, Ochs, R S, Rawn, J D and Scrimgeour, K G (1993) Principles of Biochemistry. pp 12.20-21, Neil Patterson Publishers/Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey I I Werner, R (1992) Essential Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Edition, pp 38-39, Elsevier, Amsterdam ~2Perham, R N (1993) Trends Biochem Sci 18, 270-271 ~3Bohinski, R C (1987) Modern Concepts in Biochemistry, Fifth Edition, p 5(19, Allyn and Bacon, Newton, MA ~4Conn, E E, Stumpf, P K, Bruening, G and Doi, R H (1987) Outlines of Biochemistry, Fifth Edition, p 354, John Wiley, New York I~Mathews, C K and van Holde, K E (1990) Biochemistry, p 449, Benjamin/Cummings, Redwood City, CA ~t'Voet, D and Voet, J G (1990) Biochemistry, p 444, John Wiley, New York ~7Wuntch, T, Chen, R F and Vesell, E S (1970) Science 167, 63-65 ~SVesell, E S (1975) In Isozymes edited by C L Markert, Vol 2, pp 1-28, Academic Press, New York 1"Burgher, J W, Ainslie, G R, Cleland, W W and Ray, W J (1978) Biochemistry 17, 1646-1653 -'°Cornish-Bowden, A and Cfirdenas, M L (1991) Trends Biochem Sci 16, 281-282 2~Blackstock, J C (1989) Guide to Biochemistry, pp 76-77, Wright/ Butterworth, London -~-'Newsholme, E A and Leech, A R (1983) Biochemistry for the Medical Sciences, pp 206-207, John Wiley...
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...rate of the catalase in the enzymes. The experiments will include tests on the following foods: nuts (peanuts and almonds), pineapple, chicken liver, and bananas (ripe and regular). There will be multiple tests on each food in order to gather accurate results. Research Louis Jacques Thénard first discovered hydrogen peroxide in 1818 and suggested that an unknown substance broke it down. Oscar Loew was the first to discover the catalase substrate reaction in 1900 based of the Thénard’s previous research on hydrogen peroxide. Scientists know that the 20 amino acids make up proteins and determine the jobs of each enzyme. There are three million...
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...The use of enzymes to modify foods has increased vastly and these fermentations are continuing to be important, however, a new type of enzyme industry has evolved which involves the use of harvesting enzymes from microorganisms. According to Aritri Ghosh a Biotech engineer, the production of enzymes from bacteria and fungi can be isolated from the growth and cleansed and purified as necessary. Generally in industrial processes the enzyme is immobilized which allows the enzyme to be re-used and also enable the products to be separated easily. The production of textiles, paper, leather, fruit juices and biological detergents are produced from Microbial enzymes. We have learned from our text book Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections that Enzymes work by breaking down a substrate into simpler molecules. They increase the rate at which a reaction occurs. They lower the activation energy which results in a quicker rate. Once the substrate leaves the active site of the enzyme the enzyme is free to combine with another free substrate molecule as long as it will fit into the active site of the enzyme as each enzyme has a specific active site which results in enzymes being specific in what they break down. Proteases Proteases hydrolyze peptide bonds in peptides and proteins. They act within the peptide chain or by removing amino acid residues in sequence from one or other end of the chain. Proteases can also be known as proteinases and peptidases. Proteases account...
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