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Biology Exam Review 2009

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Submitted By DarienNathan
Words 1867
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Term 1 topics (30% of the exam):

• Skeleton

• Muscles

• Nervous System

• The Brain

Skeleton and Muscles

• Skeletal system is all the bones in the body and the tissues that connect them

• Average human has 206 bones

• Bones:

- Composed of living cells

- Has protein called collagen, which makes it strong (Collagen: strong fibers)

- Contain calcium sulphate and phosphorous which makes it hard

- 2 types: compact bone (outer layer, dense and hard), spongy bone (inner layer, consist of fine struts of bone, forms the red bone marrow)

• Cartilage (soft bone):

- Firm but softer than bone, cartilage is rubbery while bone is firm

- Has collagen but no mineral salts

- Smooth slippery surface acts as a cushion, reduces friction

• Function of bones:

- Enables movement (eg: raising of arm, breathing movement in the ribs, chewing of the jaws)

- Storage minerals

- Support the body, keep it off the ground and keeps the body shape

- Where blood production happens (red marrow of some bones such as vertebrae produce both red and white blood cells)

- Protection (brain-skull/cranium, heart, lungs and liver-rib cage, spinal cord-vertebrae)

• Structure of the skeleton (just important ones):

1. Vertebral column

- Also called backbone or spine or spinal column

- Consists of 33 individual vertebrae

- Cartilage allows the vertebrae slight movement (forward, backward, sideward)

2. The skull

- Also called cranium

- Made of many bony plates join together

- Lower jaw- chewing, top vertebra/neck vertebra- joint to the skull to allow nodding and rotational movements

3. The limbs

- Arm

- Upper arm bone- humerus (biceps and triceps muscles)

- Lower arm bones-

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