...Melissa Ruiz Biology Review Rasmussen College 10/07/2011 1. Describe the interdependency of structure and function in the human body. Physiology depends on anatomy; anatomy is study of the structures in the body, physiology is the study of the functions of those structures. In other words, without structure there is no function. Physiology depends on anatomy, the operation or function of a structure is dictated by its anatomy. Anatomy and physiology are really inseparable because function always reflects structure. For example, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the thin membranes of the lungs but not across the skin. (Marieb and Hoehn, 2010, page 3) 2. Describe the three patterns of chemical reactions. Synthesis reaction is when atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule. It always involves bond formation and can be represented as A+B→AB. This is the basis of constructive activities in body cells. Amino acids are joined together to form a protein molecule. Decomposition reaction occurs when a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules. It can be represented as AB→A+B. Decomposition reactions are the reverse of synthesis reactions. This underlies all degradative processes in body cells. Bonds are broken in larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules. Glycogen is broken down to release glucose units. Exchange reactions involve both synthesis and decomposition. Bonds are both made and broken, which...
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...Name: Population dynamics homework One hundred (100) goldfish were introduced into Round Pond. This species of goldfish reproduces rapidly, but is prey for many birds and susceptible to some fatal diseases. Their population change through time can be summarized as follows: End of year: number of living goldfish: 1 220 2 484 3 1065 4 1060 5 1066 1) The growth of the population over a 5 year period would be best described as… a) exponential b) explosive c) logistic d) chaotic 2) The carrying capacity of this population would be close to ………………… goldfish. a) 10600 b) 1060 c) 484 d) 220 3) At the end of year 1 there is a 200 (N) deer mice population in a 20 acre field. If their per capita birth rate b = 1.2 mice/mouse/year, and their per capita death rate d = 0.6 mice/mouse/year, what would the population size be at the end of year 3? Show your calculations below. N = No * e^rt R = 1.2 – 0.6 = 0.6 T = 3 N = 200 * e^0.6*3 N = 200 * e^1.8 = 200 * 2.718^1.8 = 200 * 6.050 N = 1210 4) If instead the same mouse population had a carrying capacity of K = 240, and again at the end of year...
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...Exam #4 Review Sheet T- Th Spring 2016 Remember that the final exam is cumulative with 50 points from previous material. From the last quarter of material I have provided some questions for you to think about and some example questions. This is not an exhaustive list of topics that will be on the exam. Other material on which I lectured may be tested. What are reproductive clones and how are they produced? What are some examples of reasons why some people are interested in producing animal clones? What is recombinant DNA, how is it made, and what are its uses? When making recombinant DNA using bacterial plasmids, how are restriction enzymes and ligases involved? What are “sticky ends” and how are they important to this process? What are DNA fingerprints, how are they made, and of what do they inform us? Understand the processes and importance of polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis. Who were some of the major scientists (natural and social) whose work affected changes in the way the world was viewed in the 1800’s? What were some of Darwin’s observations in South America and the Galapagos and how did they stimulate his thinking about modern species evolving from ancestral forms, and the effect of the environment on the evolution of species? What are Darwin’s main principles (tenants) for how natural selection occurs? How is there evidence of evolution in each of the following fields of study: Comparative anatomy (including examples...
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...Unit One: Biochemistry Organic chemistry: chemistry of carbon based molecules * Life on our planet is carbon based * All life is carbon based, so to understand how biological processes occur we need to consider organic chemistry Hydrocarbons: molecules that are entirely made from carbon and hydrogen * Carbon you can get a lot of shape (rings etc) * Mostly non-metals (hydrogen, carbon, oxygen etc) make up molecules in our cells * Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen make 96% of living organisms however 21 elements found as well * Most of 4% consists of calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium Functional Groups * Most functional groups are ionic or strongly polar which makes them very attracted to other ionic or polar molecules * Non polar portions do not attract other molecules so do not help initiate chemical reactions * So, some polar functional groups are strongly attracted to water and so can often be dissolved in the cytosol of the cell, example ethane is hydrocarbon doesn’t have functional group so does not dissolve in water and is gas at room temperature however ethanol has functional group so highly soluble in water Carbon Chemistry * Because it has has 4 electrons in shell so can form 4 covalent bonds to form these shapes * Can form bonds with others but can also bind with each other * Carbon containing rings can join to make polymers Dehydration and Hydrolysis...
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...Chapter 40 4 main categories of tissue: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous. I. Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium): forms interactive surfaces with environment on external and internal body surfaces; functions as barriers. Formed from continuous sheets of tightly packed cells Covers outside of body; or lines organs and body cavities Apical surface: the free surface exposed to air or body fluids Basal surface: cells at base of epithelium are attached to a basement membrane (which is a dense layer of extracellular matrix) Is avascular (no blood vessels); the blood vessels that supply nutrients and remove wastes are in the adjacent connective tissue: diffusion Cell Shapes at APICAL surface Squamous epithelium: flat; look like floor tiles Their thinness allows rapid movement of substances through them by diffusion Cuboidal epithelium: boxlike; looks like dice Produces important secretions Columnar epithelium: tall, pillar-like; some have cilia Protects underlying tissue Functions in absorption of nutrients and secretions (digestive juices) Arrangement of Layers Simple epithelium: 1 layer of cells Stratified epithelium: 2 or more layers Protect underlying tissues where the is abrasion/ wear and tear Stratified squamous (best adapted for abrasion): covers outside of body; forms outermost layer of skin; lines mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus. Pseudostratified epithelium (false multiple layers): 1 layer of a mixture of cell shapes; looks like multiple...
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...Biology exam review 2.1 Kingdom King Phylum Philip Class Came Order Over Genus Germany Species South |Domain |Bacteria |Archea |Eukarya | |Kingdom |Eubacteria |Archeabacteria |Protista, Fungi, Plantae, | | | | |Animalia. | |# of cells |Prokaryote |Prokaryote |Eukaryote | |Cell structure |Cell walls made of peptidolglycan|Cell walls without peptidoglycan |Fungi-cell walls with chitin. | | |(coat of sugars) | |Protista-cell walls of cellulose | | | | |in some, and in others | | | | |chloroplasts. | | | | |Plantae-cell walls of cellulose, | | | | |chloroplasts ...
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...SUMMARY CBH Ex I CELLS AND ORGANELLES Cell Membrane: consist of a lipid bilayer. Hydrophobic tails are located in the interior. Transmembrane protiens are anchored to the core of the bilayer and can be removed only by detergents that disrupt the bilayer. Peripheral membrane proteins are attatched to the cell surface electrostatically and are easily removed by altering the pH. Eucaryotic cells with outer- and intra- cellular membranes ~ half the cell’s total volume -separate intracellular organelles Nucleus- double membrane-bound organelle containing chromatin. Contains the genetic blueprint for every protein in the body. Nuclear Envelope- separates and mediates transport between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and is supported by intermediate filament proteins, the lamins. Nucleolus- dense non membrane bound structure. rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly. Ribosome-consists of 2 subunits of ribosomal RNA. Protein synthesis- formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to make polypeptide chains using messenger RNA as a template. Endoplasmic reticulum- (rER) Protein synthesis (sER)is involved in steroid synthesis and detoxification. Golgi apparatus- determines vesicle fate. Finaly assembly and glycosylation of proteins. Mitochondria – double membrane bound energy production mainly in the form of ATP Lysosomes- high acidity, killing of pathogenic organisms, and degradation of waste products. Endosomes- Peroxisomes – production of hydrogen peroxide...
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...Bio 101 Review Sheet Test #1 (Chapters 1-3) Chapter 1 1. Cell is basic unit of life 2. Hierarchy of life figure 3. 3 Energy categories and examples of each Producer-plants and some microbes Consumer-humans and other animals Decomposer-fungi and other animals 4. Energy transfers are not 100% efficient – why? Cant capture all of the energy supplied by one source a. Where does all energy for biology come from? sun 5. Homeostasis- state of internal consistency or equilibrium 6. 2 types of reproduction asexual and sexual b. Benefits to sexual reproduction benefit of tremendous variation 7. Adaptation inherited characteristics or behaviors that enables an organism to survive and reproduce successfully in a given environment c. How it contributes to natural selection and evolution individuals with the better combinations of genes survive and reproduce 8. Evolution change in genetic makeup of a population 9. Why it’s important to take all your antibiotics so all of the bacteria can be eliminated, some of the bacteria can become stronger. 10. Taxonomy classification of life’s diversity 11. What our species name is homo sapiens 12. Order of taxonomic categories – mnemonic device! Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species 13. 3 domains bacteria, archaea, eukaryote d. Basic differences e. What our domain is f. What domain universal ancestor likely is in archaea ...
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...Term 1 topics (30% of the exam): • Skeleton • Muscles • Nervous System • The Brain Skeleton and Muscles • Skeletal system is all the bones in the body and the tissues that connect them • Average human has 206 bones • Bones: - Composed of living cells - Has protein called collagen, which makes it strong (Collagen: strong fibers) - Contain calcium sulphate and phosphorous which makes it hard - 2 types: compact bone (outer layer, dense and hard), spongy bone (inner layer, consist of fine struts of bone, forms the red bone marrow) • Cartilage (soft bone): - Firm but softer than bone, cartilage is rubbery while bone is firm - Has collagen but no mineral salts - Smooth slippery surface acts as a cushion, reduces friction • Function of bones: - Enables movement (eg: raising of arm, breathing movement in the ribs, chewing of the jaws) - Storage minerals - Support the body, keep it off the ground and keeps the body shape - Where blood production happens (red marrow of some bones such as vertebrae produce both red and white blood cells) - Protection (brain-skull/cranium, heart, lungs and liver-rib cage, spinal cord-vertebrae) • Structure of the skeleton (just important ones): 1. Vertebral column - Also called backbone or spine or spinal column - Consists of 33 individual vertebrae - Cartilage allows the...
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...Compliance Program / Annual Procedure Review Rule 206(4)-7 of the Investment Advisers Act creates a fiduciary responsibility for investment advisers to review annually their policies and procedures to determine their adequacy and the effectiveness of their implementation. As part of this review, all policies, procedures and responsibilities of an adviser must be reviewed, and the findings documented. The review should consider all factors that might suggest a need to revise the policies and procedures including any compliance matters that occurred during the year, any changes in the adviser’s or its affiliates business activities, or changes to applicable regulations. Reviews should be conducted by independent individuals (e.g., the department manager) not immediately responsible for implementation of a particular procedure. An overall review and approval of the adviser’s policies and procedures should be completed by the Chief Compliance Officer and should be submitted to the adviser’s Management Committee or Executive Officers for Final Action. |Procedure | |Summary & |Recommended |Reviewer & | |Completion Date & | |Reviewed |Findings |Conclusions |Change/Update |Date of Review |Review by CCO |Final Actions ...
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... | | |College of Natural Sciences | | |SCI/230 Version 7 | | |Introduction to Life Science | Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course applies a broad, conceptual understanding of biology. Students are introduced to scientific ideologies and concepts that not only shape our biological world, but also shape us as humans. Students examine the scientific method, evolution and biodiversity, the biology of cells, energy systems, the dynamics of inheritance, and the effect humans have on the environment. The text emphasizes methods and the theoretical foundations of ideas, while minimizing isolated facts. It stresses the integration of ideas, making connections that form our understanding of the living world. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials...
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... | | |Principles of Biology | Copyright © 2010, 2008 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course is designed to introduce biology at an entry level by examining the hierarchy that ranges from the fundamentals of cell biology to the physiology of organisms, and the interactions among those organisms in their environment. The topics in this course include cell biology, genetics, molecular biology, evolution, physiology, and ecology. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Simon, E. J., Reece, J. B., & Dickey, J. L. (2010). Essential biology with physiology. (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. All electronic materials are available on...
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...CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination CAPE ® BIOLOGY SYLLABUS Effective for examinations from May/June 2008 CXC A10/U2/07 Published by the Caribbean Examinations Council All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission of the author or publisher. Correspondence related to the syllabus should be addressed to: The Pro-Registrar Caribbean Examinations Council Caenwood Centre 37 Arnold Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica, W.I. Telephone: (876) 630-5200 Facsimile Number: (876) 967-4972 E-mail address: cxcwzo@cxc.org Website: www.cxc.org Copyright © 2007, by Caribbean Examinations Council The Garrison, St Michael BB14038, Barbados CXC A10/U2/07 ii Contents RATIONALE.....................................................................................................................................................1 AIMS ..................................................................................................................................................................1 SKILLS AND ABILITIES TO BE ASSESSED ...............................................................................................2 PRE-REQUISITES OF THE SYLLABUS .......................................................................................................5 STRUCTURE...
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...Lecture 01 Nature & Scope of Biological Science What is Biology? A brief history. Biology today. Group of organisms being studied. Approach taken to the study of organisms. New definition of Biology. Why study Biology? Aspects of Science Science has two aspects. It is both (1) a body of knowledge and (2) a method used for discovering new knowledge. What is biology? The word biology comes from the Greek words bios, which means life, and logos, which means thought. Thus, biology is the science that deals with the study of life. Origin of Life |According to this theory, about 15 billion years ago (15,000,000,000) the Universe was nothing more than a very small speck of mass. This speck| |was probably no bigger than the head of a pin. Everything in the Universe, all the galaxies, stars, planets, and even the matter making up your| |body, was squished up tightly in this tiny space. | |Eventually, after a very long time, this speck exploded. All of a sudden, in a giant flash of unimaginable heat and power, the Universe was | |born. Over a period of billions and billions of years, the Universe became what we see today. Slowly stars began to form, and around these | |stars planets formed. | |About 4.6 billion years ago our Earth looked very different...
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...Assignment 1: Biology Article Cinthya Jacobo Professor: Dr. Francie Coblentz Introduction to Biology: SCI115 11/08/2015 The article “Therapeutic Cloning, and stem cell Research” by Gena Smith is about how we can extract stem cells from replicated human embryos and use them for medical and therapeutic purposes. The stems cells are perfect because they are what the article calls “master cells” which with the help of science, can be manipulated to become anything from brain cells to kidney cells. The article also revolves around the amount of controversy over the issue of cloning. The article mostly reviews the medical side of cloning rather than the reproduction side which can one day lead to the cloning of individual people. The article has high hopes for the potential use of cloning stating that “Down the road, scientists believe it will be possible to create complicated structures such as blood vessels, liver tissue, and whole kidneys. In fact, ACT scientists have already succeeded in building tiny cow kidneys that could be used for kidney transplants. It isn't hard to envision, Lanza says, a future where pretty much any kind of organ or tissue could be engineered to replace those damaged by age, injury, or disease.” Overall, this new study of cloning could help clone new body tissues which can help regulate, maintain and potentially replace importance body organs that could then lead to the salvation of millions of lives. According to an article by Norwegian University...
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